Abstract: An apparatus and method for triaging patients according to radiation exposure operates by measuring electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of fingernails, toenails, and/or teeth. When operating in vivo, radiation induced spectra are obtained from intact fingernails, toenails, or teeth placed within a magnet and with pickup coils located over nails between the cut edge at the end of the fingernail and skin proximal to the nail or placed adjacent to at least one tooth. When operating in vitro with fingernail clippings, one or more spectra are obtained. In an embodiment, at least three spectra are obtained with at least one after a delay at above twenty degrees Celsius, and at least one at power levels different from the others. The three spectra are used to determine and remove a mechanically induced signal from EPR spectra to determine radiation-induced spectra.

Abstract: A device of estimating a dose of ionizing radiation absorbed in an intra bone volume. The device comprises a static magnetic field source adapted to generate a substantially static magnetic field in a probing space having a volume of less than 2 cubic millimeter (mm3), the probing space being placed in front of a distal end of static magnetic field source, a micro resonator mounted in adjacent to the distal end, and at least one transmission line which feeds the resonator so as to generate an microwave magnetic field at the probing space and to transmit a signal returned from said microwave magnetic field and indicative of radiation induced paramagnetic defects in said probing space so as to allow a spectrometer to compute a dose of ionizing radiation absorbed in a portion of a bone placed in the probing space according to an analysis of the signal. The static magnetic field source being sized and shaped to maneuver the probing space to overlap with an intra bone volume of the bone.

Abstract: An RF coil adjacent an imaging region includes a plurality of conducting coil elements, with each conducting coil element including a proximal portion and a distal portion. The RF coil also includes a capacitance between the distal portions of the at least two conducting coil elements. A mutual coupling inductance between at least two conducting coil elements of the plurality of conducting coil elements is substantially cancelled by the capacitance between the distal portions of the at least two conducting coil elements.

Abstract: ESR imaging probe, system, and method are described. The probe is an ex-situ probe, the system comprises the probe and configured for operating the probe, and the method comprises detecting ESR from outside a resonator of the probe. An exemplary embodiment of a probe according to the invention comprises a cooled dielectric resonator, and one sided gradient coils. An exemplary embodiment of the system comprises source current that is configured to supply to the gradient coils currents of up to 100 A in pulses shorter than 1 ?sec.

Abstract: An imaging system that uses a directed-energy device can include a directed-energy device configured to generate an excitation signal to impinge a region of interest of a target and excite elements therein and receive resonance signals emitted from the region of interest of the target after the excitation signal is terminated. The directed-energy device can include a charged particle generator configured to generate plural energized particles and a charge transformer configured to receive the plural energized particles that include charged particles from the charged particle generator and to output a wavefront including energized particles that include particles having substantially zero charge. The imaging system can also include plural gradient coils positioned about a bore of a magnet and configured to impress a polarizing magnetic field on a target and a communications interface.

Abstract: Various systems and methods for detecting electron spins using electron paramagnetic resonance are described. An excitation signal generator configured to generate an excitation signal of varying amplitude and phase as compared to a reference signal may be present. A crossed loop resonator configured to isolate a detection signal produced by the excitation signal exciting an object with a magnetic field may also be preset. Further, a detection device configured to detect electron spins of the object using the detection signal isolated by the crossed loop resonator may be present.

Abstract: A nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion method to determine the wettability and other parameters of a fluid in a porous medium such as in an earth formation is provided. The method includes the steps of measuring the spin-lattice relaxation time T1 of the fluid in the porous medium at varying polarizing magnetic field strengths or nuclear Larmor frequencies; and determining whether the values of T1 at varying Larmor frequencies follow a dispersion curve that is characteristic of the parameter of the fluid in the porous medium to be determined.

Abstract: A method and system are disclosed for gathering information about an object including single domain particles which have a diameter in the range of about 5 to 80 nm. In one aspect, a method includes generating a static magnetic field of less than about 0.1 Tesla on the object and generating an RF energy, pulsed or continuous wave, so as to generate electron paramagnetic resonance of the single domain particles. The method also includes detecting the electron paramagnetic resonance of the single domain particles in the form of an image of the object. The single domain particles may have a predetermined diameter and a predetermined saturation magnetization and the applied magnetic field may be such that the single domain particles reach a magnetization being at least about 10% of the saturation magnetization. The method may be used for detecting tags in an object and for activating tags.

Abstract: An electron paramagnetic resonance imaging system that includes means for continuously irradiating a sample with RF irradiation; means for imposing on the sample a sinusoidally varying magnetic field along with rotating gradients for spatial encoding; means for directly detecting signal data from the sample, without using field modulation, while irradiating the sample with RF radiation continuously, the means for directly detecting having means for sweeping the sinusoidally varying magnetic field; and means for transmitting, receiving and processing the signal data, using means including a digital signal processor.

Abstract: A method, system, apparatus, and computer readable medium has been provided with the ability to obtain a complex permittivity ? or a complex permeability ? of a sample in a cavity. One or more complex-valued resonance frequencies (fm) of the cavity, wherein each fm is a measurement, are obtained. Maxwell's equations are solved exactly for ?, and/or ?, using the fm as known quantities, thereby obtaining the ? and/or ? of the sample.

Abstract: Described is an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer comprising a miniaturized radio-frequency (RF) microwave cavity resonator. The miniaturized RF microwave cavity resonator receives a carrier signal from a circulator, modulates the signal path signal, and reflects the carrier signal back to the circulator to amplify the carrier signal prior to demodulation. A mixer receives and demodulates the carrier signal and outputs an audio signal to generate an ESR spectrum for analyzing a chemical composition of a fluid sample. The ESR spectrum represents a magnetic susceptibility of the fluid sample to a magnetic resonance cause variation in a resonant frequency of the miniaturized RF microwave cavity resonator. In a desired aspect, the carrier signal is split into two paths prior to demodulation. The two paths are demodulated by different mixers to produce two separate outputs, an absorption spectrum and a dispersion spectrum.

Abstract: A miniaturized instrument and method of using electron spin resonance spectrometry for measuring the degradation of lubricating fluids, and the like, that includes continuously passing a sample of such fluid through a resonating RF microwave cavity resonator during the application therethrough of a uniform slowly varying uniform magnetic field that is rapidly modulated and measuring the resulting phase modulation or amplitude modulation thereof to derive an electron spin resonance signal that directly senses the molecular changes in the fluid sample resulting from fluid degradation during operation of the vehicle, such as peroxy radicals in vehicle engine oil and the like.

Abstract: A permeability measurement apparatus includes a magnetic field generation means applying an alternating magnetic field having a predetermined frequency to a magnetic substance to be measured; a probe needle placed in proximity or in contact to a microscopic area of the magnetic substance to be measured to which the alternating magnetic field is applied; a resonator including a coil wound on the probe needle, and generating a magnetic field having a resonant frequency higher than the frequency of the alternating magnetic field applied on the microscopic area having the probe needle in proximity or in contact thereto, and having an inductance of the coil varied as permeability in the microscopic area varies; and a measurement means measuring the permeability of the microscopic area of the magnetic substance to be measured based on the variation of the resonant frequency of the resonator according to the variation of the coil inductance.

Abstract: An upconverter has a two port parametric amplifier that has a first port to receive an input signal to be amplified and upconverted and a second port to receive a local oscillator signal and to output the amplified, upconverted signal at upper and lower sideband frequencies. The upconverter further has an antenna coupled to the second port to receive the local oscillator signal and transmit the amplified, upconverted signal at upper and lower sideband frequencies and a low noise amplifier at the first port of the parametric amplifier, which is powered by the local oscillator signal.

Abstract: An upconverter has a two port parametric amplifier that has a first port to receive an input, signal to be amplified and upconverted and a second port to receive a local oscillator signal and to output the amplified, upconverted signal at upper and lower sideband frequencies. The upconverter further has an antenna coupled to the second port and a power splitter inserted between the second port of the parametric amplifier and the antenna.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a substrate for an organic EL element capable of forming an organic EL layer efficiently in a highly precise pattern in a short period of time, and an organic EL element having the preferable electric characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for changing spin relaxation, a method for detecting a spin current, and a spintronic device using spin relaxation, and spin relaxation is changed through injection of a spin current. A spin current 4 is injected into a material 1 in a certain spin state, so that the spin relaxation time can be controlled.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for identifying a sample in a container, provide for the container with the sample being disposed relative to a resonator, a high-frequency signal being coupled into the resonator for exciting a resonant mode of the resonator, the resonant electric field of the resonator penetrating part of the sample in the container, the resonance curve of at least one resonant mode being measured with and without the sample, and the sample being identified based on the determined change in the resonance frequency compared to a measurement without sample.

Abstract: In an apparatus and method for transporting cryogenically cooled goods or equipment, a cryostat containing the cryogenically cooled goods or equipment and partially filled with liquid cryogen is provided with a cryogenic refrigerator for active cooling; and auxiliary equipment sufficient to maintain the cryogenic refrigerator in operation, are all mounted on a transportable carrier such that the transportable carrier may be transported with the cryogenic refrigerator in operation without connection of any of the cryostat, refrigerator and auxiliary equipment to any supplies located off of the transportable carrier.

Abstract: ESR imaging probe, system, and method are described. The probe is an ex-situ probe, the system comprises the probe and configured for operating the probe, and the method comprises detecting ESR from outside a resonator of the probe. An exemplary embodiment of a probe according to the invention comprises a cooled dielectric resonator, and one sided gradient coils. An exemplary embodiment of the system comprises source current that is configured to supply to the gradient coils currents of up to 100 A in pulses shorter than 1 ?sec.

Abstract: In a magnetic resonance apparatus having an RF radiating coil and gradient coils, and in a method for operating such a magnetic resonance apparatus, a pulse sequence, composed of multiple time steps, is specified for operating the gradient coils to time-dependently select regions of a selected slice of a selected volume of a subject. A non-linear equation system is then solved to obtain feed parameters for individual channels of the transmit coil for each time step, with specification of a desired target magnetization, and dependent on the pulse sequence specified for the gradient coils. The non-linear equation system is based on discrete values for time and space variable and, in addition to equations resulting from the Bloch equation, which are non-linear in their feed parameters, includes at least one additional equation that describes boundary conditions for the examination of the subject.

Abstract: Implementations and examples of systems, apparatus and techniques for using magnetic resonance imaging to measure spin perturbations. In one implementation, a sample containing nuclear spins is magnetized using a principle magnetic field generated external to the sample. A periodic pulse sequence is applied to the sample. The pulse sequence includes multiple radio frequency (rf) pulses and multiple recovery times between the rf pulses. The pulse sequence is configured to generate, in the presence of a magnetic field perturbation, a sequence of multiple different steady states of magnetization in the sample during each period of the pulse sequence. A magnetic resonance signal acquired from the sample is processed to identify characteristics of a magnetic field perturbation in the sample. In some implementations, processing the signal to identify characteristics of a magnetic field perturbation in the sample includes processing the signal to identify characteristics of an electric current in the sample.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a flux transformer with a gradiometer pickup coil is magnetically coupled to a SQUID, and a SQUID array amplifier comprising a plurality of SQUIDs, connected in series, is magnetically coupled to the output of the SQUID. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: A method of and miniaturized apparatus adapted for in-situ measurement of degradation of automotive fluids and the like by micro-electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, wherein the use of a modulated constant magnetic field in an RF resonating variable frequency microwave cavity resonator through which a fluid sample is passed, enables direct detection of molecular changes in such fluid sample resulting from fluid degradation during use.

Abstract: A method of calculating an electron resonance spectra data value for each of one or more chemical constituents. In one embodiment, one or more potential electron capture orbitals is identified for each of the one or more chemical constituents; an electron orbital wavefunction is determined for each of the one or more potential electron capture Orbitals; and a theoretical electron resonance spectra data value is generated for each of the one or more chemical constituents. In another embodiment, a theoretical electron resonance spectra data value may be used to identify an unknown chemical constituent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for non-invasive analysis of the identity and concentration of drugs that are to be administered by injection or infusion.

Abstract: A method of and miniaturized apparatus adapted for in-situ measurement of degradation of automotive fluids and the like by micro-electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, wherein the use of a modulated constant magnetic field in an RF resonating variable frequency microwave cavity resonator through which a fluid sample is passed, enables direct detection of molecular changes in such fluid sample resulting from fluid degradation during use.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for determining the presence of high molecular weight molecules, aminoacid molecules or protein fragments, in human or other mammalian skin, comprising irradiating a sample of the said skin with light at one or more wavelengths present in solar radiation, in the presence of a spin-trapping agent for radicals of said molecules, and using comparative electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to determine or investigate the presence of radicals of the said molecules induced in the skin by the light. The method may be used to investigate a range of skin and other tissue damage and the efficacy of agents and methods intended to protect skin from damage.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for imaging functional and electrical activities of the brain are disclosed. In order to allow improved relative positional determination of the epileptogenic focus with reference to the EEG electrodes, a positron emission tomography measurement using at least one radiation detector, and a magnetic resonance imaging measurement using at least one coil for generating a basic magnetic field, at least one gradient coil and a radio-frequency antenna device are undertaken in at least one embodiment. In addition, in at least one embodiment an electroencephalography measurement using a plurality of electrodes for acquiring spatial and temporal changes of the electrical activities of the brain and a computed tomography measurement using at least one x-ray source and at least one x-ray detector are carried out.

Abstract: Methods for detecting the breakdown potential of a semiconductor device having a thin dielectric layer are disclosed. The method includes measuring a spectroscopy of the thin dielectric layer and determining whether the spectroscopy exhibits the presence of a breakdown precursor (H2, H interstitial radical, H attached radical, and H attached dimer). Preferably, the method is carried out in the presence of a substantially significant applied electric field across dielectric layer. A semiconductor device tested in accordance with this method is also disclosed. Additionally, methods for reducing dielectric breakdown of a semiconductor device having a thin dielectric layer involving the substitution of a second molecule for H2 molecules present in the dielectric. This second molecule preferably does not react with Si or O to form an undesired attached state and may be an inert gas having a molecular size approximating that of a Hydrogen atom, such as Helium.

Abstract: ESR microscope systems and methods for examining specimens using both continuous wave and pulsed modes in the 9 to 60 GHz range. The ESR microscope uses an image probe comprising gradient coils in addition to conventional modulation coils (in continuous wave mode) or magnetic field bias coils (in pulse mode), and a resonator constructed from high permittivity material. The systems and methods also involves the use of sample containers that permit the precise placement of samples in relation to the image probe. The microscope uses a microstrip or thin coaxial or dielectric antenna to obtain a high coupling coefficient to the specimen being imaged. The microscope systems provide resolution at the single micron level, and permit the observation of images comprising tens to hundreds of pixels for each of two or three dimensions in a few minutes. Novel stable radicals used as the imaging media are also described.

Abstract: A miniaturized instrument and method of using electron spin resonance spectrometry for measuring the degradation of lubricating fluids, and the like, that includes continuously passing a sample of such fluid through a resonating RF microwave cavity resonator during the application therethrough of a uniform slowly varying uniform magnetic field that is rapidly modulated and measuring the resulting phase modulation or amplitude modulation thereof to derive an electron spin resonance signal that directly senses the molecular changes in the fluid sample resulting from fluid degradation during operation of the vehicle, such as peroxy radicals in vehicle engine oil and the like.

Abstract: A resonator apparatus and a method for electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements are disclosed. The resonator apparatus comprises a dielectric resonator and a sample vessel extending through the resonator. The sample vessel is configured as one single flexible tube. Means are provided for conveying a liquid sample substance through the flexible tube. According to the method a liquid sample substance is guided through the sample vessel, wherein the sample substance is gated by cyclically conveying and stopping, resp., a flow of the sample substance. A measurement is conducted within the resonator when the flow of sample substance is stopped.

Abstract: The vacuum properties of a cryogenic NMR probe maintained at a desired operating temperature by a cold head heat exchanger are improved by a separate heat exchanger operating below the temperature of the cold head heat exchanger for maintaining cryo-pumping surfaces at a temperature below said selected operating temperature.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for measuring whole body composition. The method includes confining movement of the body to a selected volume, inducing a static magnetic field in the volume, inducing a pulsed radio frequency magnetic field in the volume, and receiving nuclear magnetic resonance signals from the body. The resonance signals from any part of the body are substantially independent of a position of the body part within the volume. Whole body composition is assessed from the resonance signals.

Abstract: The present invention provides a compact, lightweight, and easy-to-use ESR-CT apparatus including a magnetic field leak line (5-G line), the apparatus being capable of imaging a small animal, such as a mouse, within 15 minutes with a spatial resolution of 1 mm or less and observing a desired region with a spatial resolution of 1 mm or less. A permanent magnet system for magnetic space is introduced, the system comprising: pole pieces having a predetermined area which are opposed to each other through a space; yokes combined with the pole pieces; and a permanent magnet inserted in series in a closed magnetic circuit formed by the pole pieces, the yokes, and a space between the pole pieces so that a magnetic pole plane intersects perpendicularly to the closed magnetic circuit for magnetic coupling with the yokes.

Abstract: An NMR/ESR antenna is inserted into a magnet device for generating a static magnetic field, and irradiates a sample with an electromagnetic wave to detect a signal generated from the sample. The NMR/ESR antenna comprises a sample tube, an NMR solenoid coil, an ESR microwave cavity, and a microwave guide. The solenoid coil has a central axis coaxial with a central axis of the ESR microwave cavity, and orthogonal to a direction of a main magnetic field generated by the magnetic device.

Abstract: EPR spectrometer comprising a ferroelectric single crystal resonator, a rectangular channel with holes in its narrow sides for inserting a sample and wires, a permanent magnet with planar poles, and a coil within the channel connected through the holes by the wires with a modulation source and a NMR spectrometer comprising a magnet, a probe with means for transmitting a radio frequency magnetic pulse and detecting NMR signal, and a ferroelectric single crystal resonator. A ferroelectric single crystal consisting essentially of potassium tantalate and the alkali metal substituting from about 1% to 3% of potassium or a group (V) metal substituting in part for tantalum, having cubic form of perovskite crystalline structure, and essentially free of impurities and defects is also disclosed.

Abstract: A probe, device, and methods for performing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on a suitable sample are provided. The probe includes a hyper polarized tip positioned to cause a dipolar interaction between the tip and sample. The nuclear magnetic spin of a selected portion of the sample induces a modulation of tip magnetization, which is proportional to the local magnetization of the selected portion. An NMR device includes the probe, a radio frequency (RF) coil for manipulating spins in the sample and tip, and a means for detecting the modulation of tip magnetization. An RF pulse sequence selects the selected portion and allows detection of the modulation. The method for obtaining NMR data includes positioning the tip to induce the dipolar interaction; selecting the sample portion; modulating the tip magnetization in response thereto; and detecting the tip modulation. The device and method may be adapted to obtain NMR images and spectroscopy.

Abstract: A novel spin resonance microscope is disclosed, the microscope design comprising an integrated evanescent wave probe and scanning tunneling microscope tip. The probe and tip may be either the same structure, or they may be separate structures. The integrated design allows for coherent excitation of precessing electron spin states in the sample such that spin resonance may be detected because the tunneling current is modulated by the spin resonance. Spin resonance may be affected by either adjacent nuclei, or by adjacent electrons. The present apparatus requires significantly reduced power inputs, such that the dead time of the system is short, and relaxation phenomena may be evaluated without swamping the instrument's electronics.

Abstract: A signal strength compensation unit for mobile radio receivers is connected upstream of the channel estimator and the channel equalizer and compensates for, in particular, the great, brief signal strength fluctuations within a data burst. Likewise, a method for signal strength compensation compensates for brief signal strength fluctuations within the data burst. To these ends, a signal strength average is determined from the signal strengths for the previously received data symbols. The current signal is then aligned with this signal strength average. The inventive signal strength compensation allows the bit error rate during data equalization to be significantly reduced.

Abstract: A sample holder for use in an EPR spectrometer is extruded using a material having a low dielectric constant. The extruded sample holder has a plurality of channels formed in it for holding sample material for testing. The shape and orientation of these channels are such that losses due to the high dielectric constant of the sample are minimized. Sample holders for cylindrical and rectangular cavity resonators and uniform field cavity resonators are disclosed, as well as for two-gap and four-gap loop-gap resonators.

Abstract: The instant invention provides in-vivo methods and apparatus for radiation dosimetry assessment in individuals exposed to potentially harmful radiation, based on measurements in-situ of the teeth. The in vivo dosimetry assessment methods and apparatus utilize electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques; and employ an apparatus comprising an integrated EPR spectrometer system, an ergonomic magnet and a constructed resonator structure. In various aspects, the dosimetry assessment apparatus is configured to be easily portable and withstand potentially adverse mechanical effects of transportation and deployment in the field. The apparatus also is configured with a power supply that is compatible with both conventional AC line voltages and/or other sources of power suitable for field conditions; and may be easily operated by minimally trained technicians to quickly generate a readout of estimated radiation exposure dose.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a magnetic resonance apparatus comprising a magnetic stimulation device, the method comprising bearing a region of a central nervous system of a living examination subject in an imaging volume of the magnetic resonance apparatus, whereby this region is to be imaged, operating the magnetic stimulation device for stimulating at least one prescribable location of the examination subject outside of the region to be imaged and generating a functional magnetic resonance image of the region to be imaged for imaging a neuronal activity of the central nervous system, whereby said neuronal activity is initiated by the stimulation.

Abstract: An improved raster magnet driver for a linear particle beam is based on an H-bridge technique. Four branches of power HEXFETs form a two-by-two switch. Switching the HEXFETs in a predetermined order and at the right frequency produces a triangular current waveform. An H-bridge controller controls switching sequence and timing. The magnetic field of the coil follows the shape of the waveform and thus steers the beam using a triangular rather than a sinusoidal waveform. The system produces a raster pattern having a highly uniform raster density distribution, eliminates target heating from non-uniform raster density distributions, and produces higher levels of beam current.

Abstract: A method is provided in which a correlation is made between a parameter indicating modification of a sampled malt in a germination process in which barley is germinated, and an ESR signal intensity of the sampled malt. The parameter is determined, in advance, by general analytical methods including chemical analytical methods. The ESR signal intensity is determined by measuring a peak height of spectrum of the sampled malt at a g value at which an unpaired electron derived from a carbon radical is resonant. The ESR signal intensity is a ratio of the measured peak height of spectrum to a peak height of spectrum of a reference, per a unit weight of the sampled malt. The modification state of the sampled malt can be evaluated based on the ESR signal intensity determined by electron spin resonance spectrometry. Kohlbach index, Hartong index at 45° C., diastatic power, ?-glucan content, viscosity, and friability may be used as the parameter.

Abstract: The instant invention provides in-vivo methods and apparatus for radiation dosimetry assessment in individuals exposed to potentially harmful radiation, based on measurements in-situ of the teeth. The in vivo dosimetry assessment methods and apparatus utilize electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques; and employ an apparatus comprising an integrated EPR spectrometer system, an ergonomic magnet and a constructed resonator structure. In various aspects, the dosimetry assessment apparatus is configured to be easily portable and withstand potentially adverse mechanical effects of transportation and deployment in the field. The apparatus also is configured with a power supply that is compatible with both conventional AC line voltages and/or other sources of power suitable for field conditions; and may be easily operated by minimally trained technicians to quickly generate a readout of estimated radiation exposure dose.

Abstract: The use of a high temperature superconductor self-resonant planar transmit and pickup coil, transmit coil or pickup coil enables the configuration of a small, portable nuclear quadrupole resonance system for detecting contraband.

Abstract: A uniform-field resonator includes a central cavity section having a cross-section which is set to the cutoff frequency for a particular microwave propagation mode and a pair of end sections which enclose the cavity to form a resonator in which the field is substantially uniform along the entire length of the central cavity—regardless of its length. A number of end section design strategies and resulting structures are described for supporting the uniform-field mode of operation in the central cavity section.

Abstract: Methods and systems for spatially resolved spin resonance detection in a sample of material are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods and systems for spatially resolved impedance measurements in a sample of material. The disclosed methods and samples can be used in screening of plurality of biological, chemical and material samples.