Abstract: A double-rotor switched reluctance machine includes a stator, a first rotor, and a second rotor. The stator and the first rotor operate as a first electric machine and the stator and the second rotor operate as a second electric machine. Each electric machine has an output torque profile that fluctuates periodically between a maximum and a minimum instantaneous torque. The double-rotor switched reluctance machine is configured so that when the first and second electric machines are operated at a common electrical frequency, the first and second maximum instantaneous torques are temporally offset, thereby reducing the overall torque ripple of the switched reluctance machine. Additionally, or alternatively, a double-rotor switched reluctance machine is configured so that the first and second rotors are radially offset from each other to reduce a net radial force imposed on the stator by the operation of the first and second electric machines.

Abstract: An audio signal output from a tone generator is fed into a coil provided in a transducer for vibrating a sound board, so that a sound signal is generated by the vibration of the sound board. A predetermined DC voltage supplied by a constant voltage source circuit is superimposed on the audio signal by an adding circuit, so that the superimposed signal is fed into the coil. A current passing through the coil is sensed by a current sensing resistor, so that only a DC voltage component of a voltage signal on the both ends of the resistor is extracted by a low-pass filter circuit to be supplied to a microcomputer via an A/D converting circuit. The microcomputer figures out a resistance value and a temperature of the coil by use of the DC voltage component and the certain DC voltage value.

Abstract: A capacitive detection type electro-mechanical transducer comprises; a cell formed by a first electrode arranged on a substrate and a second electrode arranged on a vibration film, and a detection circuit for detecting a displacement of the vibration film, based on a capacity change between the first and second electrodes, wherein a plurality of the cells are classified into a plurality of groups, each one includes at least two cells, and the first electrodes or the second electrodes of the cells of the same one group are commonly connected to the same one detection circuit, and an addition circuit for adding, into single information, signals from the plurality of detection circuits corresponding to the plurality of groups, and for outputting the information, and a capacitive load for each one of the detectors are formulated to be dispersedly arranged.

Abstract: An induction type position measuring apparatus includes a scale and a sensor. The scale includes a track having a plurality of control patterns provided at equal intervals along a measurement reference line to control flow of an induced current, and a first edge portion and a second edge portion located on both sides of the measurement reference line. The sensor is provided to be capable of moving relatively to the scale along the measurement reference line to detect an induced current. The scale includes regulation patterns at least between the track and the first edge portion or between the track and the second edge portion to regulate a flow of an induced current.

Abstract: The magnetic field in the vicinity of a conductor can be sensed by wire loops to measure the current in the nearby conductor. A sensor in a printed circuit board can detect and measure currents flowing through the PCB itself, yielding a thin, inexpensive, scalable solution for energy monitoring.

Abstract: In a method for operating a starter of a vehicle, a position of a starter pinion is detected, and an advance of the starter pinion is regulated as a function of the detected position. For example, the advance during the meshing of the starter pinion with a starter ring gear of a drive motor of the vehicle is regulated.

Abstract: A hardware-only contactless position sensor system is provided that includes a contactless position sensor and hardware-only sensor system electronics. The sensor includes excitation, sine, and cosine coils. The electronics are coupled to the sensor and detect a position of a target relative to the sensor. The electronics include a phase shift and summation circuit that applies a phase shift at a frequency of the excitation coil to one of a sine signal from the sine coil or a cosine signal from the cosine coil as a phase shifted signal and add the phase shifted signal with an unshifted instance of the cosine or sine signal to produce a phase shifted output. The electronics also include a phase detector circuit that detects a phase of the phase shifted output and generate an output voltage corresponding to the phase and proportional to the position of the target.

Abstract: A locking device is used for locking at least a piston associated with an operating element of a valve, a choke, a blowout preventer or some other unit used in the field of oil/natural gas drilling and/or oil/natural gas production. The locking device comprises a sleeve, which is axially displaceable relative to the piston and which is threadedly engaged with a rotatably supported rod for displacement in an axial direction. The rod is drivingly connected to a motor. In order to be able to determine, by means of simple structural measures, the position of the piston for each of its positions in a sufficiently precise and reproducible manner, the locking device is provided with a position sensor, which extends from a fixed point through a longitudinal bore of the lock rod up to the hydraulic piston and by means of which a distance between the piston and the fixed point can be detected.

Abstract: A method for determining the position of a mobile unit which has a first coil, the mobile unit being disposed in a manner allowing movement relative to a stationary second coil, and a system for carrying out a method, the first coil having two part-windings, the second coil likewise having two part-windings, prevailing strengths of the inductive coupling of the part-windings of the first coil, or of the first coil to the part-windings of the second coil or to the second coil being determined, a phase shift of the induced AC-voltage signals being determined, a position range in which the phase shift is a biunique function of the position being determined from the coupling strengths, the position being determined from the phase shift.

Abstract: A device for detecting position of a rotating working means in an active magnetic bearing which comprises sensors (A, B) of the position of a rotating working means, detectors (D) of an output signal of the sensors (A, B) and evaluation circuits connected to control system of the active magnetic bearing. The sensors (A, B) of the position are composed of high frequency transformers, each of which is directly connected to the detector (D) of its output signal and the detectors (D) are composed of an electrical quadrupole with a non-linear transfer characteristic.

Abstract: A soot sensor includes a soot sensor including a first element on a first surface of the soot sensor. A soot sensing system may include a soot sensor and circuitry electrically coupled to the first element of the soot sensor. The circuitry is configured to determine an amount of soot accumulated on the first element and to control heating of the first element in response to the soot accumulation.

Abstract: A hydraulic cylinder has an internal shaft that rotates in response to extension or contraction of an output rod. A magnet is affixed to the shaft, the position of which is detected by a sensor internal to the hydraulic cylinder for determining the position of the output rod.

Abstract: An inductive sensor device for a motor vehicle includes a coil, wherein the coil is arranged on a carrier element and the coil is connected electrically to an electronics unit and wherein an induced voltage can be registered by the coil (10). The carrier element has a first side and the coil is formed by at least one planar coil on the first side of the carrier element.

Abstract: A technique for tamper protection in an electronic device is disclosed. A conductive mesh is affixed onto one or more interior surfaces of the outer housing of the device. The mesh includes one or more conductive traces coupled to one or more detectors within the device. The detector can detect an open-circuit or short-circuit condition resulting from an unauthorized attempt to open the housing, and output a signal to trigger an appropriate countermeasure. The electrical contacts along the trace that are monitored can be selected differently from one manufactured unit to the next, and can be selected based on a randomness function. The selection of contacts may be made during or after manufacturing of the device. The mesh can include multiple metal traces that run very close together, in parallel, across one or more interior surfaces of the housing, allowing detection of both open-circuit and short-circuit conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to devices and methods, which relate to the arrangement of a sensor on the shaft of a rail vehicle.

Abstract: A position sensor for the inductive detection of a position of a first component comprising a reference coil with respect to a second component comprising a reference body. A control and processing unit of the position sensor is coupled to the reference coil and is designed for issuing an output signal generating a current impulse in the reference coil. In addition, the control and processing unit is designed for evaluation of an oscillation generated by the current impulse in the reference coil as an input signal indicating the position of the reference body.

Abstract: A resolver can have a stator and a housing fixed without requiring a special jig. The resolver includes a housing in an approximately cylindrical shape, a stator core in an approximately annular shape fixed to the inside of the housing, in which an exciting coil and a detecting coil are wound therearound, and a rotor arranged on the inside of the stator core, wherein the stator core is fixed to the housing by a C-shaped ring, a groove extending in a circumferential direction is provided on the inside of the housing, and the stator core is fixed to the housing by engaging the C-shaped ring with the groove.

Abstract: The indicator comprises: a light-emitting member capable of emitting light, wherein the light-emitting member has a segment with a shape corresponding to an outline of a gate groove; a face panel disposed in opposed relation to the light-emitting member, and adapted, during the light-emitting of the light-emitting member, to allow light having the shape corresponding to the outline of the gate groove to be transmitted therethrough; and a cover member disposed just above the face panel, and formed with an opening which surrounds a position where the light transmitted through the face panel appears on an outer surface of the face panel.

Abstract: A method for operating a valve, in particular a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, in which an auxiliary variable is obtained as a function of at least one electrical operating variable of an electromagnetic actuator driving a component of the valve, in particular a valve needle, and in which the auxiliary variable is checked for the presence of a predefinable characteristic. A reference variable is ascertained as a function of the auxiliary variable, the auxiliary variable is modified as a function of the reference variable to obtain a modified auxiliary variable, and the modified auxiliary variable is checked for the presence of the predefinable characteristic.

Abstract: An inductive position sensor determines a position of an object. The sensor incudes a circuit board, a wire source coil constructed and arranged to provide a certain operating frequency, a first wire sensing coil, and a second wire sensing coil. The source coil, and first and second sensing coils are embedded in the circuit board, and each of the first and second sensing coils are constructed and arranged to provide an output as the object passes by source coil and the first and second sensing coils. Eddy current generating material is associated with any of the coils so as to provide an eddy current that interferes with wire to wire communication between the sensing coils and the source coil, so as to alter the output of the sensing coils to improve accuracy of the sensor to shape the output.

Abstract: A system and an associated method provide an ability to sense, with a magnetic field sensor, a position of a plurality of gears (and neutral) selected by a gear shift lever of a vehicle. In some embodiments, the system and method use a ferromagnetic target having features, positions of which can be sensed by the magnetic field sensor. In other embodiments, the system and method use a magnet having features and characteristics that can be sensed by the magnetic field sensor.

Abstract: Wireless strain and displacement sensors wirelessly monitor structural health and integrity, and are made by printing inductor-interdigital capacitor sensing circuits on a variety of substrates, including ceramic substrates, with thermally processable conductive inks. Sensors of the invention can be employed to detect strain and displacement of civil structures, such as bridges and buildings. The sensors include sensing elements that are mounted or printed on stiff, inflexible substrates, which prevent the sensing elements from bending, stretching, or otherwise warping when the sensor is strained. An interlayer between the sensing elements allows the sensing elements to move with respect to each other during application of strain. Thus, strain causes the sensing elements to move but not to deform, causing changes in sensor resonance that can be detected through wireless radio-frequency interrogation.

Abstract: A magnetic tracking system includes a first set of magnetic field generators configured to produce a first magnetic field having a first shape within a three dimensional region and at least a second set of magnetic field generators configured to produce a second magnetic field having a second shape within the three dimensional region. The system also includes a computing device configured to compute a position of a sensor within the three dimensional region based on the first and second magnetic fields being detected by the sensor.

Abstract: A programmable analog filter includes a crossbar array with a number of junction elements and a filter circuit being implemented within the crossbar array. At least a portion of the junction elements form reprogrammable components within the filter circuit. A method for using a programmable analog filter is also provided.

Abstract: A rotation sensor assembly includes a rotated component rotatably coupled with a base. The rotation sensor assembly includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter is coupled with the base or the rotated component. The transmitter generates a magnetic field including a sinusoidally time-varying dipole near-field corresponding to an excitation signal having a first phase value. The receiver is coupled with the other of the rotated component or the base. The receiver detects the magnetic field and generates a reception signal based on the magnetic field with a second phase value corresponding to a rotation angle of the rotated component relative to the base. The receiver is mechanically isolated from the transmitter. A rotation angle module is coupled with the transmitter. The rotation angle module, for instance a phase detector, measures the rotation angle of the rotated component based on the phase difference in the first and second phase values.

Abstract: A magnetic field sensor assembly includes a hollow cylindrical core, conductive material and at least first and second lead wires. The hollow cylindrical core is made of ferromagnetic material and has a proximal end and a distal end. The conductive material is disposed around the hollow cylindrical core and forms at least one turn of a coil that has at least one start terminal and at least one finish terminal. The first and second lead wires pass through the center of the hollow cylindrical core and the first lead wire is connected to the start terminal thereby forming a first termination and the second lead wire is connected to the finish terminal thereby forming a second termination. The first and second terminations are positioned within the hollow cylindrical core.

Abstract: A differential transformer type magnetic sensor is disclosed. The drive coil includes a planar coil arranged on a substrate. The first differential coil includes a planar coil arranged on the substrate. The second differential coil includes a planar coil arranged on the substrate and connected to the first differential coil. The first selector unit is used for a zero adjustment of a differential transformer. The first differential coil includes a plurality of first branch lines formed by branching a wire material forming the outermost turn of the first differential coil. The plurality of first branch lines are so arranged that the amount of magnetic fluxes passing along the plurality of respective first branch lines differ when the drive coil is driven. The first selector unit is capable of selecting any one of the plurality of first branch lines and arranged on the substrate.

Abstract: A sensor circuit for use with a shaft assembly rotatably mounted in a housing and having an input shaft, an output shaft and a torsion bar which connects the input and output shafts together. A CR coil mounted to the housing around the shaft assembly is energized and generates an electromagnetic field. An RX coil is mounted to and rotates with the shaft assembly and has an output connected to a power circuit to generate electrical energy when excited by the electromagnetic field from the first coil. The power circuit powers an angle sensor which transmits a signal back to the first coil representative of the angle between the input and output shafts.

Abstract: A rolling bearing sensor, especially a rotational speed sensor, having a housing and a signal pick-up which is arranged in the housing in a manner secured against rotation and is arranged, with the housing, in a stationary receptacle in a stationary part of a rolling bearing or in a stationary component adjoining a rolling bearing, for example, an axle journal, where the housing has an outer design via which the rolling bearing sensor in the receptacle is secured against rotation in a form-fitting manner. The sensor may have a groove which runs in the axial direction and interacts with a screw or a projection. Alternatively, a securing element which predefines a defined angular position may be pushed onto the sensor.

Abstract: A stator of a resolver includes a stator body including multiple magnetic pole portions; multiple stator windings respectively wound around the magnetic pole portions; multiple terminal pins each including a stator winding connecting portion around which the corresponding stator winding is wound; and an external cable connecting portion to be connected with an external cable; and a terminal pin holding portion that holds the terminal pins. The stator winding connecting portion of each terminal pin is formed in a double layer by folding a metal piece and has a fold formed when the metal piece is folded. The fold of the stator winding connecting portion of each terminal pin is formed along a longitudinal direction of the stator winding connecting portion.

Abstract: A method of measuring direction of rotation of a tappet of an engine valve train. Two opposing notches are machined or otherwise formed in the outer surface of the tappet. Two sensors proximate the outer surface of the tappet are operable to detect the change in distance resulting from the notches as the tappet rotates. There is a predetermined difference angle of separation between the arc distance between the notches and the arc distance between the sensors. Each sensor outputs a square wave output having pulses whose width represents detection of the notches by the sensor. The location of the pulses of the two square wave outputs is compared to determine direction of rotation of the tappet.

Abstract: An inductive position sensor uses three independent inductors inductively coupled by a common medium such as air. First and second inductors are separated by a fixed distance with the first inductor's axial core and second inductor's axial core maintained parallel to one another. A third inductor is disposed between the first and second inductors with the third inductor's axial core being maintained parallel to those of the first and second inductors. The combination of the first and second inductors are configured for relative movement with the third inductor's axial core remaining parallel to those of the first and second inductors as distance changes from the third inductor to each of the first inductor and second inductor. An oscillating current can be supplied to at least one of the three inductors, while voltage induced in at least one of the three inductors not supplied with the oscillating current is measured.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resolver having a stator for detecting the rotational position of a rotor rotating at the inner center thereof. The stator includes: a stator core having a cylindrical shape; a plurality of excitation windings attached to the inner surface of the stator core at a predetermined distance in the circumferential direction, each of the plurality of excitation windings being tightly wound; a plurality of sine output windings stacked and attached to the patterns of the excitation windings in the circumferential direction, each of the plurality of sine output windings being loosely wound; and a plurality of cosine output windings stacked and attached to the patterns of the excitation windings in the circumferential direction, the sine output windings and the cosine output windings being alternately attached such that the sine output windings and the cosine output windings have the same winding distribution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reluctance resolver (100) with an at least partially soft magnetic stator (104) and an at least partially soft magnetic rotor (102) which oppose each other by forming an air gap. The magnetic resistance in the air gap changes periodically on account of a configuration of the rotor that varies over the circumference. The angle sensor has a magnetic flux transmitter which is arranged on the stator and generates a predefined magnetic flux distribution in the air gap via at least one pair of poles. Furthermore, a magnetic flux receiver, which measures the intensity of the magnetic field via at least two pairs of signal poles arranged offset from one another at an angle, is arranged on the stator, wherein an angle value for a position of the rotor in relation to the stator can be derived from the two receiver signals.

Abstract: A production method for a rotor core for a VR type resolver has a structure in which one protrusion is formed on an inner edge thereof in which the rotor cores can be rotated and laminated without increasing cost. In a production method of a rotor core for a VR type resolver, a plurality of tabular rotor core pieces are laminated. In this case, in the rotor core pieces, four protrusions are simultaneously formed, one of them is left, the remainder thereof is removed, and rotating lamination is carried out.

Abstract: A magnetic force microscope capable of measuring the absolute value of a magnetic field with high resolution without causing a change in magnetization state of the probe. The magnetic force microscope includes a cantilever, a probe, a displacement detector that detects a displacement of the probe, a specimen carrier, and various transfer units. The magnetic force microscope that measures an undulation distribution as well as a magnetic field distribution on the surface of a specimen placed on the specimen carrier is further provided with a magnetic-field impress-unit that impresses a magnetic field to the probe, and an output of the magnetic-field impress-unit is controlled such that a magnetic force impressed onto the probe 5 is turned zero to thereby measure a magnetic field distribution on the surface of the specimen.

Abstract: A circuit (70) is provided for determining a position of a control element (24) arranged in proximity to an electro-magnetic field of a solenoid coil (22) for movement in one direction toward one stopped position relative to the solenoid coil in response to increasing electrical current flow through the solenoid coil and for movement away from the one stopped position relative to the solenoid coil in response to decreasing electrical current flow through the solenoid coil. The circuit includes a first detector circuit (36) operative to measure first current fluctuations during increasing current flow through the solenoid coil and to determine the occurrence of a pull-in spike based on a comparison of the first current fluctuations and a first prescribed value to identify when the control element reaches the one stopped position.

Abstract: A resolver has a structure in which the resolver is attached to a flange by press-fitting and in which strong stress that affects an angle detecting accuracy of a stator of the resolver is not applied. The flange, in which a resolver is press-fitted, includes a cylindrical portion in which a stator of the resolver is press-fitted to the inside thereof, and a tabular portion which is larger than an outer diameter of a cylindrical portion viewed from an axial direction and which is integrated with the cylindrical portion, wherein a clearance portion having an expanded inner diameter which does not contact with an outer periphery of the stator of the resolver is provided on an overlapped portion of a cylindrical portion viewed from a vertical direction to the axis and the tabular portion.

Abstract: A target device for use with a switch device of a proximity switch has a wireless receiver means (6) for detecting and receiving a first pulsating signal (A) with a first carrier frequency (f1) from a nearby transmitter module (5), demodulating (6, 7) the received signal, and if a superimposed digital signal is present, inverting (9, 10, C4, and Q1) the superimposed received digital signal or, if the superimposed digital signal is absent, passing the existing energy through (10). The target device also has a wireless transmitter means (12) for modulating and sending the inverted pulse train if this exists by the second carrier frequency (f2) to the receiver switch unit (13). Additionally, the target comprises functionality to transmit the carrier frequency (f2) continuous and unmodulated where a continuous and unmodulated carrier frequency (f1) is present. However, upon existence of the pulsating signal only one of the receiver (6) and the transmitter (12) receives or transmits a signal at a given time.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement determines the closing instant of a valve with a coil that actuates an armature. The circuit has a voltage divider with at least three resistors connected to a measuring node of the coil and to ground. The first resistor is highly resistant in comparison with the other resistors of the voltage divider. A differential amplifier has its output connected to its inverting input via a fourth resistor and its non-inverting input receives a voltage from the voltage divider that represents the current in the coil. A parallel circuit of a capacitor and a resistor is connected between the inverting input and ground. A controllable switching element has a controlled path between the first resistor and the parallel circuit, and a control connection connected to the positive supply potential of the differential amplifier.

Abstract: An inductive sensor includes a sensor package and a coupler package. The sensor package includes a signal processor, an integrated capacitor, a ferrite layer, a transmitter coil, a two part receiving coil, and a plurality of discrete components. The coupler package includes an integrated capacitor, a ferrite layer, and a coupler coil. The transmitter coil in the sensor package is energized by an external power source which in turn energizes the coupler coil in the coupler package. The sensor then measures the rotational position of the coupler package relative to the sensor package by detecting and measuring, with the two part receiving coil, the signal returned by the coupler coil. The signal processor calculates the position of the coupler package relative to the sensor package by comparing the coupling factors between the coupler package and the sensor package.

Abstract: An inductive detection encoder according to the present invention includes: first and second members which are oppositely disposed so as to relatively move in a measurement direction; a transmitting coil formed in the first member; a magnetic flux coupled body which is formed in the second member and coupled with a magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil; and a receiving coil formed in the first member and having receiving loops. At least one of the transmitting coil and the receiving coil has a specific pattern that impairs the uniformity and periodicity of a pattern; and a dummy pattern formed in a position corresponding to a specific phase relationship of a cycle generated by the track with respect to the specific pattern.

Abstract: A position detector having a plurality of sensor units is used. Each of the sensor units is configured to determine positions. The sensor units are selectively used for outputting positions of a moving object. Positional outputs are generated by combining outputs from a plurality of the sensor units in a segment where the plurality of sensor units output positions together, for allowing the positional outputs to change continuously from a start to an end of the segment.

Abstract: The invention relates to an inductive angle sensor that includes a measuring element able to be positioned, within an angle measurement range, in different angle-positions about a rotational axis, as well as a coil that is at a distance from said measuring element. The surface of the measuring element is at a different distance from the coil in each angle-position, within said angle measurement range.

Abstract: A rotational position sensing device includes at least one sensor positioned adjacent a rotating component configured to rotate about an axis of rotation. At least one magnet is positioned at the rotating component such that a magnetic field of the at least one magnet affects the sensor and magnetizes a portion of the rotating component. The at least one sensor is configured to produce an output signal indicative of a magnetic flux, and therefore a position, of the rotating component. A method of sensing a position of a rotating component includes magnetizing a portion of a rotating component with a magnet and measuring a magnetic flux of the rotating component as it rotates about an axis of rotation. An output signal is generated that is indicative of the position of the rotating component.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for integrating LC circuits into a user's jewelry for controlling systems such as computer games. The resonant frequency of the circuit at each of multiple rings worn by the user may be adjustable. A secondary coil within each ring may be moved in relation to the magnetic field generated by a primary coil that may be part of another piece of jewelry, such as a watch or a bracelet, to generate control signals. The magnetic field may inductively couple and power the rings, which may each contain an LC tank circuit. If powered, each of these circuits may oscillate at its resonant frequency. A receiver system may comprise an antenna and a tuning circuit to detect a resonant frequency as an input to control moves of a character within a game, for example for use with heads-up displays (HUDs) for augmented reality applications.

Abstract: The invention relates, in particular, to an instrument for measuring length, comprising an inductive sensor comprising an elongate body and a tip that is movable along a longitudinal axis. The body contains windings and defines a first cavity receiving a magnetic core. The instrument further comprises a casing which extends the body along the longitudinal axis, and which defines, together with the body, a second sealed cavity containing the tip. The capacity of the casing to resiliently deform along the longitudinal axis is greater than the capacity of said casing to resiliently deform along axes that are orthogonal to said longitudinal axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a motor vehicle gearbox position detector comprising a sensor (3) designed to cooperate with a moving target (5) connected to a gearbox ratio actuation element so as to provide at least one analog signal representative of the position of the neutral point of the gearbox, characterized in that it additionally comprises a unit for processing the signal (9) comprising an analog-to-digital converter designed to convert the analog signal into a digital output signal (17) so as to provide periodic predefined information corresponding to the position of the neutral point only when, on the one hand, the target (5) is in the neutral point position and, on the other hand, when the sensor (1) is in the normal operating state.

Abstract: A source-measure unit (SMU) may be implemented with respective digital control loops for output voltage and output current. The output voltage and output current may be measured with dedicated ADCs (analog-to-digital converters). The readings obtained by the ADCs may be compared to a setpoint, which may be set in a digital loop controller. The digital loop controller may be used to produce an output to drive a DAC (digital-to-analog converter) until the output voltage and/or output current and/or a function thereof reach the respective desired levels. The digital loop controller may implement respective integrating functions for the respective digital control loops, and may also implement a compensation function featuring pole-zero pairs to stabilize the respective current/voltage outputs. Coefficients of the compensation function may be calculated based on user programmable parameters corresponding to the gain bandwidth product, compensation frequency, and ratio of the added pole-zero frequencies.

Abstract: A DC brushless motor includes a rotary actuation shaft having multiple poles. Each of the poles has multiple commutation steps. The DC brushless motor also includes a motor controller capable of controlling rotation of the rotary actuation shaft. The motor controller stores a commutation step map.