Abstract: An AC RMS voltmeter two RMS converters of the type where the RMS value of the output is proportional to the RMS value of the input. The input signal is coupled to a first RMS converter through an input coupling network that includes a DC block. The first RMS converter is of the analog variety having good high frequency response but with a short time constant. Its output is allowed to track the input at low input frequencies. The output of the first RMS converter is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter at a rate high enough to capture any significant ripple coming out of the first RMS converter and operated upon by a second RMS converter implemented digitally by a microprocessor. The sampling rate of the A/D converter need not be high enough to operate at the highest frequencies applied to the voltmeter, since these are converted to DC by the first RMS converter.

Abstract: DC offset is measured by separating the positive and negative half cycles of the AC waveform, obtaining a measure of the energy content of each type of half cycle and subtracting one from the other and accumulating the result. The accumulated result is measured against a threshold which is selected to have a known relationship to the units used to measure the DC offset. Each time the threshold is exceeded, this increments a counter and at the same time resets the accumulator. The contents of the counter can then be multiplied by an appropriate scaling factor. The square root of this result gives a measure of DC offset.

Abstract: The measuring device of the rms value of a signal comprises, in series, a full-wave rectifier, a low-pass filter, for example of the RC type, and a peak detector. The output signal of the device is representative of the rms value of the input signal, the cut-off frequency of the filter corresponding to an angular frequency comprised between 4.pi.f/6 and 4.pi.f/5.33, f being the fundamental frequency of the input signal of the device.

Abstract: A temperature compensated power detector utilizes a temperature compensating diode connected to an inverting input of an amplifier to enable the amplifier to substantially cancel out undesirable temperature effects caused by a power level detector diode coupled to the non-inverting input of the amplifier. As a result, the amplifier output voltage tends to remain constant over temperature in response to a fixed power level being applied to the detector. A lookup table is utilized to determine the power level corresponding to a power detector output voltage of a particular magnitude.

Abstract: A voltage-sensing circuit producing a voltage-indicating signal representative of the voltages in a three-phase AC system produces several voltage-indicating signals which are representative of the phase voltages in a three-phase AC system. These voltage-indicating signals are squared, and the squared voltages are summed to produce an output signal having a DC voltage component with a magnitude proportional to the Mean Square value of the AC phase voltages. Unbalanced voltages in the three-phase system can be monitored by detecting the peak value of a ripple voltage imposed on the DC voltage component of the output of the circuit.

Abstract: Disclosed is apparatus and method for converting and displaying the total RMS and AC RMS values of a signal in a voltmeter. This conversion is accomplished in a system having a processor and a plurality of signal conversion stages. The first signal conversion stage comprises a low-pass filter to extract the DC component of the input signal followed by an analog-to-digital converter to convert the DC component into a digital value. The remaining signal conversion stages convert the AC component of the input signal to a series of smaller and smaller DC average values. Typically there are five of these AC conversion stages, each comprising a high-pass filter connected to a full-wave rectifier which is in turn connected to a low-pass filter followed by an analog-to-digital converter. The first AC stage high-pass filter is connected to the input signal and subsequent AC stage high-pass filters are connected to the output of the full-wave rectifier of the previous AC conversion stage.

Abstract: A detector of quantity of electricity of the invention for detecting an amplitude value from the quantity of AC electricity, comprising sampling means for sampling the quantity of AC electricity at a cycle T which is 1/4 of the rated cycle of quantity of AC electricity, and operating means for operating the amplitude value on the basis of the sampling values, operates with the following formula:y(o).sup.2 +3.multidot.{y(T).sup.2 +y(2T).sup.2 }+y(3T).sup.2where, y(t-nT) is expressed as y(nT).

Abstract: A wide dynamic range radio-frequency power sensor having a low-power sensor portion and a high-power sensor portion is described. Both sensing portions are connected to an input signal at the same time without the use of a signal splitter. In the preferred embodiment, a single radio-frequency load serves both sensor portions. Each sensor portion has its own output terminal. The low-power sensor portion includes a pair of diodes. The high-power sensor portion (which includes the radio-frequency load) may include a pair of diodes preceded by an attenuator, or a pair of thermocouples.

Abstract: A method of detecting amplitude value of AC electric quantity in electric power system, where five sampling values obtained in sampling performed in sequence at a period of 1/4 of the period of the rated frequency of the AC electric quantity are used, and the first through fifth sampling values are squared respectively and the squared values of the second and fourth sampling values are multiplied by four and the squared value of the third sampling value is multiplied by six and the sum total of these values is obtained, and then the sum total is divided by eight and its square root is estimated, thereby the amplitude value of the AC electric quantity is obtained. Even if the frequency of the AC electric quantity to be detected is varied about .+-.5%, its amplitude value can be operated with good accuracy and the operation result can be obtained at high speed.

Abstract: Process for the digitization and linearization of a quasi-sinusoidal periodic characteristic transducer and the corresponding apparatus.The process consist of measuring a variation (.DELTA..phi..sub.x) of a signal (.phi..sub.x) received by the transducer in accordance with the following operations:superimposing on the signal to be measured a first auxiliary periodic signal (.phi..sub.I) of frequency F.sub.I higher than the highest frequency of the range of the signal to be measured and of amplitude substantially equal to .phi..sub.o /2 and a second auxiliary signal constituted by a periodic linear ramp (.phi..sub.R) of a frequency f.sub.R well below F.sub.I and of amplitude .phi..sub.1, the transducer thus receiving a composite signal constituted by the signal to be measured, the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal;deducing from the signal supplied by the transducer, two periodic signal V.sub.C1 and V.sub.C2, of period .phi..sub.

Abstract: A digital level indicating device for use in compact disk players digital audio tape recorders, etc., which includes a converter circuit for converting a digital signal applied thereto to an absolute value signal representative of an absolute value of the digital signal. A peak holding circuit detects and holds a peak of the absolute value signal. A first decoder log-converts the absolute value signal. A second decoder log-converts a signal held by the peak holding circuit. Indicator means display a level of the digital signal in accordance with outputs from both the first and second decoder. A selector switches the choices of resolution of the first decoder and the second decoder.

Abstract: A system (20) for linearizing a non-linear transducer output signal (s.sub.2) which may be amplified to a non-linear output signal (s.sub.2) by suitable amplifier means (2) by providing signal (s.sub.2) to both a summing or linearization means (6) and an analog to digital converter which provides a signal (s.sub.3) to a storage means (4) which selectively provides a predetermined correction signal (s.sub.4) which is received by a digital to analog converter (5) to provide a signal (s.sub.5) to linearization means (6) for combination with signal (s.sub.2) to provide a linearized output signal (s.sub.6).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the comparision of AC signals by electrothermal means in which both signals are applied to an electrothermal converter, such as a thermocouple converter or a thermoresistive converter, and the temperature produced by the signals is converted to a difference signal. The DC component of the difference signal is used to maintain the electrothermal converter at a stable operating temperature. The AC component of the difference signal is used to indicate the difference between two signals when used as a comparator, to control the amplitude of a reference standard's output when used as a voltmeter or calibration standard, and also to control the amplitude of an oscillator when used as a calibration standard.

Abstract: A digital level indicating device for use in compact disk players digital audio tape recorders, etc., which includes a converter circuit for converting a digital signal applied thereto to an absolute value signal representative of an absolute value of the digital signal. A peak holding circuit detects and holds a peak of the absolute value signal. A first decoder log-converts the absolute value signal. A second decoder log-converts a signal held by the peak holding circuit. Indicator means display a level of the digital signal in accordance without puts from both the first and second decoder. A selector switches the choices of resolution of the first decoder and the second decoder.

Abstract: A bimetallic indicator includes a bimetal being deformed by heat generated by an electric current supplied to a heat coil wound around the bimetal, a pointer moved in relation to the deformation of the bimetal and indicating a measured value in accordance with an amount of electric current supplied to the heating coil, and a driving gear, which is rotated by the deformation of said bimetal. The driving gear includes two first pitch portions each having a plurality of teeth with a regular pitch and a second pitch portion provided between the first pitch portions and having a pitch smaller than that of the first pitch portion. A driven gear to which the pointer is mounted is engaged with the driving gear and rotated together with the pointer by the rotation of the driving gear. The rotation of the driving gear is transmitted to the driven gear only when the first pitch portion of the driving gear is in engagement with the driven gear.

Abstract: A system (20) for linearizing a non-linear transducer output signal (s.sub.2) which may be amplified to a non-linear output signal (s.sub.2) by suitable amplifier means (2) by providing signal (s.sub.2) to both a summing or linearization means (6) and an analog to digital converter which provides a signal (s.sub.3) to a storage means (4) which selectively provides a predetermined correction signal (s.sub.4) which is received by a digital to analog converter (5) to provide a signal (s.sub.5) to linearization means (6) for combination with signal (s.sub.2) to provide a linearized output signal (s.sub.6).

Abstract: A watthour meter having a Hall component in a sensor circuit connected to a low voltage type of voltage-to-frequency converter, achieves linear signal conversion of the voltage output from the sensor circuit with maximum polarity reversal of the Hall voltage by synchronizing such polarity reversal with polarity reversal across an integration capacitor of the converter so that the amplified offset voltage produced by the integration operation and the effects of capacitor instability compensate for each other.

Abstract: A method and circuit for measuring and displaying a parameter, in which the parameter is sensed by means of a sensor which supplies an output voltage representative of the value of the parameter, the output voltage is compared with a comparison voltage associated with the sensor response characteristic, and a display is produced on the basis of the result of the comparing step. The comparison is effected by supplying the output voltage from the sensor to a first input of a comparator, supplying the comparison voltage to a second input of the comparator, and varying the comparison voltage between successive values extending over the output voltage range of the sensor.

Abstract: A true RMS instrument using a multijunction thermal converter with two beaters automatically determines and displays the RMS value of an unknown voltage using two steps or modes. In an AC mode, the unknown voltage is attenuated and balanced in the thermal converter with a DC voltage. DC voltage is stored in digital form in a first latch. In the DC mode, the unknown attenuated voltage is replaced by a chopped DC voltage which is then balanced with the DC voltage obtained in the AC mode. The unknown voltage is determined by decoding the contents of a second lath which controls the chopped DC voltage.

Abstract: A variable resolution system for a potentiometer converts the analog output of the potentiometer to digital steps which are multiplied to provide a number of digital output steps dependent upon the extent of potentiometer movement since last reversal. Upon each reversal, the number of output steps per input step is reduced to provide greater resolution.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for controlling a rotary-magnet measuring instrument (6) by an input voltage via a controlled source of current has a first amplifier (difference amplifier 1) with a first negative-feedback resistor (R.sub.2) and a first input resistor (R.sub.1). In order to linearize the approximately S-shaped characteristic curve of the rotary-magnet measuring instrument (6), the controlled source of current is developed with a characteristic curve which is defined as consisting of three straight line segments of differing slope. For this, a second amplifier (difference amplifier 8), controlled as a function of the input voltage and a semiconductor path controlled by it (2nd npn-transistor 12) which lies in series with the first input resistor (R.sub.1) are provided. One input (10) of the second amplifier is connected to a constant voltage divider (divider resistors R.sub.3, R.sub.5) and via a second negative-feedback resistor (R.sub.

Abstract: An adjustable RMS circuit for an input signal is first compressed by use of a bipolar logarithmic converter. The low-level, high-frequency accuracy of the converter may be improved by increasing its gain in response to the presence of such components. An inverted half wave rectified signal derived from the compressed signal is then combined with a half intensity signal derived from the compressed signal to produce a signal which is substantially equal to the absolute value of the compressed signal. A reference signal of variably selectable level is further combined with the combined signal to provide an output signal offset to a desired threshold level.

Abstract: A surface potential detector of a non-contact type which comprises first and second detecting electrodes arranged in a separated manner from a measured surface so that charge variations are induced on the first and second detecting electrodes on the basis of the potential of the measured surface. The surface potential detector further comprises apparatus for making the amounts of charge variations induced on the first and second detecting electrodes different from each other, first and second detecting devices respectively detecting the amounts of charge variations induced on the first and second detecting electrodes and correction apparatus for performing arithmetic on the ratio between the outputs from the first and second detecting devices to correct the output of the first or second detecting devices on the basis of the ratio.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the root-mean-square value of a pulsatile signal generated from a power line signal. Samples of the pulsatile signal are produced at predefined substantially equal sampling intervals beginning at substantially the onset of a pulse in said pulsatile signal and continuing thereafter for substantially the entire duration of a half period of the power line signal to generate corresponding sampled values. The sampled values are squared and accumulated, then divided by the total number of samples taken and accumulated during said half period to yield an intermediate value for which the square root is determined, resulting in the root-mean-square value of the pulsatile signal.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring low currents with high dynamics, comprising in series: a multi-range preamplifier, a logarithmic amplifier, a thresholding circuit, an alarm circuit and a reading circuit, the preamplifier comprising in series: a first differential amplifier receiving at its inverting input the low current to be measured and a second amplifier, the first amplifier having a linear feedback chain of very high impedance and the second amplifier having a linear feedback chain of much lower impedence, a zero point adjustment and a circuit for testing the gain of the apparatus being also provided on the first amplifier.

Abstract: A level indicator for displaying the decibel values of digital samples of an analog signal with respect to a reference value, each sample having a predetermined number of bits. The indicator comprises a shift register having a smaller bit capacity than the number of bits in the digital signals and for which, a resolution of 2dB, comprises three series-connected flip-flops. The digital signals are applied to the input of the first flip-flop and, together with the outputs of all the flip-flops, to a combinational logic circuit. The output of the last flip-flop is connected to a read-enable circuit. As each bit of a digital signal is shifted into the shift register, the logic circuit generates a logic signal from combination of the output signals of the flip-flops and such digital signal bit, the value of such logic signal indicating how many times a predetermined decibel amount should be applied to the value stored in the shift register in order to attenuate it to the reference value.

Abstract: An automatic equalizer for an electronic measuring instrument using a transducer to measure a physical quantity. A signal amplifier in the instrument has a positive feedback application point and a negative feedback application point. The automatic equalizer has a plurality of stages, each comprising an amplifier that draws its input from the compensated output of the signal amplifier. Each equalizer stage is biased to operate over a different range of output signal levels, and the amount of feedback supplied by each stage back to the positive and negative feedback application points is separately adjustable so as to equalize a different segment of the transducer response curve. The required bias signal level for each equalizer is independent of the response characteristics of the transducer and therefore can be determined solely with reference to the range of magnitudes of the output signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of obtaining a correction value for the deviation between an actual power usage and a desired target power usage during a time period, comprises dividing the time period into a plurality of time segments, measuring, after each time segment a fraction of time into each time period, and multiplying the fraction by the target power usage to obtain a value corresponding to the fraction of the total power usage during the cycle. Also after each time segment, the total amount of power which has actually been used is measured and a difference is taken between the total amount power used from the beginning of the period and the fraction of the target power usage from the beginning of the period. This value is then divided by the amount of time remaining in the cycle to obtain the correction value. The correction value can be processed and utilized to control an internal generator for the plant or to take other corrective action.

Abstract: A measuring circuit for obtaining a mean square value of a power distribution line paramter and a process for obtaining a mean square value is disclosed. The measuring circuit and process exploit my discovery that an accurate measurement of the mean square may be closely approximated by sampling the power parameter an odd number of times greater than one during the power parameter cycle. When the power parameter is sampled an odd number of times (N) during its cycle aliasing errors due to the existence of odd harmonics above the Nyquist Frequency are minimized. As a result, the means of the most recent N sample values squared is very nearly equal to the true mean square value which would be produced by a continuous integration of the square of the power parameter during its period divided by the period. By sampling at a relatively low frequency, errors and circuit complexity are reduced, and the speed with which an acceptable mean square value is obtained is increased.

Abstract: A differential thermal wattmeter of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,734 is modified to remove undesirable in-phase a.c. ripple at the fundamental frequency in the feedback path. This result is achieved by a closed loop system in which the in-phase signal in the feedback path is detected and driven to zero by injecting sufficient signal in opposite polarity into the feedback path to cancel the ripple. The advantages are reduction of error and the ability to use standard, low cost components.

Abstract: A multi-probe metering apparatus is characterized by a central unit (I) comprising various signal processing circuits and modules (II) having two gates (A, B) to which are connected various pick-ups (III). The central unit (I) communicates with the module (II) via a numerical signal link (10) for the transmission of pick-up identification signals, and by two analogue links (9, 9b) permitting simultaneous connection of two pick-ups.

Abstract: A system is provided for use in a microprocessor controlled controller for a resistance welding machine for calculating the RMS value of the welding current so as to provide a closed loop control of the RMS current in order to eliminate the effect of variations in load and line voltage on the welding current and to provide a constant welding tip temperature in the presence of such variations.

Abstract: In a DC current detector, a current to be detected is applied to a current detecting resistor connected in series with a first diode, a voltage across the current detecting resistor is amplified by a transistor and the detected voltage is output from a collector resistor connected to the collector of the transistor. The voltage across the current detecting resistor is provided across the emitter and base of the transistor via an emitter resistor, and a second diode. A resistor the resistance value of which is selected so that the forward voltage of the second diode and the base-emitter voltage of the transistor may become equal to each other, is connected to the base of the transistor. The current detection accuracy is improved.

Abstract: A linearizing circuit (10) is disclosed for devices having logarithmic outputs, such as electrolytic oxygen detectors (12). The circuit (10) has an inverting biasing circuit (14) and a scaling circuit (16) connected to an antilog function generator (18) and is calibrated by zeroing the inverting biasing circuit (14) at an extreme point of the desired range and sealing a second point on the desired range in the scaling circuit (16).

Abstract: A wide range electric resistance type moisture meter is disclosed wherein a current flowing through a sample such as grain or wood is scaled by a load resistor and a feedback resistor of an operational amplifier to derive a scaled current which is proportional to the sample current, and the scaled current is current-voltage logarithmic-converted by a logarithmic conversion circuit including another operational amplifier connected to the output of the first-mentioned operational amplifier and diodes, so that a moisture content indicating voltage is linearized even in a high moisture content range. The output of the logarithmic conversion circuit is processed by an operation circuit to produce the moisture content and temperature compensated and the resulting moisture content is indicated by a moisture content indicator.

Abstract: A circuit for linearizing the meter movement of an analog meter provides a correction signal which is effective only in a predetermined portion of the meter movement range and which is adjustable to compensate for the specific linearity error in any given meter. Several of such circuits may be used wherein each of such circuits produces its primary effect in a portion of the meter range which is unaffected by adjustment in any of the other range portions. While the circuit finds its primary utility in providing correction signals to compensate for undesirable characteristics in display devices, analog or digital (with appropriate analog to digital conversion components) it may also be used to compensate for undesirable characteristics in display drive signals where that appears necessary.

Abstract: A mutual inductance current transducer includes a primary winding for direct connection to the current component of an electric energy quantity to be measured by an AC energy meter. A secondary winding is inductively coupled to the primary winding to produce an output signal that is proportional to the time derivative of the current component. The output circuit provides a current responsive input to an energy measuring circuit also receiving a voltage responsive input.

Abstract: A signal whose RMS value is to be accurately determined is first converted into DC form by a relatively inaccurate RMS converter, such as a thermal RMS converter (15). The result is a first converter signal (Y.sub.1), which is stored for recirculation in a suitable storage device, such as a sample and hold circuit (17). Thereafter, the signal stored in the storage device is recirculated to the converter to create a second converter signal (Y.sub.2). Then, the second converter signal is subtracted from the doubled value of the first converter signal (2Y.sub.1 -Y.sub.2) to produce a corrected RMS signal (X). The difference between the first converter signal (Y.sub.1) and the corrected RMS signal (X) is then determined. This error signal (E) is stored. Next, a decision is made as to whether or not a fast mode of operation is to be followed. If it is not to be followed the corrected RMS signal is displayed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for modifying and controlling the shape of an output signal. It depends on the development of a parameter (temperature, pressure, stress . . . etc.) supplied by a transducer, and comprises an electrical circuit with two branches each receiving the input signal (V.sub.1) to be transformed, one of the branches including a linear circuit effecting a linear transformation (A.sub.0 +A.sub.1 V.sub.1) of the input signal (V.sub.1) and the other branch including on the one hand a multiple linear circuit to effect a multiple linear transformation (A.sub.2 +V.sub.1), (A.sub.3 +V.sub.1), (A.sub.4 +V.sub.1 . . . etc.) giving the intermediate signals (X=A.sub.2 +V.sub.1) and (Z=A.sub.4 +V.sub.1 . . . etc.), and on the other hand a combining circuit receiving the intermediate signals (X, Y, Z) to combine them by multiplication (X.sup..alpha., Y.sup..beta., Z.sup..gamma. . . . etc.) the designations, .alpha., .beta., and .gamma. are integers which can assume the values 0, + 1, or -1.

Abstract: A line voltage monitor which can measure d.c. and RMS a.c. voltage and frequency, maximum and minimum RMS voltage, which displays input voltage, and computes and displays % regulation from the measured maximum and minimum voltage values. Analog input circuitry attenuates and squares the input voltage. A voltage-to-frequency converter produces logic pulses at a rate proportional to the squared signal. A 16-bit counter integrates V.sup.2 by accumulating pulses from the voltage-to-frequency converter. A second 16-bit counter increments at a 1 MHz rate to determine the cycle period T of the input. A microcomputer divides the .intg.V.sup.2 value by the period T and then takes the square root, yielding the RMS value of the input voltage. The microcomputer can be switched to determine the % regulation and the input frequency, and can be used to enable display of V.sub.max, V.sub.RMS (t) or V.sub.min, as well as the regulation.

Abstract: A power level measurement system includes a power level sensor having a linear response to power level variations for power levels below a predetermined level and a non-linear response above the predetermined level, a DC amplifier and linearity compensator for measuring power and amplitude levels above the predetermined power level, a switched amplifier circuit containing a DC to AC converter circuit, an AC amplifier and a detector for measuring power levels below the predetermined level, means for determining whether the power level of the high frequency signal is above or below the predetermined power level and for accordingly selecting either the DC amplifier or the switched amplifier system in accordance with this power level, and display means for displaying the output from the selected amplifier system.

Abstract: An incoming a-c signal, whose amplitude is to be measured, successively passes through several decadic attenuator stages settable by respective cascaded decadic stages of a reversible counter. The attenuated signal is rectified and its voltage, or the RMS value thereof obtained from a squarer, gives rise to a calibration current, opposed by a constant reference current, for charging a capacitor of a current/frequency converter with a resulting current corresponding to their difference. Two threshold detectors in that converter, responding to a capacitor charge of either polarity beyond a predetermined limit, trigger a monoflop which fully or partly discharges the capacitor and steps the counter forward or backward as determined by a polarity sensor connected across the capacitor. A retriggerable second monoflop, responsive to the trailing edge of each stepping pulse, enables the second-lowest counter stage to be stepped out of turn when these pulses follow one another at high rate.

Abstract: A signal whose RMS value is to be accurately determined is first converted into DC form by a relatively inaccurate RMS converter, such as a thermal RMS converter (15). The result is a first converter signal (Y.sub.1), which is stored for recirculation in a suitable device, such as a sample and hold circuit (17). The first converter signal is also doubled (2Y.sub.1) and stored (41). Thereafter the first converter signal stored in the storage device is recirculated to the converter to create a second converter signal (Y.sub.2). Then, the second converter signal is subtracted (43) from the doubled first converter (2Y.sub.1 -Y.sub.2) to produce a highly accurate RMS output signal.

Abstract: A device for measuring the thickness of coatings, wherein a thickness gauge is electrically coupled to a circuit intended to convert the electric signal at the output of said thickness gauge into an electric signal proportional to the thickness of the coating. The conversion circuit comprises a peak detector whose output is electrically coupled to inputs of an automatic measurement range switching unit and a subtractor. Another input of the automatic measurement range switching unit is connected to an output of a reference voltage forming unit, its one output is electrically coupled to another input of the subtractor, another output is connected to an input of an adder, whereas a third output is electrically coupled to an input of a measuring sensitivity control unit. An output of the subtractor is connected to another input of the measuring sensitivity control unit whose output is connected to another input of the adder.

Abstract: A voltmeter comprising a diode detector, a square root converter and a linear amplifier each connected to receive the diode detector output signal, a resistance network connected to receive the outputs of the square root converter and the linear amplifier, means for selectively switching the resistances of the resistance network to change the proportion at the resistance network output between the signal from the square root converter and the signal from the linear amplifier to inversely match the response curve of the diode detector, and means for displaying the amplitude value of the resistance network output signal.

Abstract: A circuit for providing a signal proportional to the RMS value of a periodic input waveform having either a variable or fixed frequency. The input waveform is applied to a rectifier. The output from the rectifier is squared and integrated at least once each period of the periodic waveform. The integrated voltage is sampled and a voltage equal to the sampled voltage is applied to a divider circuit. The output of the divider circuit is applied to a square root circuit until the integrated voltage is again sampled, at which time the voltage provided to the square root circuit is updated. The output from the square root circuit is a voltage proportional to the RMS value of the input waveform. The circuit can be coupled to an AC generator to provide RMS regulation of the AC voltage wherein the voltage proportional to the RMS value of the input waveform is applied to the exciter winding of the generator for control thereof.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for monitoring the square of the RMS value of a periodic signal in which an integrator following a squarer is reset to zero at periodic intervals. A first limit detector connected thereto delivers, if the limit set therein is exceeded, a pulse which is fed, via a first conjunctive logic element, to the counting input of a counter. The counter delivers a continous signal to an indicator and to the first conjunctive logic element when a preset counter reading is reached. A gate circuit blocks the periodic resetting of the counter as long as the first limit detector responds in each periodic time interval or when the preset counter reading is reached. This circuit permits quick determination of the RMS value.

Abstract: A voltage linearization circuit for use with a resistance thermometer device or a thermocouple to produce a nearly linear output signal from a non-linear input signal. The circuit produces a voltage proportional to the square of the input voltage through the use of operational amplifiers and field-effect transistors connected in voltage dividing arrangements, and combines this second order voltage, or a reduced magnitude thereof, with the original input voltage to produce a nearly linear output signal.

Abstract: A system for reducing higher order nonlinearities in the linearized output of a dimension gauging probe in which the dimension gauging probe provides an output varying inversely with the physical dimension gauged which is in turn linearized to a signal varying proportionally with the physical dimension. Higher order nonlinearities, an error condition, which deviate the correspondence between the gauged dimension and the output from a linear or straight-line function, are reduced by feedback of the linearized output to the probe and, preferably, by feedforward of a portion of the probe output signal to the linearized signal.

Abstract: An automatic voltage regulator comprises means for monitoring the voltage of an alternator with a voltage crossover detector and a pulse generator so that a train of output control pulses are produced which are controlled in their mark to space ratio by the output of a circuit which senses the amplitude of the alternator output voltage.