Abstract: A method for rapidly gathering a sub-threshold swing from a thin film transistor is provided. The method includes: electrically connecting an operational amplifier and an anti-exponential component to a source terminal of the thin film transistor; performing a measuring process to the thin film transistor in which the measuring process is inputting multiple values of a gate voltage to a gate terminal, such that multiple values of an output voltage are correspondingly generated from the output terminal of the operational amplifier; and performing a fitting process to the output voltage corresponding to the thin film transistor in which the fitting process is fitting at least two of said multiple values of the output voltage to get the sub-threshold swing.

Abstract: A method is provided for smoothing of an overall load curve. The method includes aggregation of a plurality of elementary load curves. In one example, the method makes provision to determine (S1) a regulation period di associated with the load i; determine and store each elementary load curve by obtaining (S2) a plurality of measured consumption samples with a sampling period Tech that is a submultiple of each regulation period di. Starting from a reference time common to all of the loads, the method time-shifts (S3) the operation of each load i by a random shift ?ti depending on the sampling period Tech, on the regulation period di determined for the load i and on a random integer value Ni associated with the load i.

Abstract: Improved techniques for sensing and reporting power consumption from a single or multiple power supplies are disclosed. The disclosed techniques comprise integrated circuit solutions for sensing power. In some embodiments, an integrated circuit comprises circuitry for converting source voltage into a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal and circuitry for modulating the PWM signal with a current sense signal to determine sensed power.

Abstract: A method of estimating a root mean square (RMS) of an alternating current (AC) voltage is provided. The system includes a rectifier configured to rectify the AC voltage and a controller configured to derive a delayed AC voltage by delaying the rectified AC voltage by a preset delay time. The controller is configured to estimate a root mean square (RMS) of the AC voltage based on the rectified AC voltage and the delayed AC voltage.

Abstract: A circuit assembly includes a circuit board, a heat dissipation member on which the circuit board is placed and that is configured to release heat of the circuit board, an insulating layer that is formed on a surface on the circuit board side of the heat dissipation member, a bonding portion made of a bonding agent that is arranged in a predetermined region between the circuit board and the heat dissipation member, and an adhesive portion that is arranged in a region other than the predetermined region between the circuit board and the heat dissipation member and that is made of an adhesive with which the circuit board and the heat dissipation member are bonded to each other with lower bonding force than with the bonding agent.

Abstract: A memory device includes a memory array including a plurality of memory cells that store data, a sense circuit coupled to the memory array for reading data stored in the memory array, a data register for storing data to be written into the memory array, a data processor, and a control unit. The data processor is configured to receive input data units to be written into the memory array, and process the input data units based on array data units stored in the memory array to generate processed data units. The control unit is configured to write the processed data units into the memory array.

Abstract: An analog to digital converter includes an error integration circuit configured to receive an input charge from a detector and to integrate a difference between the input charge and one or more feedback charge pulses to create an error voltage. A quantizer is in operable communication with the error integration circuit and is responsive to the created error voltage. An accumulator having a mantissa component and a radix component is in operable communication with the quantizer. A charge feedback device in operable communication with the quantizer and the radix component of the accumulator. The charge feedback device is configured to generate the one or more feedback charge pulses proportional to the radix component of the accumulator and an output of the quantizer. Digital focal plane read out integrated circuits including the analog to digital converter are also disclosed.

Abstract: A system for tuning an audio reproduction device is disclosed. The system includes an audio signal generator for generating an audio signal to be played back in an audio reproduction device and sending the audio signal to the audio reproduction device; a microphone signal module for receiving a microphone signal from a microphone, the microphone signal recording a sound wave reproduced by the audio reproduction device when the audio signal is played back in the audio reproduction device; a comparison module for determining whether the microphone signal matches target sound signature data; and a filter module for applying a digital filter to emulate a target sound signature responsive to determining that the microphone signal does not match the target sound signature data.

Abstract: A power up detecting system for generating one of a first power up detecting signal and a second power up detecting signal as the final power up detecting signal, according to power provided by a power supplier. The power up detecting system comprises: a power up detecting module, controlled by a control signal to generate the first power up detecting signal in a first mode and to generate the second power up detecting signal in a second mode, wherein a voltage level of the first power up detecting signal is transited when the power reaches a first predetermined voltage value, and the voltage level of the second power up detecting signal is transited when the power reaches a second predetermined voltage value; where the first predetermined voltage value is higher than the second predetermined voltage value.

Abstract: A smart receptacle is for a number of loads. The smart receptacle includes separable contacts; an operating mechanism structured to open and close the separable contacts; and a number of current sensors structured to sense current flowing through the separable contacts to one of the number of loads. A number of indicators indicate a relative level of the sensed current or corresponding energy. A processor inputs the sensed current, determines the relative level of the sensed current or the corresponding energy, and controls the number of indicators to indicate the relative level of the sensed current or the corresponding energy.

Abstract: An electronic circuit is described comprising a load, a power supply node, a first transistor coupled between the supply node and the load such that the input at a control terminal of the first transistor controls current flow from the supply node to the load through the first transistor, a current source, a second transistor coupled between the current source and the load such that the input at a control terminal of the second transistor controls current flow from the current source to the load through the second transistor, a control node coupled to the control terminal of the first transistor and the control terminal of the second transistor and a measuring circuit connected to the point of coupling between the current source and the second transistor configured to measure the difference between the current provided by the current source and the current consumed by the second transistor.

Abstract: A voltage detection circuit includes: a transistor; a switch coupled to a drain terminal of the transistor; the drain terminal is coupled to an one end of the switch; a first driver that controls the switch in synchronization with a second driver that drives a gate terminal of the transistor; and a plurality of resistors coupled in series and coupled to an another end of the switch.

Abstract: A local area networking apparatus comprises a power stage for connecting to a network cable for carrying power and data. The power stage comprises a main current flow path which includes a switch comprising at least one transistor positioned in the main current flow path and a current monitoring apparatus for monitoring current flow in the main current flow path, and wherein the current monitoring apparatus comprises a sensor which is not placed in series with the main current flow path. The current monitoring apparatus can comprise a current mirroring stage which is arranged to mirror current flowing in the main current flow path to a monitoring current flow path. The switch can be implemented as a set of switches.

Abstract: A method of measuring the total harmonic distortion in an electrical distribution system. The distribution system is sampled regularly to generate a set of data. The data is filtered using a narrow band filtering algorithm to measure the energy in fundamental and other harmonic frequencies. Due to the filtering, the energy in harmonic frequencies can be measured without interference from broadband noise, which provides an improvement in the measurement of total harmonic distortion at low current or voltage levels. A method is provided to sum the energy in identified frequencies in a multi-pass configuration, such that only a subset of all monitored frequencies are filtered and summed in each pass, with the balance being filtered and measured in subsequent passes. After all subsets are measured, the total harmonic distortion is calculated.

Abstract: A power up detecting system for generating one of a first power up detecting signal and a second power up detecting signal as the final power up detecting signal, according to power provided by a power supplier. The power up detecting system comprises: a power up detecting module, controlled by a control signal to generate the first power up detecting signal in a first mode and to generate the second power up detecting signal in a second mode, wherein a voltage level of the first power up detecting signal is transited when the power reaches a first predetermined voltage value, and the voltage level of the second power up detecting signal is transited when the power reaches a second predetermined voltage value; where the first predetermined voltage value is higher than the second predetermined voltage value.

Abstract: In a voltage detecting circuit, a transistor is configured as a P-type MOSFET, and includes a source connected with an input terminal, a gate connected with a ground voltage terminal and a drain connected with an output terminal. A transistor is configured as a P-type MOSFET, and includes a gate and a source connected with the output terminal and a drain connected with the ground terminal. Gate width and gate length of the transistor and gate width and gate length of the transistor are adjusted so that source-drain current flowing between the source and the drain of the transistor becomes equal to source-drain current flowing between the source and the drain of the transistor when the voltage applied to the input terminal is set to be preset trigger voltage. This configuration accomplishes detecting that the input voltage exceeds the trigger voltage with simple configuration.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining operating parameters of an electrochemical storage battery, taking into account electrolyte stratification. The method including a) determining a first functional relationship between no-load voltage and state of charge as a value for the withdrawable charge in relation to nominal capacity of the storage battery, which is obtained in the state having electrolyte stratification in a discharge phase using the charge conversion since a prior no-load phase or pre-charge; b) determining a second functional relationship between no-load voltage and state of charge as a value for the withdrawable charge in relation to nominal capacity of the storage battery, obtained in the state having electrolyte stratification in a discharge phase using an accumulated charge conversion; and c) ascertaining operating parameters from the point of intersection of the first and second functional relationships and/or the slope of straight lines for describing the first and/or second functional relationships.

Abstract: Disclosed is a channel estimator and a method for changing a coefficient of an IIR filter depending on a moving speed of a mobile communication terminal. In the channel estimator, a coefficient changing unit receives I and Q signals from a current base station, and selects a coefficient of the IIR filter optimized depending on the moving speed of the current mobile communication terminal. The coefficient changing unit sets the selected coefficient of the IIR filter to the IIR filter of the channel estimator. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the performance degradation of the channel estimator caused by the speed of the mobile communication terminal.

Abstract: An electric quantity indicator for an electromotive vehicle comprises an electric measuring wire parallel connected to a battery; a feedback circuit connected between a motor of the power supply load and the electric measuring wire; and a meter responsed to the quantity of electricity of the electric measuring wire. The meter is an electronic display panel, and the feedback circuit and the electric measuring wire are installed with analog to digital (A/D) converter for address dividing the value in a memory, in which this value is displayed in the aforesaid meter. Thereby, as a load is actuated and power is consumed, the feedback circuit will detect, and the electric measuring wire will conduct, a real value about the power stored in the battery is displayed on the meter so as to be viewed by a user. Therefore, the condition that due to an error of electric quantity, the user can not know the real the electric quantity and thus the car is stopped owing to exhaustion of electric power is avoided.

Abstract: A power sensor for measuring the average power of modulated or non-modulated high-frequency or microwave signals across a wide dynamic range is disclosed, in which a combination of the following features are used: a) the signal power to be measured is delivered to a first sensor branch for measuring said signal power in a lower power measuring range (−70 to −16 dBm), b) the sensor branch has several spatially separate measuring points on a connecting line between the input and a power splitter connected downstream; and, c) at the same time, the signal power to be measured is delivered to at least two other sensor branches by means of the power splitter with a largely load-independent synchronous output, via attenuators, in order to measure the signal power in at least two other power measuring ranges (−22 to +4 dBm or −2 to +20 dBm).

Abstract: A first device operates at a first hopping frequency during a first period of time and operates at a second hopping frequency during a second period of time. A second device operates at the first hopping frequency and communicates with the first device during the first period of time. A third device operates at the second hopping frequency and communicates with the first device during the second period of time. The second period of time may be a contention-free period during which time the second device may not communicate with the first device.

Abstract: A power meter includes components to measure RMS power over an 84 dB range or greater using the I-V square-law relation of a diode for measurements. The power meter includes multiple diodes along with a power distribution manifold which includes power dividers to distribute an input signal to the diodes. In one embodiment, a first power divider (202) distributes power to a first one of the diodes (203), and to the second power divider (204) which distributes power to the second (210) and third (212) diodes. The first power divider (202) is connected without attenuation to the first diode (203). The second power divider (204) is connected to the second diode (210) through a 11 dB attenuator (206), and to the third diode (212) through a 28 dB attenuator (208).

Abstract: A precision RMS measurement system is provided by extending the effective resolution of a medium-resolution sampling RMS converter. An AC or other time-varying cyclic signal is simultaneously applied to an average-responding AC-to-DC converter and to a high-speed medium resolution sampling analog-to-digital converter. The average voltage produced by the AC-to-DC converter is measured by a precision analog-to-digital converter to produce a highly accurate DC voltage measurement. The output of the sampling analog-to-digital converter is provided to a digital signal processor, which calculates the RMS and average values. A microprocessor then multiplies the ratio of the calculated RMS and average values by the highly-accurate DC average to produce a highly accurate RMS voltage. The precision RMS voltage is then displayed.

Abstract: A transducer circuit, particularly for monitoring current, compensates for offset in the transducer output by sampling the output periodically at a moment at which the output is known, and storing the sampled value as an offset. The offset is compared with subsequent outputs from the transducer to provide a difference signal which is the compensated output of the transducer. When the calibrated output of the transducer is non-zero at the said moment, the non-zero value is added as a reference to the compensated value to correct the magnitude of the transducer output.

Abstract: An rms converter accommodates incoming signals of large crest factor by using an amplifier having a transfer function of non-uniform slope. The amplifier has a lower gain for larger signals. The output of the amplifier is converted to digital voltage values. The non-uniform gain of the amplifier is compensated for in digital calculations of the rms value. The invention produces accurate rms measurements by accurately measuring lower incoming signal voltages while still accommodating high peak voltages. The invention also reduces the dynamic range requirements for the analog to digital converter.

Abstract: An analog gauge includes a coil assembly and a permanent magnet fixedly attached to a rotatable shaft whereby magnetically orthogonal stator coils are disposed about the permanent magnet. The shaft is fixedly attached to a pointer arm that moves over a dial face. As electrical current passes through the coils, electromagnetic fields are induced which, when summed, comprise a magnetic force which is followed by the permanent magnet, shaft, and pointer arm. With reduced-parts circuitry, the flat zone responsiveness of the circuit is delayed until a zener diode is forward biased, yielding increased control over the flat zone responsiveness, without reliance upon the voltage drop across a diode connected between ground and the coil located furthest from the power source.

Abstract: A power meter includes components to measure RMS power over an 84 dB range or greater using the I-V square-law relation of a diode for measurements. The power meter includes multiple diodes along with a power distribution manifold which includes power dividers to distribute an input signal to the diodes. In one embodiment, a first power divider (202) distributes power to a first one of the diodes (203), and to the second power divider (204) which distributes power to the second (210) and third (212) diodes. The first power divider (202) is connected without attenuation to the first diode (203). The second power divider (204) is connected to the second diode (210) through a 11 dB attenuator (206), and to the third diode (212) through a 28 dB attenuator (208).

Abstract: A dual mode power meter provides a first operation mode in the square law operating range of the diode, and a second mode in the square law region as well as the transition and linear operating ranges of the diode. The power meter includes multiple diodes. A manifold made up of power dividers distributes a signal input to the power meter to the diodes. A different attenuation is provided to each diode so that the square law operating range for each diode covers a different power range. By selecting the appropriate diode output for power measurements in the first mode, the overall square law operating range for the power meter will be greater than a power meter using a single diode. The power meter further includes a memory map of voltage vs. power in the square law, transition and linear regions of a diode measured for an unmodulated CW input for the second operation mode. The map of voltage vs.

Abstract: A passive voltmeter for high voltage transmission lines that accurately measures and displays a wide range of voltages. A d'Arsonval type meter movement is preferably used in conjunction with the voltmeter wherein the scale contains a linear range and a compressed, nearly-logarithmic range. A circuit controls the pointer so that the deflection is linear for a low range of voltages while a high range of voltages is deflected in a compressed manner. The term “compressed” means that the display is scaled in a logarithmic manner although not a true logarithmic function. The circuit comprises one or more parallel branches with a meter movement and a resistor in the first branch; each additional branch, if more than one, contains a resistor and at least one diode connected in series.

Abstract: An electronic measuring device achieves an improvement in measurement accuracy while at the same time compensating for influences on the measurements, by providing for a correction factor to be stored in a correction element when the measuring device is first set up. During operation, provision is made for a test voltage to be received and compared with a reference value stored during setting. If there is a difference between the two values, a new correction factor is produced which compensates for any measurement signal effect. The measuring device is particularly suitable for electricity meters.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the RMS value of an electrical signal. An electrical signal is converted to a digital signal. The digital signal is squared and low pass filtered to extract the DC component, the DC component being recognized as the mean-square of the signal. In use in a measurement device, the square root of the DC component is taken and displayed as the RMS value of the electrical signal.

Abstract: A contact making and breaking device improves the dielectric absorption property of capacitance between one signal wire brought out from a reed switch and an conductive casing. A low current measurement system using the contact making breaking device greatly shortens the measurement waiting time when low current is measured. The contact making and breaking device includes a reed switch with first and second signal wires brought out from either end, a conductive casing, and an insulating material formed between at least the first signal wire and the conductive casing. A tubular conductor is emplaced in the region in which the insulating material is formed and at least partially encloses the reed switch. The tubular conductor is connected to the first signal wire.

Abstract: A circuit for the measurement of current in a load includes a non-linear element for transforming a current into a voltage and includes a fuzzy logic processor to process a measurement of the voltage and provide an information element representing the current. The device permits the precise use of semi-conductor or other components for the measurement of current in making a linear approximation of the current-voltage characteristics of the semi-conductors used by using triangular type membership functions. The linear approximation may also be combined with a Gaussian interpolation.

Abstract: Electrothermal conversion elements, apparatus and methods for use in comparing, calibrating and measuring electrical signals utilizing a thin film heater on a thin, low mass, low thermal conductivity substrate and low mass thermoresistive or PN junction thermal radiation sensors. The element emits IR radiation in response to electrical input. The radiation is collected and converted to an electrical signal proportional to the RMS value of the input signal. Isothermal operation enhances both IR and electrical operation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring and recording peak RMS electrical current over multiple moving-average time periods provides current-flow information in the same units used to characterize electrical system distribution components--primarily overcurrent protective devices such as fuses and circuit breakers. Rather than reporting current-flow information based on a series of brief observations of a few line cycles or seconds, short duration RMS current-flow information in multiple geometrically increasing time intervals is calculated and accumulated to form longer duration RMS values of current. The resulting set of peak RMS current-flow values properly characterizes both the long and short term heating effects of the electrical current in the circuit under inspection, and is used in direct side-by-side comparisons with manufacturer provided data for specific distribution components in the evaluation of usage versus capacity and other functions relevant to distribution system design.

Abstract: The secondary of a line powered transformer supplies power to a measurement unit. The measurement unit measures between a high test terminal and a low terminal on the secondary. The low terminal is connected to a low test terminal through a common mode current sensor to a device under test. The device under test is also connected to the high test terminal. The common mode current sensor senses current through the transformer capacitance that flows through the device under test to earth ground. A current source is connected in parallel with the low terminal and earth ground. In response to the current sensor, the source dynamically drives a current through the device under test that drives the common mode current to a minimum.

Abstract: A sensor characteristic adjustment circuit for adjusting the offset and the sensitivity of an output of a semiconductor sensor includes a serial-parallel converter for converting serial data bits into corresponding parallel data bits, a non-volatile memory for storing the parallel data bits, and digital-to-analog converters for converting the digital bits D.sub.1 through D.sub.m and D.sub.m+1 through D.sub.n into values corresponding to the offset and the sensitivity supplied to an adder and a voltage-controlled amplifier, respectively. Preferably, gates are inserted between the serial-parallel converter and the non-volatile memory to separate the non-volatile memory from the serial-parallel converter after the parallel data is written into the non-volatile memory.

Abstract: Disclosed is a digital correction system for application to an analog parameter measurement transducer. A temperature sensor, either separate from or incorporated into a parameter measurement transducer provides a temperature signal which is converted by an A-to-D converter to address temperature gain and offset corrections. These corrections are applied to a preamplifier amplifying the output of the transducer. The preamplifier output which has been temperature gain and offset corrected, is applied as an input to a final stage amplifier and also to a further A-to-D converter which addresses a storage device including transducer gain and offset corrections. The transducer gain and offset corrections are applied to the final stage amplifier so that the analog sensor output is corrected for temperature effects and for transducer nonlinearities.

Abstract: A meter measures a voltage across a quasi-diode, the voltage caused by a current flowing through a resistance which changes substantially exponentially with changes in a medium being sensed. The meter comprises a logarithmic current measuring circuit coupled to the resistance to provide a measurement output that is a logarithmic function of the current flowing through the sensing resistance. A switchable current source is controlled by a switching circuit to repetitively output first and second current values. A reference logarithmic circuit is connected to the switchable current source and is physically coupled to the logarithmic measuring circuit so as to be maintained at a substantially equal temperature value. The logarithmic reference circuit manifests a first voltage in response to the first current value and a second voltage in response to the second current value, both voltage values dependent upon the temperature of the logarithmic reference circuit.

Abstract: The secondary of a line powered transformer supplies power to a measurement unit. The measurement unit measures between a high test terminal and a low terminal on the secondary. The low terminal is connected to a low test terminal through a common mode current sensor to a device under test. The device under test is also connected to the high test terminal. The common mode current sensor senses current through the transformer capacitance that flows through the device under test to earth ground. A current source is connected in parallel with the low terminal and earth ground. In response to the current sensor, the source dynamically drives a current through the device under test that drives the common mode current to a minimum.

Abstract: A multimeter converts an input voltage into decibels. Preferably, the input voltage is converted into dbm. The multimeter includes a table of voltage values wherein each entry is associated with a given decibel value. The input voltage is compared with entries in the table to locate a first entry which is larger than the input voltage. A second entry having a lower value than the input voltage is then located in the table. A fractional value that is indicative of where the input voltage lies at a range between the first entry and the second entry is calculated using the first and second entries. The fractional value is added to a decibel value corresponding the second entry to produce a decibel value for the input voltage. The input voltage may be scaled down into an appropriate operational voltage range and then the calculated decibel value may be scaled up to compensate for this scaling down.

Abstract: A circuit for measuring variations in the capacitance of a variable capacr forming part of a sensor includes an oscillator which generates an alternating signal which is supplied to two branches of a detection bridge. The first branch includes the variable capacitor connected in series with a variable capacitance diode. The second branch includes a capacitor connected in series with a variable capacitance diode. A differential stage has each of its in puts connected to the common point of a respective one of the branches. Synchronous demodulation means connected to the oscillator, are connected to the output of the differential stage for delivering a DC unbalance voltage Ve which is injected by a feedback line to the common point of the first branch, thereby continuously balancing the detection bridge.

Abstract: A measuring device comprises a plurality of signal converters, for measuring a signal by different measuring methods, and a selector, for selectively activating one of the signal converters. A control signal is developed in accordance with the activated signal converter. The measured value of the signal is exhibited in a color which is controlled by the control signal, to indicate the selected measuring method.

Abstract: An improved method and related apparatus for linearizing and spanning of the output from transducer systems such as load cells and the like. The method and system provide for deriving a constant that only requires calibration at mid-scale and full scale loads. The constant can thereafter be used in equations which correct subsequent data for nonlinearity and span so that the transducer system displays data in absolute units for all readings from zero to full scale.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses to measure RMS current, RMS voltage, and true power for zero-fired alternating current loads are provided. These methods and apparatuses are simple and inexpensive and provide updated measurements after each set of blocked or unblocked alternating current cycles.

Abstract: A meter (10) for measuring extremely-low-frequency radiation includes a coil circuit (22) whose output is filtered by a sharp-cut-off high-pass filter (24) to pass standard house-current frequencies but suppress the frequency components that would predominate as a result of movement of the meter with respect to the earth's magnetic field. An integrator (26) compensates for the frequency response of the coil circuit (22), an RMS circuit (35) converts the signal to its root-mean-square value, and a display circuit (28) provides a display determined by the resultant signal.

Abstract: A multi-mode signal measurement system provides at least True RMS and Average RMS signal measurement modes in one system in response to a measurement mode selection made by an operator. The system controls the processing of the input signal by a selected signal measurement unit according to the operator selected signal measurement mode. After signal processing is complete, a display unit displays a value of the measurement of the input signal according to the selected measurement mode. Other measurement modes providing peak value and resistance measurement readings may also be provided.

Abstract: A meter includes a measuring part (1) and an evaluating part (2). The measuring part (1) contains an open magnetic current transformer (3) of the unloaded transformer type and an integrator (6) connected downstream of the transformer. As a result, no measuring errors caused by saturation occur in the transformer, and the metering of consumption is frequency-independent.

Abstract: An AC RMS voltmeter two RMS converters of the type where the RMS value of the output is proportional to the RMS value of the input. The input signal is coupled to a first RMS converter through an input coupling network that includes a DC block. The first RMS converter is of the analog variety having good high frequency response but with a short time constant. Its output is allowed to track the input at low input frequencies. The output of the first RMS converter is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter at a rate high enough to capture any significant ripple coming out of the first RMS converter and operated upon by a second RMS converter implemented digitally by a microprocessor. The sampling rate of the A/D converter need not be high enough to operate at the highest frequencies applied to the voltmeter, since these are converted to DC by the first RMS converter.

Abstract: DC offset is measured by separating the positive and negative half cycles of the AC waveform, obtaining a measure of the energy content of each type of half cycle and subtracting one from the other and accumulating the result. The accumulated result is measured against a threshold which is selected to have a known relationship to the units used to measure the DC offset. Each time the threshold is exceeded, this increments a counter and at the same time resets the accumulator. The contents of the counter can then be multiplied by an appropriate scaling factor. The square root of this result gives a measure of DC offset.