Abstract: A ground penetrating radar unit is scanned over the surface of a field, and provides a signal representative of the variation in the depth of soil along the scanning path. The signal is used to control the rate of application of fertilizer to the soil.

Abstract: A method and antenna assembly for transmitting into the ground polarizeable radiation whereby buried objects, and particularly long thin objects such as pipes can be located, the position determined, and the pipe direction ascertained, by taking measurements from a signle point, without mechanical movement of the antenna, and thereby allowing for good suppression of spurious signals and a reduction in false indications. The method includes the steps of transmitting into the ground polarizeable radiation, receiving reflected signals, indicative of the objects, incident upon at least two co-located angularly disposed transducers and comparing the signals thus received, wherein the radiation is transmitted from a transducer source which is co-located but angularly disposed with respect to each receiver transducer.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for detecting an object by using a radio wave which is radiated by an antenna toward the object to be detected. An echo wave of the radio wave reflected from the object is received by the antenna. On the basis of phase difference between the transmitted waveform and the received waveform, material of the object is discriminatively identified. The object is displayed as an image on a display unit.

Abstract: A radar system for subsurface inspection comprising a short pulse transmitter, an antenna for radiating signals to and receiving external reflections from the surface and from below the surface being inspected, a receiver connected to the antenna for generating an output signal in response to the external reflections, and a clutter cancellation circuit for eliminating internal reflections developed in the system to prevent interference by such internal reflections with the desired external reflections to enhance the system detection capability and reliability of evaluation of such external reflections. Clutter cancellation is accomplished by storing the internally generated clutter and subsequently subtracting it from each incoming radar range sweep consisting of surface and subsurface signals plus unwanted clutter.

Abstract: A radar apparatus for detecting a distance from a radar antenna (13) to a buried object (1) underground.The radar apparatus calculates the distance based on Maxwell's equation relating to speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves using received signals of two or more different frequencies in the receiver (5) which were transmitted from the antenna (13), and thereafter reflected from the buried object (1).

Abstract: An object detecting method and apparatus is disclosed and which operates by transmitting a wave toward an object embedded in a medium having a reflective coefficient at its surface, receiving the resultant reflected wave from the object, applying the received signal to a signal processing unit, and displaying the results of signal processing by the signal processing unit on a display unit.

Abstract: A method and system for measuring rock electrical properties using time-domain spectroscopy. The rock to be measured is place in direct contact with the substantially flat face of a sample cell. A voltage pulse is launched into a coaxial line connected to the sample cell. The pulse propagates through the sample cell and reflects from the rock. The incident voltage pulse and reflected voltage signal are analyzed to determine the rock's conductivity as well as the rock's dielectric constant over a broad frequency range.

Abstract: The technologies of radar, exploration seismology, and air or space transportation, are combined to provide a highly-mobile and economical system of geophysical exploration for petroleum and other mineral deposits. Use is made of the Seismo-electric (SE) and Electro-seismic (ES) effects to momentarily alter the reflection and scattering from, and absorption in, the earth's surface, of electromagnetic (radar) waves transmitted from, and received by, an aircraft or space vehicle, to thereby modulate seismic information on the reflected, scattered and received waves. In this improvement, the received waves, as represented by their transduced electric counterparts, are divided into two paths having different times of transmission, and synchronously re-combined to enhance systematic or meaningful information and remove non-systematic disturbances and random noise.

Abstract: A borehole logging tool includes three microwave antennas positioned from the longitudinal axis of the tool and spaced approximately equally around the axis. Microwave energy from a pulsed source is applied to the antennas during a plurality of microwave transmission periods. During a plurality of microwave reception periods, the amplitudes and the phases of the microwave energies received by the three antennas are measured for use in the determination of the dip of the formations surrounding the borehole.

Abstract: Instrumentation and procedures for detecting geological anomalies occurring in layered coal formations. The instrumentation comprises a medium frequency continuous wave narrowband FM transmitter and receiver pair. Two instrument configurations are disclosed with one being a portable instrument for use within an existing mined area and another being a downhole instrument for insertion into boreholes in unmined areas. Survey procedures are provided to detect anomolies through signal attenuation, path attenuation and signal phase shift. Continuity measurements provide data to determine the existance of anomalies. Tomographic techniques are employed to provide a visual image of the anomaly. Computer aided reconstruction techniques provide such visual images from the generated data.

Abstract: The invention includes a method and apparatus for detecting geophysical phenomena by the use of a synthetic pulse radar. A radar transmitter generates a plurality of component signals of different frequencies which approximate at least a portion of the Fourier transform of a radar short pulse. These component signals are transmitted simultaneously for modulation by the geophysical phenomena, and the modulated component signals are substantially simultaneously received in a receiver. The receiver divides the component signals, and as to each determines representative parameters. The invention also includes a heterodyne receiver which operates with a fixed IF frequency and incorporates a single frequency quadrature system.

Abstract: A method and installation for ground illumination by means of electromagnetic radiation generated by an aerial simulator coupled to the ground and for calculation of the dielectric constant and conductivity of the ground from said radiation are described. Radiation is transmitted in form of an electromagnetic pulse having predetermined characteristics from an aerial simulator of the horn type, the characteristics of the pulse are sensed at a point in the illuminated area and the dielectric constant and the conductivity of the ground are calculated from the detected values. The apparatus constituting the simulator comprises at least two conductive layers e.g. of conductive wires, united on one side to form the horn, and ending up on the opposite side at the ground where they are extended by a buried structure and on that side where they are united, in a connector to provide connection with pulse generating and measurement means.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for the detection of chemical vapors in the atmosphere based on detecting radiation from the molecules of the vapor. The radiation is induced by energy transmitted from the system at a frequency close to an absorption frequency of the molecules of the vapor to be detected. The system provides a easily used means for the excitation and detection of the vapor by virtue of the common tuning control of the system and the direct detection of radiation at the absorption frequency excited by the transmitted energy.

Abstract: A process for geotechnic exploration comprising the steps of:(a) Emitting one or more brief electromagnetic pulses or waves from an airborne platform at regular intervals based on the airspeed of the platform and the area being surveyed;(b) The wavelengths, frequencies and cyclicity of the waves being selected to provide, upon reflection, satisfactory indicia of the physical characteristics of the area being measured;(c) Receiving the reflections of said waves at said platform;(d) Amplifying said reflected waves to a readily processable level;(e) Processing said waves to enhance the spatial resolution of images produced therefrom;(f) Further processing said waves by selecting those variables represented by the waves that are deemed relevant;(g) Displaying said waves in visual form representing a cross-section of an area;(h) If desired, storing in recoverable form the signals representing said variables; and(i) Repeating said process as often as desired.

Abstract: The locations of compositional discontinuities in salt deposits and the like are determined by measuring the travel time of electromagnetic waves reflected off of boundary surfaces between underground geological regions of differing mineralogical characteristics. A spark transmitter is used to generate pulses each composed of a plurality of cycles of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves have a frequency between 1 and 500 MHz. The pulses have a pulse duration of 0.1 to 1 microsecond and a pulse repetition frequency of 10 to 1000 Hz. The thusly generated pulses of electromagnetic waves are radiated into the solid body of a mountain or other geological structure from within the interior of an underground excavation, so that the transmitted radiation will be reflected back from one or more boundary surfaces with different respective travel times. The reflected-back radiation is received and recorded. The travel times are measured, in order to determine the locations of the boundary surfaces.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described comprising a transmitter for transmitting an unmodulated carrier of selected wave length into the ground and a receiver adapted to receive reflected signals. Circuitry is described for producing narrow pulses from the transmitted and received signals for displaying them on an oscilloscope and on a plotter. The display on the oscilloscope is rotated through 90.degree. from the conventional display so that the pulses corresponding to the transmitted and reflected signals appear as horizontal bars spaced apart vertically by distances which correspond to the depth of the inclusions below the surface.The wave length is selected to be at least four times the anticipated depth of the inclusions.The apparatus is described as being incorporated into a motor vehicle such as a Land Rover with the transmitting antenna mounted at the front and the receiving antenna at the rear of the vehicle.

Abstract: Instrumentation and procedures for detecting geological anomalies occurring in layered coal formations. The instrumentation comprises a medium frequency continuous wave narrowband FM transmitter and receiver pair. Two instrument configurations are disclosed with one being a portable instrument for use with an existing mined area and another being a downhole instrument for insertion into boreholes in unmined areas. Survey procedures are provided to detect anomolies through signal attenuation, path attenuation and signal phase shift. Continuity measurements provide data to determine the existance of anomalies. Tomographic techniques are employed to provide a visual image of the anomaly. Computer aided reconstruction techniques provide such visual images from the generated data.