Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to improve computing device power management. An example apparatus includes a usage classifier to classify usage of a computing system, a low battery probability determiner to determine a probability of the computing system operating with a low battery capacity based on the classification, a policy reward determiner to determine an adjustment of a policy based on at least one of the classification or the probability, and determine a battery capacity of the computing system in response to the adjustment, and a policy adjustor to adjust the policy in response to the battery capacity satisfying a threshold.

Abstract: A technique facilitates evaluation of a fluid flowing through a tubing and includes at least one sensor deployed along an interior of the tubing. Each sensor comprises a plurality of electrodes and insulation material disposed between the electrodes to isolate the electrodes from each other and to facilitate resistivity measurements. The plurality of electrodes comprises electrodes for emitting an electric current and for monitoring voltage so as to enable resistivity measurements with respect to fluid flowing through the tubing. The resistivity measurements may be used to determine a constituent fraction, e.g. a water fraction, of the fluid flowing through the tubing.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for determining vehicle battery health. In some embodiments, an example method may include receiving, from a first vehicle, a first value for a first data type and a second value for a second data type, the first data type and the second data type relating to a battery of the first vehicle. The example method may also include determining, for the first data type and the second data type, a minimum possible value, a maximum possible value, and an offset indicator, wherein the offset indicator provides an indication of a significance of the first value and the second values relative to the minimum possible value and maximum possible value for the first data type and the second data type respectively. The example method may also include determining a weight for the first data type and a weight for the second data type.

Abstract: A method for estimating a state of charge of a valve regulated lead-acid battery includes; an overcharge amount identification step of identifying an overcharge amount when the lead-acid battery is overcharged after an arbitrary reference time; an open circuit voltage acquisition step of acquiring an open circuit voltage of the lead-acid battery after the reference time; and a state-of-charge estimation step of estimating a state of charge of the lead-acid battery based on the acquired open circuit voltage and a correlation between an open circuit voltage and state of charge in which a rate of change of the state of charge with respect to the open circuit voltage is smaller as the overcharge amount from the reference time until an acquisition time of the open circuit voltage is larger.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a voltage measuring unit for measuring a battery voltage of a battery, a degree of bending measuring unit provided on at least one side of the battery for measuring a degree of battery bending of the battery, and a processor for receiving the battery voltage from the voltage measuring unit, receiving the degree of battery bending from the degree of bending measuring unit, setting a base degree of bending according to a voltage range to which the battery voltage belongs among an overdischarge voltage range, an allowable voltage range and an overcharge voltage range, comparing the degree of battery bending with the base degree of bending to determine which is greater, and performing a protection operation for the battery based on a degree of bending comparison result.

Abstract: Responsive to a target charge level, a target charge completion time, and a maximum charge rate being sufficient to achieve the target charge level during an available charge duration defined by the target charge completion time, a controller charges the traction battery at a selected rate less than the maximum rate such that the traction battery continuously receives charge until occurrence of the target charge completion time and the traction battery achieves the target charge level at but not before the target charge completion time.

Abstract: A device having a function of simultaneously charging and backing up data is provided. The device includes a transmission interface, a power supply circuit, a storage circuit, and a main control circuit. The transmission interface is connected to an electronic device. The power supply circuit is configured to supply power to the electronic device to charge the electronic device. The storage circuit is configured to access data of the electronic device, or to provide data stored in the storage circuit to the electronic device. The main control circuit is connected to the transmission interface, the power supply circuit and the storage circuit. The main control circuit is configured to control the power supply circuit to supply the power to the electronic device and the storage circuit to back up the data simultaneously.

Abstract: A battery capacity estimation device in an embodiment includes one or more hardware processors configured to: acquire an alternating current power or an alternating current energy that is input to and output from a storage battery system via a direct current-alternating current converter, the storage battery system being capable of controlling charge and discharge; acquire a state of charge (SoC) of the storage battery system; and estimate a battery capacity of the storage battery system based on the acquired alternating current power or the acquired alternating current energy and the acquired SoC.

Abstract: Electrical systems of elevators and methods thereof, with an elevator alarm system configured to provide an alarm within an elevator car of the elevator system, wherein the elevator alarm system is configured to be supplied with power from a primary power source. A secondary power source includes a first storage device and a second storage device and a controller is configured to control a power flow from the secondary power source to the elevator alarm system when the primary power source fails and test a capacity of the first storage device by discharging a power of the first storage device and storing said discharged power within the second storage device.

Abstract: A battery diagnosis apparatus and a battery diagnosis method for accurately diagnosing a secondary battery are proposed. A pulse current generator, a voltage measuring instrument that measures a voltage response to application of a current pulse, a first data processing device that obtains a chronopotentiogram (CP) indicating a change in the voltage response over time and normalizes the CP, a database that saves normalized data, and a second data processing device that uses a correlation between the saved data and a battery state expressing factor prepared in advance to make a battery diagnosis are used. Desirably, the current pulse is a current in the same direction at the time of data obtainment and at the time of a diagnosis. Further, a noise filter for an input signal of the CP and resampling means for reducing the number of pieces of data input to the first data processing device are provided.

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for predicting the service life of a retired power battery. The service life of a retired power battery may be predicted by its power battery life attenuation curve. The power battery life attenuation curve is obtained by establishing a power battery life model and a charge and discharge characteristic curve of the power battery by utilizing the temperature T, the discharge rate C and the discharge depth DOD in the charging and discharging process of the power battery. This invention establishes a three-dimensional relation graph with a cycle life with respect to the capacity loss rate and the functional relationship ?=ƒ(T,C) by using the power battery life attenuation curve. The three-dimensional relation graph is applied to the same type of battery. And the attenuation of the battery in the full life cycle may be predicted.

Abstract: The present application provides a battery state estimation method, which relates to the field of battery technology. The battery state estimation method includes: obtaining a first cell state parameter of each of a plurality of cells in a battery; under a condition that there are multiple cell partitions, determining whether the first cell state parameter of each cell belonging to a cell partition is within a first cell state parameter range corresponding to the cell partition; when it is within the first cell state parameter range corresponding to the cell partition, estimating a cell state of each of the cell partitions based on a target cell state parameter corresponding to the cell partition; and estimating a battery state of the battery based on the cell state.

Abstract: A battery diagnostic device includes a sensing unit configured to measure a current and voltage of a battery, and a processor configured to estimate a SOC of the battery based on the measured current, select a plurality of SOCs from SOC-voltage data mapping the voltage and the estimated SOC with each other, divide a preset SOC region into a plurality of sub-regions based on sizes of the selected SOCs, calculate a region change value of each of the sub-regions based on the sizes of the sub-regions and a size of a preset reference region, diagnose whether at least one of an active material area, a depth of discharge and a depth of charge of the battery changes based on the calculated change values of sub-regions, and determine whether a mode of the battery is a normal mode or a failure mode based on the diagnosis.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method performed by a battery monitoring unit configured for estimating a battery discharging current of a battery comprising the steps obtaining a state-of-charge value indicative of a ratio between a current capacity and a maximum capacity of the battery, obtaining sensor data indicative of a first plurality of battery voltage values obtained at multiple subsequent points in time, determining a first voltage trend over time of the first plurality of battery voltage values, estimating a battery discharging current of the battery based on a relation, where the relation is dependent on the first voltage trend over time and the state-of-charge value.

Abstract: A battery information processing system includes a control device configured to perform capacity calculation processing. The capacity calculation processing is processing for calculating a full charge capacity Q of the module based on a fitting curve Z calculated by fitting processing of a Nyquist plot representing a result of measurement of an AC impedance of the module. In an OCV-SOC curve of the module, there are a flat region in which a ratio of variation is lower than a reference value and a steep region in which the ratio of variation is higher than the reference value. The control device estimates an OCV of the module from a result of detection by a voltage sensor and performs the capacity calculation processing when the estimated OCV is in the flat region.

Abstract: A method and system that enhances a service life of a battery is provided. The method includes values of a set of operational characteristics of a plurality of electrochemically active materials of at least one electrode of the battery. The set of operational characteristics include a voltage, a change in accumulated energy, a change in ohmic resistance, and a change in a rate of change in accumulated energy with respect to a rate of change in ohmic resistance. The values are compared with predefined values of the set of operational characteristics. A rate of depletion and a type of depletion of each of the plurality of electrochemically active materials are determined, and a range of the State of Charge, a range of the voltage, and a range of current to operate the battery for enhanced service life are determined.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for determining electrode information of a battery including a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and a battery pack including the apparatus. The apparatus includes a sensing unit configured to measure a voltage and a current of the battery, and a processor. The processor generates a V-dQ/dV curve based on the voltage and the current of the battery. The V-dQ/dV curve indicates a relationship between V (the voltage of the battery) and dQ/dV (a ratio of an amount of change dQ of the remaining capacity to an amount of change dV of the voltage of the battery). The processor detects a plurality of feature points from the V-dQ/dV curve. The processor determines information associated with each of the first electrode and the second electrode as the electrode information based on the plurality of feature points.

Abstract: The present application provides a battery module, which includes: a plurality of batteries, each battery including a top cover, and a first electrode terminal, a second electrode terminal and an explosion-proof valve being disposed on the top cover in a width direction; and a first heat exchange plate including: a first main body portion and a first bending portion bending from an upper side of the first main body portion to the plurality of batteries in the width direction; the first bending portion covers explosion-proof valves of at least some of the batteries in the width direction, a flow channel for flow of a heat exchange medium is disposed in the first bending portion, and the first bending portion is configured to be capable of leaking the heat exchange medium in the flow channel after being melted.

Abstract: A battery capacity estimation method includes first to third steps. The first step involves obtaining information about a Nyquist plot by a predetermined AC-IR measurement. The second step involves obtaining image data of a Nyquist diagram that is obtained when the AC-IR measurement is performed at a predetermined first temperature, based on the information about the Nyquist plot obtained in the first step and on an ambient temperature at which the AC-IR measurement is performed in the first step. The third step involves inputting the image data of the Nyquist diagram obtained in the second step to an input layer of a pre-trained neural network model, to obtain a battery capacity estimate value of a battery to be measured.

Abstract: An ECMS-based PHEV four-drive torque distribution method is disclosed. The method comprises: step 1, calculating an equivalent fuel consumption factor; step 2, calculating instantaneous total equivalent fuel consumption rate; step 3, converting all operating torque combinations of an engine, a BSG motor and a rear axle motor into the operating torque of a driving wheel, and determining the operating torque range of each power source; step 4, solving the minimum value of the instantaneous total equivalent fuel consumption rate within the actual operating torque range of each power source; and step 5, taking the operating torque of each power source corresponding to the minimum instantaneous total equivalent fuel consumption rate as the PHEV optimal operating torque for distribution.

Abstract: A trained neural network model is a neural network model which has been trained based on Nyquist plots of a plurality of modules of which full charge capacity is within a reference range. A processing system determines to which of a first group of modules of which full charge capacity is within the reference range and a second group of modules of which full charge capacity is out of the reference range a module belongs, based on discriminant analysis in which at least one feature value extracted from the Nyquist plot of the module is adopted as an explanatory variable. When the processing system determines that the module M belongs to the first group, the processing system estimates a full charge capacity of the module by using the trained neural network model.

Abstract: A battery module comprising a housing, a venting assembly, a plurality of battery cells disposed in the housing, a printed circuit configured to control operations of the battery module, a vent chamber of the venting assembly, and a lid including the venting assembly. Each of the plurality of battery cells comprises a battery cell vent for venting gases from within the corresponding battery cell upward in a direction of the printed circuit. The vent chamber is disposed between the plurality of battery cells and the printed circuit. The vent chamber is configured to direct the gases vented from the battery cell vent toward an opening for venting the gases from the battery module. The lid is disposed over the plurality of battery cells and holds the printed circuit above the plurality of battery cells.

Abstract: A method for determining an impedance of an electrically conducting device, such as a battery or a welded metal joint, includes applying a time-varying electric current to the electrically conducting device. The current varies at least between a first level and a second level. The current changes between the first level and second level within a time interval that is so short that a voltage response of the electrically conducting device exhibits a first local voltage extremum followed by a decay. An ohmic resistance voltage is adopted by the voltage response, when the first local voltage extremum has decayed. The method further includes acquiring the voltage response at least partially and determining an impedance of the electrically conducting device from the acquired voltage response.

Abstract: A method and system for AC battery operation. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining, at a battery management unit (BMU) coupled to an AC battery comprising a power converter and a battery that is rechargeable, a bias control voltage that indicates a state of a charge process of the AC battery; and coupling, by a bias control module of the BMU, the bias control voltage to the power converting for communicating the state of the charge process to and from the BMU and the power converter.

Abstract: A safety estimation device for batteries includes a parameter acquirer that acquires a design parameter of a battery, a calculator that calculates voltage behavior of the battery from the design parameter, based on a machine-learned logical model, and an outputter that outputs the voltage behavior as information about safety regarding heat generation of the battery.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing a battery includes a sensing unit configured to measure a potential and a current of a battery, and a processor configured to estimate a capacity of the battery based on the current measured by the sensing unit, detect inflection points in potential-capacity data in which the potential and the estimated capacity are mapped with each other, estimate an electrode potential of each inflection point, calculate a potential difference between each estimated electrode potential and a reference electrode potential, diagnose a change of at least one of an active material area, a depth of charge and a depth of discharge of an electrode of the battery based on an increase or decrease pattern of the plurality of calculated potential differences, and determine a mode of the battery as a normal mode or a failure mode based on the diagnosis result.

Abstract: A battery management system for optimizing the internal resistance of a battery includes a current measuring unit that measures a charge current of the battery, a memory that stores a plurality of voltage-current characteristic profiles, and a control unit that determines a reference profile from the plurality of voltage-current characteristic profiles based on a state of charge and temperature of the battery. The reference profile includes a start point, an end point, and a plurality of intermediate points disposed between the start point and the end point. The control unit determines an internal resistance of the battery, sets one of the plurality of intermediate points as a reference point, determines a reference resistance based on the reference point and the end point, and determines an optimal resistance based on the charge current, the internal resistance, the reference resistance and a predetermined upper limit of charge current.

Abstract: Systems and methods for monitoring the health of a vehicle battery. A method includes determining an initial amp-hour value for a vehicle battery of a vehicle. The method also includes measuring a net integrated amp-hour value added into the vehicle battery during a first time period. The method further includes determining that the initial amp-hour value plus the net integrated amp-hour value is greater than a threshold percentage of a rated capacity of the vehicle battery. And the method still further includes responsively providing an alert to a driver.

Abstract: A controller of a deterioration estimation device for a secondary battery is configured to acquire a first open circuit voltage when a temperature of the secondary battery is a first temperature and a second open circuit voltage when the temperature of the secondary battery is a second temperature changed from the first temperature, and estimate a degree of deterioration of the secondary battery by using a difference between first and second slopes. The first slope is a ratio of a voltage change obtained by subtracting the first open circuit voltage from the second open circuit voltage to a temperature change obtained by subtracting the first temperature from the second temperature. The second slope is a ratio of the voltage change to the temperature change when the temperature of the new secondary battery has changed from the first temperature to the second temperature.

Abstract: A storage amount estimation device estimates the storage amount of the energy storage device in which at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode contains an active material, at least two electrochemical reactions being generated in the active material depending on a transition of charge-discharge, the hysteresis between a storage amount-voltage value charge characteristic and a storage amount-voltage value discharge characteristic during generation of one of the electrochemical reactions being smaller than the hysteresis during generation of the other electrochemical reaction in the active material. The storage amount estimation device includes an estimator that estimates the storage amount using a voltage reference storage amount-voltage value characteristic obtained based on the storage amount-voltage value discharge characteristic when the one electrochemical reaction is generated more than the other electrochemical reaction.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing a battery includes a sensing unit configured to measure a potential and a current of a battery, and a processor configured to estimate a capacity of the battery based on the current measured by the sensing unit, detect inflection points in potential-capacity data in which the potential and the estimated capacity are mapped with each other, estimate an electrode potential of each inflection point, calculate a potential difference between each estimated electrode potential and a reference electrode potential, diagnose a change of at least one of an active material area, a depth of charge and a depth of discharge of an electrode of the battery based on an increase or decrease pattern of the plurality of calculated potential differences, and determine a mode of the battery as a normal mode or a failure mode based on the diagnosis result.

Abstract: An energy storage device has a plurality of storage cells. In this case, each storage cell is designed to be connected in an offline operation and separately from the remaining storage cells to a device for determining the capacitance of the energy storage device.

Abstract: A method for estimating lifespan of a battery in accordance with the present invention, comprising steps of: fully discharging the battery; partially charging the fully discharged battery under a predetermined charging condition; acquiring pieces of voltage information at multiple specific points of measurement time while partially charging the battery; and calculating remaining capacity of the battery by using the acquired pieces of voltage information.

Abstract: A method of screening a battery for failure mechanisms is provided. The method may include activating an electrochemical cell. Within 5 minutes to two hours of activating the cell, the open circuit voltage of the cell is measured over a period of time to determine a voltage versus time function. The cell is then screened for the presence of a failure mechanism by checking the voltage versus time function for a failure criteria.

Abstract: A control apparatus of a power supply system including a battery, a battery sensor to detect a state quantity of the battery, and a generator to generate a power for the battery includes a controller. The controller executes normal charging control to control battery charging based on a detection result from the battery sensor, by controlling an operation of the generator. The controller executes failsafe control to prioritize battery charging regardless of the detection result from the battery sensor, if the battery sensor is determined to be operating abnormally. The controller executes full charging control to charge the battery until the battery is fully charged, when the failsafe control ends. The controller executes the normal charging control after a state-of-charge of the battery used in the normal charging control is set to a value corresponding to a state where the battery is fully charged, when the full charging control ends.

Abstract: This abnormal factor determination device is provided with a measured value acquisition unit which acquires measured values including electric values and temperature values of multiple power storage elements, a predicted value acquisition unit which acquires predicted values including electric values and temperature values of multiple power storage elements, and a determination unit which, on the basis of the acquired measured values and predicted values, determines whether or not there are abnormal factors in the power storage system.

Abstract: An SOC estimation device 50 of an energy storage device includes a storage unit 73 and a data processing unit 71. The energy storage device 100 has a characteristic including a first deterioration mode in which a capacity drop with respect to time indicates a first transition, and a second deterioration mode in which a capacity drop indicates a second transition. The storage unit 73 holds first correlation data M1 indicating a correlation between SOC and OCV of the energy storage device in the first deterioration mode, and second correlation data M2 indicating a correlation between SOC and OCV of the energy storage device in the second deterioration mode. The data processing unit 71 executes a mode determination process of determining a deterioration mode of the energy storage device, and an estimation process of selecting correlation data corresponding to the deterioration mode from the storage unit, to estimate SOC of the energy storage device.

Abstract: A method and a system for determining a discharging process of a battery are provided. The method includes the following steps. Measuring charging/discharging information of the battery. Calculating a charging/discharging characteristic of the battery according to the charging/discharging information. Aligning the charging/discharging characteristic of the battery according to a comparison characteristic point of a comparison characteristic to obtain an aligned charging/discharging characteristic. Determining whether the battery is normal according to the aligned charging/discharging characteristic or a coulombic efficiency of the battery. Calculating a safety probability of the battery according to the aligned charging/discharging characteristic and resistance of an internal short circuit of the battery when the battery is determined as abnormal. Determining a discharging process of the battery according to the safety probability of the battery.

Abstract: Predictive rechargeable battery management is provided, which includes obtaining performance data on a battery cell of multiple rechargeable battery cells within a product, and comparing the performance data of the battery cell to statistical data on battery cell performance of a plurality of battery cells of similar type to the battery cell, and in corresponding condition(s) to the battery cell. Further, the managing includes determining, based on the comparing, that performance of the battery cell is trending away from the statistical data of battery cell performance of the plurality of battery cells. Further, the managing includes performing a battery-related action based on the performance of the battery cell trending away from that of the plurality of battery cells of similar type and in corresponding condition(s) to the battery cell.

Abstract: A system for conserving power in an electronic device, in some embodiments, comprises: a battery to supply power to the electronic device; and a fuel gauge coupled to the battery and capable of operating in any of a plurality of power modes, wherein the fuel gauge selects its own power mode based on a repeated, variable-frequency sampling of a voltage provided by said battery.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for determining vehicle battery health. In some embodiments, an example method may include receiving, from a first vehicle, a first value for a first data type and a second value for a second data type, the first data type and the second data type relating to a battery of the first vehicle. The example method may also include determining, for the first data type and the second data type, a minimum possible value, a maximum possible value, and an offset indicator, wherein the offset indicator provides an indication of a significance of the first value and the second values relative to the minimum possible value and maximum possible value for the first data type and the second data type respectively. The example method may also include determining a weight for the first data type and a weight for the second data type.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for measuring an internal resistance of a battery, after discharging/charging the battery under a preset constant-current, acquiring voltages of the battery within a period from ending the discharging/charging to a time when the voltage reaches stable, and then calculating different corresponding internal resistances caused by ohmic polarization, electrochemical polarization and concentration polarization separately. Since it is different for the orders of the magnitude of the characteristic time which these different polarizations need to get back into new equilibrium state after ending the discharging/charging, the method of the present disclosure classifies the internal resistances caused by these polarizations and calculated different internal resistances corresponding to the polarizations.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery management apparatus and method for calibrating the state of charge (SOC) of a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery. The battery management apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure calculates, when going into calibration mode, an average voltage value of voltage values received from a voltage measuring unit for a predefined time, calculates an average current value of current values received from a current measuring unit for the predefined time, calculates an average internal resistance value of the LFP battery for the predefined time based on the average voltage value and the average current value, determines if the average internal resistance value is equal to or larger than a preset reference resistance value, and when the average internal resistance value is equal to or larger than the reference resistance value, calibrates the current SOC to a preset reference SOC.

Abstract: A battery system in one embodiment includes a cell with an anode including graphite and a minor active material that displays an apparent thermodynamic hysteresis. A controller is operably connected to a memory which is configured to execute program instructions in the memory to perform a charge of the cell to a first potential, and a discharge of the cell from the first potential to generate a first discharge versus capacity curve. After a second charge of the cell to a second potential and a second discharge of the cell from the second potential to generate a second discharge versus capacity curve, the controller identifies a shift between the first discharge versus capacity curve and the second discharge versus capacity curve and updates a model of the cell based upon the identified shift. The controller then modifies at least one operating parameter of the cell based upon the updated model.

Abstract: A secondary battery system includes: a secondary battery having an electrode containing an active material; and an electronic control unit configured to execute an SOC estimation process of estimating an SOC of the secondary battery. The electronic control unit is configured to: i) calculate the surface stress from a use history of the secondary battery; ii) calculate the amount of change in OCV from the calculated surface stress iii) correct an estimated OCV with the use of the amount of change in OCV; the estimated OCV being estimated from a voltage value and current value of the secondary battery; and iv) estimate an SOC corresponding to the corrected estimated OCV as the SOC of the secondary battery.

Abstract: Systems and methods for charging electric vehicles and for quantitative and qualitative load balancing of electrical demand are provided.

Abstract: A method for checking a battery state for at least one battery of at least one motor vehicle. A. determination of cell voltage differences of particular cell voltage values of at least two battery cells of the at least one battery at different points in time. B. comparison of the cell voltage differences with at least one predetermined cell voltage reference value assigned to the at least two battery cells, and determination of respective deviation values between the cell voltage differences and the at least one cell voltage reference value. C. determination of the battery state of the at least one battery, wherein, based on the particular deviation values, it is determined whether an inadmissible degradation of the battery state is imminent.

Abstract: Certain embodiments are described that provide a method for measuring battery parameters under discharge/charge. (a) A battery at rest is provided having an initial State of Charge (SoC). (b) A discharge/charge excitation is applied for a first period of time. (c) The battery is allowed to rest for a second period of time. (d) A discharge/charge is applied, having a higher current and shorter duration than the discharge/charge of step (b). (e) The battery is allowed to rest for a third period of time. (f) Steps (b)-(d) are repeated. Parameters of the battery are measured during a plurality of the steps.

Abstract: A battery pack includes: battery cells arranged such that the positive terminals and the negative terminals are alternately arranged; bus bars electrically connecting the positive terminals and the negative terminals of the adjacent battery cells; an insulating cover attachable to the battery cells and covering the positive terminals and the negative terminals; a monitor substrate in which a monitor circuit is mounted; and detection terminals electrically connected to the monitor substrate and electrically connected to the respective bus bars. The monitor substrate and the detection terminals are disposed integrally to an inner surface of the insulating cover. The detection terminals are electrically connected to the respective bus bars in a state in which the insulating cover is attached to the battery cells.

Abstract: A deteriorated capacity calculator calculates a deteriorated capacity that is a capacity reduced from the capacity of a cell in an initial state. A gas amount calculator calculates an amount of gas contained in a container for the cell, from the deteriorated capacity. A pressure calculator calculates a pressure inside the container for the cell from the amount of the gas, a volume of a void space of the container for the cell and the temperature of the cell. A pressure monitor outputs a control signal for stopping charging or discharging of the battery when the pressure inside the container for at least any one cell is equal to or greater than a threshold pressure.