Abstract: There is disclosed a vertical deflection circuit for use in a display device employing a CRT. The vertical deflection circuit has a DSP (digital signal processor) for producing a digital current signal during each main period. This digital current signal shows plural current values which increases in first equal increments from a different value during each main period. The digital current value is converted into an analog current signal by a D/A converter and then averaged by a low-pass filter. A vertical deflection current is produced based on the averaged analog current signal. Because plural different current values are averaged, the average value varies linearly. Accordingly, the vertical deflection current varies linearly with each main period.

Abstract: In a waveform generator, a repetitive non-linear waveform is generated by varying the number supplied to a pulse reduction circuit during the repetition period. Consequently, the pulse reduction circuit supplies a number of desired output pulses, which number varies in time corresponding to the varying number. For example, when a lower number is inputted to the pulse reduction circuit during a sub-period of the repetition period, a corresponding lower number of output pulses will be generated. Consequently, a lower number of increment values will be summed or integrated during this sub-period and the waveform changes less steeply.

Abstract: Auxiliary deflection coils are connected to horizontal deflection coils. Each auxiliary deflection coil is disposed in the intermediate region between the inner peripheral end adjacent to a window and the outer peripheral end. Each horizontal deflection coil is dividable into three regions extending from its winding introductory part to its winding terminal part. A variable inductance coil is connected in parallel with the intermediate region to control the horizontal deflection current flowing across the horizontal deflection coil. The variable inductance coil has a cylindrical core installed in a hollow space of a bobbin and a coil connected in parallel with the auxiliary coil. A disc core is provided adjacent to the coil. The disc core has an end face larger in area than an end face of the cylindrical core.

Abstract: A horizontal deflection winding centering circuit includes a Darlington transistor and a diode. The Darlington transistor and diode form a non-linear network that is coupled in series with an inductor. The series arrangement of inductor and non-linear network is coupled in parallel with a horizontal deflection winding. The base voltage of the Darlington transistor is produced by a voltage divider coupled in a current path of the inductor current.

Abstract: A simple and cheap dynamic S-correction circuit compensates the higher order errors like the so-called moustache effect and the inner linearity distortion. This is achieved in a known way by connecting an additional proper tuned S-capacitor in parallel with the original one during the start and end of the scan interval. Duty cycle modulation of the on/off times as a function of the frame compensates the inner-pin distortion (also called inner-linearity or modulated S-correction). The duty cycle or the switch on and off instants required to compensate the horizontal distortion or moustache effect is derived by comparing the AC parabolic waveform generated on the S-capacitors with a DC-voltage. Duty-cycle modulation required for compensation of the inner-pin distortion is, in this way, automatically obtained.

Abstract: A deflection-distortion correcting circuit for correcting deflection-distortion of an image on a screen by modulating a source voltage for horizontal deflection is disclosed. The deflection-distortion correcting circuit includes a first correcting data generating unit for generating a first correcting data for an image display period, a second correcting data generating unit for generating a second correcting data for a vertical blanking period, deflection-distortion correcting signal generating unit for generating a correcting signal for the image display period and the vertical blanking period in accordance with the first and second correcting data, and a horizontal-deflection circuit which modulates a source voltage for horizontal deflection with the correcting signal.

Abstract: A picture display device comprising a cathode ray tube of the index type has two patterns of index elements which are electrically separated and each generate separate signals. A first pattern, which is preferably positioned at the blind edge of the display screen, can detect large-scale and, hence, low-frequency disturbances. A second pattern, which preferably extends in the visible part of the display screen, can detect high-frequency disturbances.

Abstract: A tracking index cathode ray tube circuit includes a tracking circuit connected to a shadowmaskless tracking cathode ray tube for deriving a tracking signal therefrom. The tracking circuit comprises a modulator demodulator circuit. The tracking signal from the CRT tube is thus modulated, AC coupled to a low voltage and demodulated to obtain a baseband tracking signal for use as a control signal for the electron beam spots on the screen of the CRT tube.

Abstract: A color display device includes a color cathode ray tube having a phosphor screen, a color selection electrode and an electron gun for projecting plural in-line electron beams toward the phosphor screen, a deflection device for deflecting the electron beams horizontally and vertically, an electron beam correction apparatus including a correction coil wound around the tube axis, a deflection circuit for driving the deflection device, and an electron beam correction circuit for supplying to the electron beam correction apparatus a generally rectangular-wave signal having a period equal to two times a period of the vertical deflection of the electron beams and in synchronism with the vertical deflection of the electron beams.

Abstract: A method of attenuating an unwanted electric field radiation caused by electrostatic induction on an internal conductive coating of a cathode ray tube by a pulse voltage generated by a deflection circuit is provided. A reverse pulse voltage, which is reverse in polarity to the pulse voltage of the deflection circuit, is impressed on an external conductive coating of the cathode ray tube and electrostatic induction induces a pulse voltage on the internal conductive coating which is reverse in polarity to a pulse voltage of the deflection yoke induce on the internal conductive coating through an electrostatic capacitance existing between the internal conductive coating and the external conductive coating so that an unwanted electric field radiation from the front screen of a cathode ray tube is attenuated.

Abstract: A method and system for providing two-dimensional convergence correction for a color cathode ray tube (CRT) is disclosed. The CRT displays an input video signal comprising a stream of video scan lines which include red, green and blue color signals that are to be displayed on corresponding scan lines and subpixel locations of a display screen. The method and system include storing a plurality of scan lines from the video signal into a buffer. For a particular red, green and blue color signal, horizontal and vertical distortion of the red and blue subpixels in relation to a position of the green subpixel on the display screen are measured. Then, at least one math function is generated that mathematically represents the distortions. Finally, the math functions are applied to control circuitry to control timing of red and blue subpixels read from the frame buffer so that output of the red and blue subpixels are coincident with output of the green subpixel on the display screen.

Abstract: Two closed-loop coils are respectively set at the top or the bottom of a cathode ray tube. These two closed-loop coils serves in a pair as a cancel coil. Each closed-loop coil is positioned so as to make an interlinkage with the magnetic field leakage that escapes from the deflection yoke, a part of the closed-loop coil running almost in parallel to the top or bottom edge of an effective display region of a front panel.

Abstract: Color picture display device comprising a cathode ray tube and a deflection unit. The picture display device comprises compensation means for compensating picture errors. The compensation means is arranged on a side of a deflection unit facing the display screen and comprises four magnet systems which are arranged fourfold symmetrically with respect to the tube axis and extend through an angle &agr; ranging between 24 and 34 degrees or between 40 and 48 degrees.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of carrying out an electric discharge processing to an electron tube having a field emission cold cathode device, wherein at least a high voltage electrode of the electron tube is maintained in a high voltage range, whilst all electrodes of the electron tube except for the at least high voltage electrode are maintained in a lower voltage range than the high voltage range.

Abstract: In a color cathode ray tube having a flat panel exterior surface, the screen distortion and the convergence give rise to problems. To overcome these problems, by arranging bar magnets in such a manner that they are disposed parallel to a screen and are shifted from upper and lower ends of a horizontal deflection coil of a deflection yoke by not less than 10 mm in the direction perpendicular to a tube axis, the distortion of the screen and the characteristics of the convergence can be simultaneously improved.

Abstract: An image distortion correcting device with reduced cost and reduced consumption power is provided. Horizontal correction coils (L1) and (L2) are wound around partial cores (4a) and (4b). The two horizontal correction coils (L1) and (L2) are wound in such winding directions that they produce magnetic fields in opposite directions. A bobbin (5) having an insulating property covers the partial cores (4a) and (4b) and magnets (2) and (3) in the winding direction of the horizontal correction coils (L1) and (L2), and a vertical correction coil (L3) is wound on the bobbin (5) around the partial cores (4a) and (4b) along the windings of the horizontal correction coils (L1) and (L2). That is to say, the vertical correction coil (L3) is wound over the horizontal correction coils (L1) and (L2) along the periphery of their windings with the bobbin (5) interposed therebetween.

Abstract: In a video display, correction data for a digital convergence arrangement are stored in a first non-volatile memory. During power turn on procedure, the correction data are read out of and stored in a volatile memory. During each deflection cycle, the data stored in the volatile memory are successively read out and applied to an auxiliary convergence winding. When a parity error is detected in the read out data, an output and/or an input of a convergence amplifier is actively disabled to prevent a disturbance of a screen of the cathode ray tube.

Abstract: Disclosed is a color CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) integrated with deflection circuit. The color CRT includes a sync signal separation and deflection circuit board attached on at least a portion of the color CRT. The sync signal separation and deflection circuit board includes a sync signal separation circuit for separating sync signal from video signal to regenerate video signal into the same contents, a horizontal deflection circuit for impressing horizontal deflection current onto a horizontal deflection coil and a vertical deflection circuit for impressing vertical deflection current onto a vertical deflection coil. The color CRT, which has the sync signal separation and deflection circuit attached on at least a portion of the color CRT, allows a one-to-one matching of the deflection circuit and a deflection yoke by removing the causes of DY fluctuation due to the change of set condition.

Abstract: A circuit for correction of deflection errors in a television set, in which a correction current having alternate forward-sweep and flyback periods is supplied to a correction coil for an error parameter. An amplitude of the correction current is reduced during a time window which corresponds to the flyback period and in which no visible picture is displayed.

Abstract: A method for generating display correction waveforms for a CRT display comprises the steps of selecting one of a plurality of trace portions for forming part of a correction waveform, the trace portions having different average values. Completing each of the correction waveform by combining each selected trace portion with a respective retrace portion such that all completed correction waveforms have a predetermined average value.

Abstract: A first magnet that generates a magnetic field having the same polarity as that generated by a vertical deflection coil during a deflection toward the upper side is provided on a phosphor screen side of the deflection coil and above a horizontal axis. A second magnet that generates a magnetic field having the same polarity as that generated by the vertical deflection coil during a deflection toward the lower side is provided on a phosphor screen side of the deflection coil and below the horizontal axis. A third magnet that generates a magnetic field having the opposite polarity to that generated by the vertical deflection coil during the deflection toward the upper side is provided on the phosphor screen side with respect to the first and second magnets and above the horizontal axis.

Abstract: A horizontal-deflection correction circuit may be constructed with a horizontal deflection stage for deflecting a scan electronic beam in a horizontal direction by a sawtooth current flowing in horizontal deflection coil; a control stage for outputting a first and second control voltages which have the same value in case of performing a linear correction and for outputting the first and second control voltages which have different values in case of performing a S-shaped correction; a first correction stage for varying an inductance of a first variable inductor connected in series to the horizontal deflection coil according to the first control voltage and for correcting a magnitude and a direction of the sawtooth current; and a second correction stage for varying an inductance of the second variable inductor connected in series to the first variable inductor in an opposite polarity and for correcting the magnitude and the direction of the sawtooth current.

Abstract: A color cathode-ray tube apparatus comprises an electron gun structure for generating three electron beams arranged in line, the three electron beams comprising a center beam and a pair of side beams. The electron gun structure forms a main lens for ultimately focusing the three electron beams on a phosphor screen. The main lens is formed by a focus electrode, an additional electrode and an anode electrode which are arranged in a direction of traveling of electron beams.

Abstract: To facilitate the adjustment of the S correction in apparatus comprising cathode-ray tubes (televisions, monitors), the process consists in displaying visual marks on the screen, at the location of the picture points which remain stationary as the amplitude of the S correction which is applied to the sawtooth current flowing through the deflection coils of the cathode-ray tube is varied.

Abstract: To provide an electron beam irradiation device capable of avoiding a problem of convergence of an electron beam at the maximum scanning points, and constantly obtaining an irradiated region of uniform energy density, an electron beam irradiation device comprising an electron beam source 12, an accelerating tube 13 for accelerating electrons emitted from said electron beam source, a focusing electromagnet 16 for applying a magnetic field to a high energy electron beam, which is formed by the accelerating tube, for controlling the beam diameter of the electron beam, and an electromagnet 17 for deflecting and scanning the beam-diameter-controlled electron beam by applying a magnetic field to the electron beam, wherein an electric current component IF which is synchronized with an electric current IS of the scanning electromagnet 17 is superimposed on an electric current IF of the focusing electromagnet 16, thereby controlling the electric current IF of the focusing electromagnet in a manner that said beam diamet

Abstract: A color cathode ray tube is composed of a glass bulb which has a front panel and a fluorescent screen set on an inner surface of the front panel, an in-line electron gun which is provided in the glass bulb and projects electron beams onto the fluorescent screen, a deflection means including horizontal and vertical deflection coils arranged outside the glass bulb, and a correction device for correcting cross-misconvergence. The correction device is provided with four correction coils that are respectively set for the four quadrants of a rectangular deflection region of the electron beams. The strength of the corrective magnetic fields generated by the correction coils becomes largest when the electron beams are deflected to a horizontal strip in the central part of both the upper and lower halves of the deflection region, and becomes nearly 0 when the electron beams are deflected to areas around the horizontal axis and top and bottom edges of the deflection region.

Abstract: An appartus for adjusting the correction amount of a horizontal linearity and suppressing the amplitude of a horizontal deflection current in an image display device. A switching element 11 is provided between both ends of an S-curve correction capacitor 5 connected in series to a horizontal deflection coil 4, and by turning on this switching element 11 during a horizontal retrace period to discharge the S-curve correction capacitor 5, and controlling also the ON time of this switching element 11, the linearity in the horizontal period is corrected.

Abstract: A deflection-distortion correcting circuit for correcting deflection-distortion of an image on a screen by modulating a source voltage for horizontal deflection is disclosed. The deflection-distortion correcting circuit includes a first correcting data generating unit for generating a first correcting data for an image display period, a second correcting data generating unit for generating a second correcting data for a vertical blanking period, deflection-distortion correcting signal generating unit for generating a correcting signal for the image display period and the vertical blanking period in accordance with the first and second correcting data, and a horizontal-deflection circuit which modulates a source voltage for horizontal deflection with the correcting signal.

Abstract: A series arrangement of an isolating diode and an East-West switching transistor is coupled between a flyback transformer primary winding and a horizontal deflection output transistor circuit to control retrace energy to obtain an East-West modulation of the deflection current amplitude. A first inductor, a tapped inductor and an S-shaping capacitor are coupled via a switch to form a resonant circuit, during the first half of trace. The tapped inductor includes a portion forming a current path for a deflection current. The tapped inductor develops a voltage that controls the switch. The first inductor, the tapped inductor and the S-shaping capacitor are coupled via the switch to form the trace resonant circuit, during the first half of trace. The trace resonant circuit provides inside pincushion raster distortion correction.

Abstract: A device for synchronizing a power drive signal of a monitor, and a method therefor.

Abstract: In a television receiver comprising a horizontal deflection circuit (2) associated with a flyback transformer (9), the horizontal deflection circuit comprises a switch (6) which is controlled by a control signal (Hdrive) generated by a deflection control circuit (1). The deflection control circuit generates a phase difference signal (Vcomp) which is a function of the phase difference of a horizontal synchronisation pulse and a flyback pulse and generates the control signal (Hdrive) as a continuous function of the phase difference signal (Vcomp). The deflection circuit is further arranged to generate at least one discrete phase jump of the control signal (Hdrive) when the phase difference signal (Vcomp) lies outside of a range of preset values (Vlow, Vhigh).

Abstract: A color display tube device includes a composite correction circuit having a series circuit of a first reactor coil and a first four-pole coil and a series circuit of a second reactor coil with a polarity opposite to that of the first reactor coil and a second four-pole coil, the two series circuits being connected in parallel, and a vertical control coil for applying a magnetic bias that changes in synchronization with a vertical deflection current to the first and second reactor coils. The composite correction circuit is connected in series to horizontal deflection coils. In the color display tube device using an in-line self-convergence system, it is made possible to correct a PQH mis-convergence and reduce pincushion distortion at the left and right occurring before correction by a monitor set while preventing deterioration of the focus performance.

Abstract: The coils of an astigmatism corrector for an electron beam of a cathode ray tube are positioned on a flexible support. The support is disposed around the neck of the tube and positioned at least partially adjacent the back part of at least one pair of deflection coils, so as to reduce interaction of the fields produced by the astigmatism corrector with the elements of the electron gun.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display device having a beam index type color CRT that includes an index signal controller for controlling input and output of index signals, an index memory for temporally saving the index signals in units corresponding to of a screened image of a scene on a screen panel, and a switch for switching the index signals that is under the control of the index signal controller.

Abstract: A deflection yoke and a color cathode ray tube using the same therein and adapted for exact correction of misconvergence caused when horizontal positional deviations are induced between electron beams and a vertical deflection magnetic field. In the deflection yoke, two magnetic coil pairs are positioned opposite to each other horizontally in such a manner as to interpose the neck of a cathode ray tube therebetween. The first coil of the first coil pair is connected in series or parallel to the fourth coil of the second coil pair. The second coil of the first coil pair is connected in series or parallel to the third coil of the second coil pair. The coils thus connected are further connected in series to a vertical deflection coil. In this structure, the first and second electric coil pairs are so connected as to generate magnetic fields in mutually reverse directions. The two electric coil pairs in combination with a variable resistor constitute a bridge circuit.

Abstract: A system for automatically aligning video images on display devices such as cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors that use the processor and memory of a host computer to implement the alignment process. The system uses a host computer processor and previously generated correction factor data, representative of specific display distortion characteristics, to produce driver signals necessary to affect the alignment of video images on a CRT screen. The previously stored correction factor data may be retrieved from a characterization module within the display device or from any other convenient storage location. The correction factor data is processed by the host computer to produce correction control data which is transmitted, over a bi-directional serial connector, or a video connector, to the display device where the data is read by correction and driver circuitry.

Abstract: A circuit (300) for reducing Moiré effects in a display by delaying in alternate horizontal display lines a received horizontal drive pulse (HDRV IN), the circuit having: a current source arrangement (304, 314.1-314.n, 316.1-316.n) for tracking the display scanning speed and for producing a current which is representative of a binary input value (DVAL); a capacitor (308) arranged to be charged by the current; and a comparator (310) connected to the capacitor for delaying the received horizontal drive pulse by an amount dependent on the rate of charging of the capacitor. The circuit provides auto tracking with display scanning speed and programmability of the delay value. The circuit can be fabricated in integrated circuit form.

Abstract: A resistor-capacitor-diode clamp is coupled to an S-capacitance of a horizontal deflection circuit output stage for reducing ringing by causing critical damping. The supply voltage of the output stage varies at a vertical rate parabolic manner for modulating the horizontal deflection current to provide East-West correction. A clamp capacitor of the clamp has a terminal that is direct current coupled to the supply voltage. Therefore, each terminal of the clamp capacitor has the same vertical rate parabola component. Consequently, the DC voltage difference developed between the terminals of the clamp capacitor does not include any vertical rate parabola component, the result is that the sensitivity of the damping to the supply voltage vertical rate variations is, advantageously, eliminated or reduced.

Abstract: A device for correcting a landing position of an electron beam in a color cathode ray tube has a funnel temperature sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, a landing correction coil disposed on or around a corner of the outer surface of the color cathode ray tube, and a processor and controller for calculating a first temperature difference between the temperature of the funnel and the ambient temperature and a second temperature difference between a predetermined design temperature and the ambient temperature, and calculating a current value for the landing correction coil according to the first and second temperature differences to supply a current of the obtained current value to the landing correction coil.

Abstract: An electronic circuit for switching an inductive load (10) by means of a bipolar transistor (1) whereby a switching signal is supplied to the base (5) of a switching transistor (1) via an LRC circuit (6, 7, 9). During switching off the LRC circuit (6, 7, 9) causes a peak voltage at the base (5) of the switching transistor (1). The value of the peak voltage is a maximum when the power dissipation of the switching transistor (1) is a minimum. A regulator circuit (12-17) regulates a current source (18) in a primary winding of a switched transformer (22) in such a way that the peak voltage (Vp) is maximized.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front glass substrate, a rear glass substrate, address electrode lines, a first dielectric layer, scan electrode lines, a second dielectric layer, phosphor layers, Y-common electrode lines and X-common electrode lines. The front glass substrate and a rear glass substrate are opposite to and spaced apart from each other. The address electrode lines are formed on the front surface of the rear glass substrate in parallel. The first dielectric layer is formed in front of the address electrode lines. The scan electrode lines are arranged in front of the first dielectric layer to be perpendicular to the address electrode lines to define discharge cells at intersections. The second dielectric layer is formed in front of the scan electrode lines. The phosphor layers are formed in front of the second dielectric layer to be parallel with the address electrode lines.

Abstract: The invention provides a center pincushion distortion compensating reactor with a simplified construction including two horizontal compensation coils, one vertical compensating coil, and a magnet for generating a bias magnetic field. A horizontal deflection current is passed through the two horizontal compensation coils, and the vertical compensation coil is modulated with the period of a vertical deflection current such that a magnetic field is generated in a direction opposite to the bias magnetic field thereby changing the impedance of the horizontal compensation coils so as to compensate for a center pincushion distortion on the left and right sides of a screen.

Abstract: In a surge protector for a video display apparatus capable of preventing the video display apparatus from malfunctioning due to drastically changing high voltage, a microcomputer receives H/V sync signals, control signals and outputs a switching control signal. A switching signal generator outputs a switching signal in response to the H/V sync signals and the switching control signals. A switching circuit receives first and second voltages and outputs the second voltage in response to the switching signal and selectively enables a path of the second voltage from the switching circuit in response to the loop control signal. A high voltage generator generates a high voltage in response to the second voltage. A constant-voltage circuit compares the high voltage from the high voltage generator with a predetermined reference voltage and generates a constant-voltage control signal for controlling a duty cycle of the second voltage.

Abstract: A video format adaptive electron beam control for causing the spot size of the electron beam to increase for a low resolution signal and for low resolution portions of a high resolution signal, and for causing the spot size of the electron beam to decrease for high resolution portions of the high resolution signal.

Abstract: A display device for correcting a distortion of a bottom portion of a monitor, including a vertical output circuit to generate a vertical output signal; a vertical signal detecting part which detects the vertical output signal and ensures that the vertical output signal has a necessary voltage; a vertical blanking signal generating part which converts the vertical output signal detected from the vertical signal detecting part to a vertical blanking signal; a phase controlling part which varies a phase of the vertical blanking signal; and an integral circuit which integrates the phase varied vertical blanking signal received from the phase controlling part and piling up it on a horizontal size controlling circuit. The display device produces the vertical blanking signal and controls and integrates the phase thereof through monostable multi-vibrator and piles up it on a horizontal size controlling circuit, so as to correct a distortion of a bottom portion of a monitor.

Abstract: A purity adjustment device for a video display appliance which automatically compensates for a purity of a picture displayed on a CRT screen that is varied due to the change of the earth magnetic field by electromagnetic deflection using a purity coil.

Abstract: A display monitor operating under the raster scanning system repeats the line scanning of an electron beam by moving the resulting scanning lines in a direction substantially perpendicular to the line direction. In a cathode ray tube (CRT), the dot pitch of the fluorescent material on the display screen (DS) of the cathode ray tube (CRT) that can emit a fluorescence is determined by the aperture pitch of the shadow mask. Thus, in case of displaying a video pattern (f1h) in which consecutive pixels in a line repeat in an ON and OFF sequence an interference with the aperture pitch of the shadow mask may occur, thereby causing a moiré.

Abstract: A moiré adjustment circuit receives a horizontal synchronization signal having a horizontal scanning frequency and a moiré adjustment signal substantially proportional to a horizontal spatial offset of alternate display lines on the display to correct the moiré effect. The moiré adjustment circuit generates a horizontal position signal having a first frequency proportional to the horizontal scanning frequency and a position value substantially proportional to the moiré adjustment signal and the horizontal scanning frequency. A horizontal position control circuit, coupled to the moiré adjustment circuit, generates a horizontal reference signal having a second frequency substantially equal to the horizontal scanning frequency and a reference phase that is shifted from a synchronization phase of the horizontal synchronization signal substantially in proportion to the horizontal position signal.

Abstract: An AKB interface apparatus in a display system (10), includes a video signal processing IC (12) having outputs coupled via respective kinescope driver ICs (18,20,22) to respective kinescope cathodes (K1,K2,K3) for display of a color image, the signal processing IC having an input 27 for receiving an AKB input signal, the driver ICs having respective outputs (28,30,32) providing respective cathode current indicating signals (RP,GP,BP) An interface circuit (100) couples the cathode current indicating signals to the AKB input of the signal processing IC. The interface circuit comprises a load circuit (110) for generating a load voltage (Vo) in response to at least one of the cathode current indicating signals. A leakage correction circuit (130), responsive to said load voltage (Vo), feeds back a leakage correction current (Io) to the load circuit.

Abstract: In a field effect transistor (FET) discharging circuit for a horizontal deflection circuit, a backward voltage is removed by employing a diode to discharge a high level voltage formed on the FET.