Abstract: A device is provided by which the stiffness coefficient of a flexure, in either a pitch or roll direction, can be measured while a slider is mounted thereon and while the flexure and slider are in a loaded condition as might be obtained during normal operational conditions of a HGA in a HDA. There are two methods of making the measurement, a static method in which the slider is loaded by an external weight called a pendulum and the angular displacement of the slider is measured, and a dynamical method in which the pendulum is caused to oscillate while in contact with the slider and its natural and loaded frequencies of oscillation are measured.

Abstract: With a method for the contactless determination of a thickness of a layer (20) made of electrically-conductive material of a component (17), a sensor composed of a coil form (13) and a coil (14) is positioned in the vicinity of the component (17) to be measured. The method is based on a combination of the principles of induction and eddy current. The thickness of the layer (20) is determined using a plurality of measuring and evaluation steps in which the coil (14) is acted upon with a first alternating current frequency f1 and a second alternating current frequency f2, and its change in inductance is evaluated. The distance between the coil form (13) and, therefore, the coil (14), and the component (17) is derived from the inductance value of the coil (14) acted upon with the second alternating current frequency f2.

Abstract: An induced current position transducer reduces spatial phase errors associated with layout constraints. Each winding of the transducer comprises a set of loops arranged in hypothetical basic polarity zones that alternate along the measuring axis and a set of loops arranged in hypothetical offset polarity zones that are offset from the basic polarity zones along the measuring axis. Hypothetical offset zones are defined at positions where basic and offset polarity zones that have opposite polarities overlap. Due to layout constraints, each winding may have an offset zone including an unbalancing coupling area that differs from the coupling area in the majority of offset zones. The windings are configured such that the amount of unbalanced coupling area included in the offset zones of each respective winding is approximately the same for each of the windings, making their respective phase errors approximately the same.

Abstract: An improved variable reluctance speed sensor configuration yields increased signal strength for a given sensor element diameter and/or sensor-to-speed wheel spacing. The improved sensor according to various embodiments of the invention comprises a plurality of passages containing pole pieces. The surface of the housing facing the speed wheel has thereon one or more projections. This sensor housing configuration concentrates magnetic flux in the housing when the speed wheel teeth are not aligned with the pole pieces. In particular, the projections act as flux concentrators, increasing the flux differential in the pole pieces as the speed wheel teeth pass the sensor.

Abstract: An assembly that includes a target component mounted for rotation about an axis, a sensor mounted adjacent the inner member and directed toward the inner member to measure the rotational speed of the target component and an outer component interposed between the sensor and the target component. Low magnetic permeability of the outer component is assured by appropriate selection of the material, maintaining the concentration of martensite in the outer component below a reference concentration as indicated by certain reference indices such as the Instability Function, and/or by maintaining the temperature at which a stamping operation is performed on the inner member above a pre-determined temperature.

Abstract: A method for determining the angular position of a rotating object and rotary encoder is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method includes a method for determining the angular position of an object rotating about a rotation axis in a rotation direction and having a coding pattern, using a sensor that senses the coding pattern, including ascertaining the coarse angular position of the rotating object with respect to the sensor whilst taking account of the coding pattern at a first instant. The exact angular position of the rotating object is ascertained with respect to the sensor whilst taking account of the coarsely ascertained angular position and also whilst taking account of at least one section of the coding pattern which extends counter to the rotation direction proceeding from that location of the coding pattern which is assigned to the coarse angular position. An output signal is provided containing items of information about the exact angular position of the rotating object with respect to the sensor.

Abstract: A position transducer for a rotary member such as the rotor of a motor has a rotating encoder disc and flat, disc-shaped elements interacting with the encoder disc to produce position dependent signals. The encoder disc has at least one active element such as metal surfaces configured so that signals from one of several portions or sectors of the encoder system are not transferred to another portion or sector, thus permitting the position transducer to be split into several position detectors that can operate independently of each other without having signals from one position detector affecting the other position detectors. The position detectors can cover individual circular sectors or concentric rings and e.g. be based on sensing the capacitive coupling between transmitter and sensor electrodes located on opposite sides of the encoder disc.

Abstract: The transducer (1) comprises: a rigid casing (2–4) in which a membrane (5) is clamped which, together with a portion of the casing (2–4), defines at least one chamber (6, 7) of variable volume; at least one winding (14); an interaction element (13), able to interact magnetically with the winding (14) under the effect of a displacement of the membrane (5), in such a way that the inductance of the winding (14) is variable in dependence on the relative position of the interaction element with respect to the winding (14), and circuit devices (17) connected to the winding (14) and operable to supply electrical signals of which one parameter, frequency for example, is variable in dependence on the inductance of the winding (14); the said circuit devices (17) including a memory (22) operable to store data representative of corrective values which, when applied in operation to the effective instantaneous values of the said parameter, make it possible to obtain correct values of the parameter corresponding to a predet

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that facilitate determining coil temperature in a proximity sensor, such as an extended range inductive proximity sensor. Voltage measurements can be taken before, and during, damped oscillatory decay of a voltage in a resonant circuit in the proximity sensor to determine a value, ?, associated with an inductive time constant for the resonant circuit. The gamma value comprises information related to both inductance and resistance in the sensor coil, and can be employed to determine coil temperature. Derivation of the gamma value, and thus of coil temperature, can utilize a current pulse of a duration of approximately one RC time constant of the resonant circuit, thus mitigating current consumption by the proximity sensor during temperature assessment.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that compensate for temperature drift in a proximity sensor, such as an extended range inductive proximity sensor. Voltage measurement can be taken before, and during damped oscillatory decay of a voltage in a resonant circuit in the proximity sensor to determine a value, ?, associated with an inductive time constant for the resonant circuit. A target-induced inductance value can be isolated, via manipulation of the gamma value, and compared to a predetermined threshold value to determine whether the target has been sensed by the proximity sensor.

Abstract: A rotation detector designed to prevent line disconnection from being caused by an abrupt thermal change, comprising cores (10, 30) arranged inside a cylindrical housing (1), pins (15a, 15b; 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d) attached to the cores (10, 30) and connected to coils (13, 23) of the cores (10, 30), protruding from a notch (1a) of the housing (1), and a connection base (50) electrically connected to the outside via a lead wire (59) and fixed to the pins (15a, 15b; 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d).

Abstract: An inductive sensor unit for detecting the position of a vehicle seat or for a gate-shifting unit of an automatic transmission, is described. The inductive sensor unit has a plurality of sensor coils that are disposed in planar fashion on a printed circuit board. A conductive actuation element which is guided, spaced apart, on a path over the sensor coils, and an electrical evaluation circuit detects changes in inductance of the sensor coils in accordance with a path position of the actuation element and converts the changes into electrical signals, corresponding to seat position signals or gear shifting signals. The conductive actuation element is guided, spaced apart on both sides, over the sensor coils, and in one aspect of the invention, the electrical evaluation circuit detects the inductances of all the sensor coils (L1, . . . , Li) and converts them by means of an algorithm into a current path position of the actuation element.

Abstract: A sensor coil for a non-contacting inductive displacement sensor, having two inner substantially identically formed winding sections (1), with an unwound section (2) provided between the two inner winding sections. Also, the coil has two outer substantially identically formed winding sections (3), which are respectively arranged at the ends of the two inner winding sections (1) facing away from the unwound section (2). The two outer winding sections (3) have a larger number of windings than the two inner winding sections (1), thereby producing a measuring signal which is substantially linear along the measuring range.

Abstract: In summary, the present invention concerns an inductive sensor, in particular rpm sensor, having a housing (4) with a main housing body (5) and a coil base body (6), whereby a coil is wound around the coil base body (6). The sensor also comprises a magnet (2) that is situated in the housing and has a pole pin (3). The coil base body (6) of the housing (4) is thereby designed entirely conical, in particular slightly conical, in shape.

Abstract: A speed measuring system comprising at least one stationary speed sensor (4) for detecting a speed of a measuring body (1) rotating relative to the speed sensor (4) wherein the measuring body (1) is provided, on its periphery, with electric or magnetic discontinuities. The speed sensor (4) situated at a defined distance from the measuring body (1), reacts to the discontinuities when the measuring body (1) is moved past the speed sensor (4). The speed measuring system has, in addition, one separate distance sensor (5) for determining an actual distance (LS) and an actual change in distance between the speed sensor (4) and the measuring body (1). In an evaluation device of the speed measuring system the speed of the measuring body (1) is formed from an actual output signal of the speed sensor (4) according to an actual output signal of the distance sensor (5).

Abstract: A system and method for optimally placing radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas. The system varies the placement of RFID tag and interrogator antennas with respect to each other and a stationary object or objects. A signal generator sends a known reference signal to the one or more RFID interrogator antennas. The signal is received by the one or more RFID tag antennas and is displayed upon an oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer or other multipurpose signal measuring device. By this method, the system finds the optimal placement of the antennas with respect to each other and the object or objects.

Abstract: A very accurate rotational phase detection system is disclosed having first and second disks that are encoded with a 31-digit pseudo-random M-sequence, the first and second disks being attached to rotationally-coupled members. In the disclosed embodiment, the encoding is accomplished by dividing the disks into 31 sections and contouring the periphery of the disks such that sections corresponding to “1” have a larger radius and sections corresponding to “0” have a smaller radius. Sensors—for example, inductive proximity sensors—are positioned near the periphery of the first and second disks that detect the encoded pseudo-random sequences and are periodically sampled (for example, at 50 kHz) to generate first and second detected sequences. The first and second detected sequences are processed to remove noise and to range between +1 and ?1, and are then cross-correlated to determine the rotational phase relationship between the attached rotating members.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for attaching a proximity probe offset to an axis defining an extension cable. The method and apparatus include a sensing element; a cylindrical part molded with a moldable material; a recess configured in one of two opposing ends defining the cylindrical part to receive the sensing element; a first and a second ferrule each extending from opposing surfaces defining an exterior of the cylindrical part, a first axis defining the first and second ferrules being offset from a second axis defining the cylindrical part; and an extension cable operably attached to the sensing element via the first and second ferrules, the sensing element being disposed offset relative to the extension cable.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method, a computer programme and a device (2) for determining contact wear in an electrical switchgear (3) in an electric switchgear assembly (1) as well as to a switchgear assembly (1) with such a device (2). According to invention, for determining a contact wear status variable (Cwsum) a current measuring signal (Imess) is monitored for deviations (?) from an expected faulty switch-off current (If) and, in case of deviations, the status variable (Cwsum) is not immediately calculated from current measuring signal (Imess), but indirectly using a characteristic current value (Ichar). Embodiments, among other things, relate to: deviations by saturation of the current transformer (30) and maximal current measuring signal (Imax) as characteristic current value (Ichar); status variable (Cwsum) as a measure for arcing power during switching-off and, in particular, equal to a potential function (f(Imess)) of the switch-off current (Imess).

Abstract: A vehicle detector system having a number of individual vehicle detectors each capable of sampling a plurality of vehicle loops in mutual synchronization. One detector operates as a master detector for synchronization purposes; the other detectors are operated as slave detectors. The system can be configured for series or parallel synchronous operation. The system is particularly advantageous in installations requiring a large number of closely spaced vehicle loops each operated by a detector set to high sensitivity.

Abstract: An analytical circuit for an inductive electromagnetic sensor with external excitation (1) generates an output signal which is transformed to give an output signal (out), by means of transformation to a reference voltage (Vref) in an inverting low-pass filter (12), which has no hysteresis delay and is free from multiple triggering. By comparison of the reference voltage with three voltage thresholds in a diagnostic circuit (6), line interruptions and short-circuits are recognised by battery voltage or reference voltage potentials.

Abstract: The rotating electric machine has a stator coil wound around a stator, a magnetic pole and a signal rotor fixed to a rotor, and a detection stator, disposed opposite to the signal rotor, for detecting the rotational position of the rotor, characterized by further comprising an adjuster for adjusting the position of the signal rotor or the detection stator by supplying a direct current to a predetermined phase of the stator coil and then a direct current to a different phase from the predetermined phase to rotate the rotor by a predetermined angle or more and constrain the rotor.

Abstract: An inductive displacement detector of a rotary type is disclosed, which includes a first flux coupling winding and a second flux coupling winding alternately arranged on a rotor. The first flux coupling winding has a line conductor crossed. The second flux coupling winding has a line conductor not crossed. In the first and second flux coupling windings the transmission conductors thereof share a side.

Abstract: A transducer (10) for distance measurement, especially between a stator and a rotor in a refiner for paper pulp production, in which the transducer is of the magnetic type and has a tubular casing (17), the one end of which forms a measuring head (14), in which a measuring pole (15) is fitted in a holder (16) which is mounted in the end of the casing (17) and seals this. The holder (16), with a first portion (22) of its axial length, reaches beyond the end of the casing. This first portion (22) and the measuring pole (15) are intended to be able to be worn away to a smaller axial length during use of the transducer, whilst the length of the casing is maintained.

Abstract: A method for determining position of a device includes generating at least two, time-varying, magnetic fields using inductive elements, wherein the fields have differing phases. The method further includes detecting a signal modulated on top of the fields, wherein the signal is generated from the device, and determining a position of the device based on a phase difference of the signal from the device and a reference signal.

Abstract: A high-frequency oscillation proximity sensor with an improved detection sensitivity uses, as a detection coil 11, a two-thread coil formed of substantively two coil conductors joined together at their first ends to form a joint connection end and twisted together, one of the two coil conductors being used as a resonance circuit coil L1 and the other as a copper resistance compensation coil L2, and comprises a drive circuit 12 for supplying a drive current to the joint connection end of the two-thread coil to thereby drive the detection coil to oscillate, a buffer 13 for taking out an oscillating output voltage generated at the joint connection end of the two-thread coil, and a phase shift circuit 15 for turning the phase of the oscillating output voltage taken out by the buffer by a predetermined angle and feeding it back to the copper resistance compensation coil to thereby negate the copper resistance of the two-thread coil.

Abstract: A non-contact type position sensor enhanced in characteristics. A first magnetic element has a first magnetic detecting part at one end side thereof. A first magnet has one pole thereof fixed to the other side of the first magnetic element. A second magnetic element is positioned underneath the first magnetic element, and has a second magnetic detecting part at one end side thereof, and has the other pole of the first magnet at the other end side thereof. A third magnetic element is positioned substantially on circles concentric with the first magnetic element, and has a third magnetic detecting part at the one end side thereof. A second magnet has one pole fixed to the other end side of the third magnetic element. A fourth magnetic element is positioned underneath the third magnetic element, and has a fourth magnetic detecting part at one end side thereof, and also has the other pole of the second magnet at the other end side thereof.

Abstract: A non-contacting position sensor detects relative displacement between two objects. A magnetic flux source is provided by a plurality of discrete magnets selectively determined to produce a highly configurable flux source that is easily adapted to rotary or rectilinear displacement. The interaction of the individual flux fields generated by the discrete magnets is controlled to produce both linear and non-linear relationships with respect to changes in displacement. A flux-gathering pole piece is dimensionally optimized to integrate the plurality of individual flux fields directed to a magnetic sensor.

Abstract: A process for determining the position of an influencing element, using an inductive position sensor, several coils, a capacitor, an amplifier element, at least one changeover switch and an evaluation unit, a selected one of the coils and the capacitor forming a tuned circuit and the tuned circuit and the amplifier element forming an oscillator. Each coil is connected in succession to the capacitor and its impedance measured by the evaluation unit as a function of the position of the influencing element relative to the coil and that coil which is able to determine the location of the influencing element is determined. In further operation, only the impedance of the determined coil or of the tuned circuit formed therewith is measured and used to determine the position of the influencing element, and if the impedance of determined coil changes beyond a threshold amount, the impedance of at least one other coil or tuned circuit is measured.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the qualitative and quantitative detection of analytes is disclosed in which in the detection of an analyte in a sample, an elongated migration base is used, in which there is an area for binding a magnetically marked analyte, and in which, in stages the sample is absorbed into the migration base and the sample spreads on the migration base into the area. The elongated migration base is arranged in connection with a coil and a change in inductance, correlating with the content of the magnetically marked analyte, is detected.

Abstract: A medical location system includes a medical device having a body and a position sensor at a portion of the body. The position sensor has a core made of a Wiegand effect material and a winding circumferentially positioned around the core. The position sensor provides signals that are used to determine temperature at the position sensor and location information of the portion of the body of the medical device. A signal processor is coupled to receive the signals from the position sensor and the signal processor determines the temperature at the position sensor and location information of the portion of the body of the medical device based on the signals received from the position sensor.

Abstract: In a coaxial multiplex position detecting apparatus for a rotating machine, a stator includes stator pieces, each stator piece individually being split in a circumferential direction of the stator, an exciting current winding, and a detection winding, the exciting current winding and the detection winding being wound on the respective stator pieces, and a plurality of rotors are disposed on outside and inside positions of the stator in a radial direction of the stator, the respective rotors having convex and recess portions in accordance with the number of poles that the respective rotors have and having different numbers of poles according to the inside and outside positions of the rotors from each other, revolution positions of the respective rotors being determined according to an output signal of the detection winding of the stator.

Abstract: Inductive position detector (10) is described which includes scale (20) having a longitudinal axis containing a train of magnetic balls (22), and a transducer (30) moveable relative to the scale (20). The transducer (30) includes means to induce a magnetic field in the scale (20). Magnetic markers (23) are provided at axially spaced locations along the scale (20). As the transducer (30) is moved along the scale (20), the pattern of magnetic markers (23) detected enables the position of the transducer to be determined.

Abstract: A strain sensor includes a sensor section having a magnetic material provided on one surface of a conductor, the magnetic material being formed integrally with the conductor and having a magnetic strain constant with an absolute value larger than 1×10?7, a fixing mechanism which fixes at least a part of the sensor section, an inductor disposed in a surface side of the sensor section which is opposite the surface on which the magnetic material is provided, the inductor being disposed opposite and away from the sensor section, and a detection unit which detects the amount of deformation of the sensor section caused by stress applied thereto on the basis of a change in inductance of the inductor.

Abstract: A non-contacting position sensor detects relative displacement between two objects. A magnetic flux source is provided by a plurality of discrete magnets selectively determined to produce a highly configurable flux source that is easily adapted to rotary or rectilinear displacement. The interaction of the individual flux fields generated by the discrete magnets is controlled to produce both linear and non-linear relationships with respect to changes in displacement. A flux-gathering pole piece is dimensionally optimized to integrate the plurality of individual flux fields directed to a magnetic sensor.

Abstract: A connector has a conductive terminal assembly including a plug-adaptable conductive terminal electrically connected with a circuit assembly and a pin holder for holding the conductive terminal The terminal assembly is sized to be able to be inserted from the front-end side of an outer shell case A cylindrical holding member has openings at both ends to enable the conductive terminal assembly to be inserted, a joint to position the conductive terminal assembly to itself, and is fixed from the rear-end side of the outer shell case. In addition, the detection coil assembly and the conductive terminal assembly are electrically connected with each other via a flexible connection member.

Abstract: A property of a magnetic sensor, deployed on a micro machined optical element and exposed to a magnetic field, changes as the position of the micro machined optical element changes with respect to a magnetic field or, alternatively, when the magnetic field changes with respect to the micro machined optical element. The electrical, optical and/or mechanical change in sensor property varies according to the position, and a measurement of the property change tracks the change in orientation of a moveable portion of the optical element.

Abstract: In an inductive sensor a ferrous core is provided and has generally opposed first and second ends. A winding assembly surrounds the core. First and second magnets are coupled to the first and second ends of the core and are oriented relative to one another so that like magnetic poles are opposing one another along a length defined by the core.

Abstract: A measured value detecting apparatus includes a measuring unit possessing a winding coil capable of generating an output signal corresponding to a measured value and independent of a direct-current component, a detecting unit possessing a receiving unit for receiving the output signal and determining the measured value based upon the output signal received by the receiving unit, an output transmitting line for transmitting the output signal from the measuring unit to the detecting unit, a potential offsetting means for changing the direct-current component of the output signal on the output transmitting line, and a malfunction detecting means for detecting malfunction of the output transmitting line based upon the direct-current component of the output signal.

Abstract: Linear velocity sensor and method for reducing non-linearity in the output signal of the sensor are provided. The sensor comprises a ferromagnetic housing including an opening. The sensor further comprises a spool disposed in the housing. The spool includes a bore for receiving a slidable ferromagnetic rod. The ferromagnetic rod may be extendable through the opening in the housing. A magnet is mounted at the one end of the rod distal from the opening when the rod is substantially inserted in the bore. A coil is wound on the spool. The number of turns of the coil is arranged to taperingly increase as the coil progresses from an end of the spool proximate the opening in the housing to the opposite end of the spool. The tapering arrangement for the number of turns of the coil is selected to reduce non-linearity of an output signal of the coil indicative of linear velocity.

Abstract: An impact-induced pulse sensor comprises a housing having a longitudinal axis and a guiding element arranged on the housing. A sensor element is adapted to be displaced within the housing along the guiding element when an essentially pulse-shaped impact of a given duration is exerted on the housing. The sensor element is displaced with a predetermined speed and along a predetermined distance. The guiding element is configured such as to affect the speed. The sensor element is made of a magnetic material. A pickup element is rigidly connected to the housing for magnetically generating a measuring signal derived from the displacing of the sensor element caused by the impact. The sensor element, when displaced, generates in the pickup element a measuring voltage depending from the distance. The guiding element affects the speed such that for impacts with like pulse areas the measuring voltage vs distance is independent from the duration of the pulse-shaped impact.

Abstract: Proximity switch with a coil arrangement having at least one coil and an evaluation circuit arranged downstream of said coil arrangement for obtaining a switching signal when a trip feature of the coil arrangement approaches a desired response distance, wherein the at least one coil is formed by coil sections (8) connected electrically in series, preferably disposed next to one another, axially in parallel, with a same winding direction.

Abstract: A resistor (having a resistance of Rs) is connected in series with an inductor whose inductance and/or resistance is desired to be determined. An alternating voltage (such as a sinusoidal voltage) is applied across the series-connected resistor and inductor, wherein the alternating voltage has a frequency ?, a unique maximum or minimum value Vm, an average value and a unique crossover of the average value. The voltage Vr is measured across the resistor when the alternating voltage is at its maximum or minimum value. The voltage Vl is measured across the resistor when the alternating voltage is at its average value. The resistance RL of the inductor is calculated from an equation in which RL is a function of Vm, Vr, Rs and Vl. The inductance L of the inductor is calculated from an equation in which L is a function of Vl, Rl, Rs, Vr and ?.

Abstract: A method for determining the position of a sensor element which is used to measure a magnetic alternating field emitted by at least one generator unit. The sensor element receives a signal. Interference fields, which are the fields arising due to eddy currents generated in electrically conductive objects, are calculated. The eddy currents are calculated based on the alternating field. The position can be corrected based on the signal received in the sensor element.

Abstract: A rotational position sensor includes a rotor having a magnetic member thereon, with a positive pole positioned at one point on the outer circumference of the rotor and a negative pole on the circumference of the rotor 180 degrees from the positive pole. The angular position sensor includes a housing with a detector thereon for detecting the magnetic polarity of the portion of the rotor nearest the detector. The output from the detector is an AC current, the wave of which is indicative of the angular orientation of the shaft around which the rotor is mounted.

Abstract: A method, system and inductive device for accurately determining inclination of a shaft arranged with a gear wheel including a plurality of gear teeth. The inductive measuring device includes a transmitter coil (3) and at least two receiving coils (7, 8) arranged adjacent relative an axis of symmetry (9) of the transmitter coil. Voltages in the receiving coils are measured, summed and integrated. A zero value for the integral is used to determine the position of the centre line of the gear tooth 5. The invention may be used for diagnostic and/or control purposes of an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: In order to improve a position measuring system comprising a transmitter and a sensor which comprises at least one inductive element, to which the transmitter is coupled electromagnetically, wherein sensor and transmitter can be positioned relative to one another and the at least one inductive element is arranged on a support so as to be areally extended, such that a great number of possibilities for its use result it is suggested that the support with the at least one inductive element be designed to be as least partially flexible.

Abstract: An improved inductive displacement sensor for use in a hydraulic accumulator for sampling the degree of filling of the hydraulic accumulator. The displacement sensor is provided with an electrical winding on a coil former. To reduce the gas volume of the hydraulic accumulator, the winding space not occupied by the electrical winding in the coil former is filled with a further winding formed from plastic or other non-magnetic material. The further winding is not electrically connected and is wound about the electrical winding.

Abstract: An analytical circuit for an inductive electromagnetic sensor with external excitation (1) generates an output signal which is transformed to give an output signal (out), by means of transformation to a reference voltage (Vref) in an inverting low-pass filter (12), which has no hysteresis delay and is free from multiple triggering. By comparison of the reference voltage with three voltage thresholds in a diagnostic circuit (6), line interruptions and short-circuits are recognised by battery voltage or reference voltage potentials.

Abstract: An inductive sensor includes at least two circuit boards and receiver circuit traces applied on the first circuit board. Arranged on the second circuit board are components of an evaluation electronics for evaluating signals that originate from the receiver circuit traces. The two circuit boards are joined in a sandwich-type manner and at least one component of the evaluation electronics is accommodated between the two circuit boards. A rotary encoder may be fitted with this inductive sensor.