Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for dynamic adjustments to battery parameters using battery metrics. The device may be configured to determine a first value indicative of a battery voltage output during a first time interval, determine a second value indicative of a temperature during the first time interval, and determine a first acceleration factor for the battery during the first time interval based at least in part on the first value and the second value. The device may determine an adjusted number of charge cycles completed during the first time interval using the first acceleration factor, determine a total adjusted number of charge cycles of the battery, determine that the total adjusted number of charge cycles is equal to or greater than a first threshold, and cause the first maximum output voltage value to be reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a charging controller that controls a process of charging a battery from an external power source. When an outside air temperature is equal to or lower than a predetermined temperature, the charging controller charges the battery from a time earlier than a scheduled time of use of the battery by a predetermined time until the scheduled time of use. Thus, even when the outside air temperature is equal to or lower than the predetermined temperature, the temperature of the battery has been raised by heat generated during the charging by the time of use of the battery.

Abstract: In one aspect, a computer-implemented method for a cloud-based computing system may include receiving data pertaining to a battery pack of a vehicle, wherein the data is measured by one or more sensors associated with the vehicle. The method may include determining, based on the data, whether a sum of a physics-based model estimated terminal voltage minus an actual voltage of the battery pack satisfies a threshold. Responsive to determining the threshold is satisfied, the method may include determining a trigger event has occurred and calibrate one or more parameters of the physics-based model, a machine learning model, or both, wherein the physics-based model outputs one or more properties pertaining to the battery pack of the vehicle, and the machine learning model uses the one or more properties to predict a remaining useful life of each cell of the battery pack.

Abstract: A system or method for determining a battery state can include generating a set of models based on a measured response of a plurality of batteries to an applied load, measuring battery properties of a battery, and using a state estimator to determine a battery state associated with a battery.

Abstract: A secondary battery system includes a secondary battery having a positive electrode including a positive electrode active substance and a negative electrode including first and second negative electrode active substances, and a control device that estimates an internal state of the secondary battery based on an active substance model of the secondary battery. The control device calculates a charge carrier amount in the first negative electrode active substance based on a first active substance model, under a condition that the first and second negative electrode active substances are at the same potential, calculates an amount of change in open circuit potential of the first negative electrode active substance based on surface stress of the first negative electrode active substance, and calculates an open circuit potential of the negative electrode from the open circuit potential and the amount of change in open circuit potential of the first negative electrode active substance.

Abstract: A system and method that identify a location and/or magnitude of a ground fault in a circuit having a bus that connects battery strings with loads and a ground reference between the loads are provided. Potential of the bus is shifted relative to a ground reference in a first direction. A first impedance in the bus between the battery strings and the ground reference is determined, and the bus is shifted relative to the ground reference in a second direction. A second impedance in the bus between the battery strings and the ground reference is determined. A location and/or severity of a ground fault is determined based on a relationship between the first impedance and the second impedance.

Abstract: A battery monitoring apparatus includes an electric power supply terminal connected with a first electrical path, a voltage input terminal connected with a second electrical path, a signal control unit connected with a third electrical path, a response signal input terminal connected with a fourth electrical path, and a calculating unit. The signal control unit is configured to cause a predetermined AC signal to be outputted from a storage battery with the storage battery itself being an electric power source for the output of the predetermined AC signal. The calculating unit is configured to calculate, based on a response signal of the storage battery to the predetermined AC signal, a complex impedance of the storage battery. Moreover, at least one of the first to the fourth electrical paths is merged with at least one of the other electrical paths into an electrical path that is connected to the storage battery.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery short-circuit early detection device that detects a short-circuit in a rechargeable battery includes one or more processors connected to a current sensor that detects a charging current of the rechargeable battery, wherein the one or more processors are programmed to: while the rechargeable battery is being charged, receive a current signal indicating the charging current from the current sensor; detect a temporal change in the charging current indicated by the current signal; determine, when the charging current increases over time, that there is a possibility that the rechargeable battery has short-circuited; and output data indicating a determined result.

Abstract: Disclosed are a system for and a method of determining the cause of a defect of a battery, which is specifically attributable to a human error, through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The system includes an impedance measurement unit for measuring an impedance value of a battery while sequentially applying AC current signals of respective frequencies to the battery, a controller for determining the cause of the defect of the battery on the basis of the measured impedance value, and a table in which each of impedance value ranges is associated with a cause of a defect. The controller determines a cause of a defect of the battery by comparing the measured impedance value and each of the impedance value ranges.

Abstract: Provided is an energy storage apparatus capable of appropriately controlling use of a silicon material in normal times and achieving long life, and a method of using the energy storage apparatus. One aspect of the present invention is an energy storage apparatus that includes an energy storage device and a measuring section for measuring an internal pressure change rate of the energy storage device, the energy storage device having a negative electrode that contains a carbon material and a silicon material. Another aspect of the present invention is a method of using the energy storage apparatus that includes performing discharge while the internal pressure change rate of the energy storage device is measured.

Abstract: A thermal sensor wire. The thermal sensor wire may include a thermal sensing portion extending along a wire axis of the thermal sensor wire; and a carrier portion, the carrier portion extending along the wire axis, adjacent to the thermal sensing portion, the thermal sensing portion comprising a polymer positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) material or a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) material.

Abstract: A battery management system (BMS) and method for determining an active material content in an electrode includes determining a first peak in an inverse-differential capacity analysis curve of a the battery, determining a second peak in an incremental capacity analysis (ICA) curve associated with the at least one electrode, mapping the first peak of the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve to the second peak of the ICA curve, determining an active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery based on the mapping, and optimizing a performance of the battery based on the active material content in the at least one electrode.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a location measurement circuitry; a rechargeable battery; a memory configured to store instructions; and at least one processor. The at least one processor may be configured to execute the instructions to: monitor a usage pattern of the battery while the electronic device operates in a first power management state; acquire, based on determining that the usage pattern of the battery is different from a reference pattern derived from a model, information on a location in which the battery is estimated to be charged and information on a time at which the battery is estimated to be charged using the model; and switch, partially based on the information on the location and the information on the time, the first power management state to a second power management state based on a second maximum driving frequency lower than the first maximum driving frequency.

Abstract: In one aspect, a method to determine a capacity of a microgrid includes applying a current test load to the microgrid and measuring a current through an energy storage device, the current indicating a charging status of the energy storage device based on a current load being applied to the microgrid through activated power outlets being served by the microgrid and the current test load, the energy storage device being integrated with the microgrid. The method also includes, responsive to a determination that the measured current based on the current load being applied to the microgrid and the current test load indicates that the energy storage device is discharging, determining the capacity of the microgrid, wherein the capacity is the current load being applied to the microgrid through activated power outlets and a test load applied to the microgrid immediately preceding the current test load.

Abstract: Before technical components are further processed, they are checked for the functionality thereof. In this case, an incorrect judgment of the functionality can occur due to measurement errors or incorrect measurements, which in turn results in a very inefficient test. The invention provides a method and a device by which an increased measurement accuracy can be achieved. This is achieved in that at least one first electrical voltage value is measured at a first constant measurement current and at least one second electrical voltage value is measured at a second constant measurement current at terminals of the component. Every measured voltage value is scaled respectively using a profile factor PF to form a measured value M, and only measured values M that are located at least with a tolerance range in a common value range are used for the determination of an electrical parameter.

Abstract: In an aspect a system for energy tracking in an electric aircraft. A system includes at least a battery pack. At least a battery pack includes a plurality of battery modules. A system includes a sensing device. A sensing device is configured to detect a battery parameter of at least a battery module of a plurality of battery modules. A sensing device is configured to generate battery data as a function of a detected battery parameter of at least a battery module. A system includes a computing device. A computing device is in electronic communication with a sensing device. A computing device is configured to receive battery data from a sensing device. A computing device is configured to determine an energy amount of a plurality of battery packs as a function of battery data.

Abstract: A current detection circuit includes a current sampling branch, a switch branch, a first current mirror branch, a capacitor branch, a feedback branch and a control branch. The control branch receives the second current and outputs the first current and the first voltage signal. The current sampling branch outputs a first discharging current. The switch branch establishes and disconnects the connection between the first current mirror branch and the capacitor branch. The capacitor branch is charged in response to the first charging current and discharged in response to the first discharging current. The first current mirror branch outputs the first charging current. The feedback branch adjusts the second charging current to adjust the first charging current, so that the total charge of the capacitor branch is balanced with the total charge of discharge within one switching cycle, so that the first current is represented by the first charging current.

Abstract: A method for estimating the state of health of an exchangeable rechargeable battery. The method includes: i. determining a remaining capacity of the battery during a charging operation, in such a manner, that a first charging value is ascertained by measuring an open-circuit voltage, as long as no charging current or only a minimal charging current is flowing; at least one further charging value is ascertained by measuring the charging current in specific time intervals, until the charging operation is completed; and a sum of the ascertained charging values is calculated; ii. determining a remaining performance of the battery during the charging operation in such a manner, that after a predefined battery voltage is reached, the charging current is briefly changed, and the respective battery voltage is measured; and an impedance of the battery is calculated from the quotient of the difference of the measured charging currents and battery voltages.

Abstract: A display device includes: a body, and a display screen portion detachably connected with the body. The body includes a first magnetic assembly; and the display screen portion includes a second magnetic assembly. At least one of the first magnetic assembly and the second magnetic assembly is a magnetic-field controllable assembly, and the first magnetic assembly and the second magnetic assembly are connected with or separated from one another due to magnetic attraction or repulsion respectively.

Abstract: A battery pack according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include a plurality of battery cells and a BMS for controlling the battery pack. The BMS may include a state-of-charge (SOC) calculation module for calculating a SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells included in the battery pack and a faulty battery cell detection unit for detecting at least one faulty battery cell on the basis of the calculated SOC of each of the plurality of battery cells.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a vehicle battery; a vehicle sensor configured to detect a current, a voltage and a temperature of the vehicle battery; and an alternator configured to output a target voltage to the vehicle battery. A controller is configured to calculate state of charge (SOC) estimation based on the current, voltage and temperature of the vehicle battery, calculate an initial SOC based on a direct current internal resistance (DCIR) map and apply the initial SOC to the SOC estimation, when an open circuit voltage (OCV) is maintained in a predetermined range after engine-off, and adjust an available SOC range based on a difference between an actual battery charge current amount, to which the initial SOC is applied, and the calculated SOC estimation.

Abstract: An energy storage system converts variable renewable electricity (VRE) to continuous heat at over 1000° C. Intermittent electrical energy heats a solid medium. Heat from the solid medium is delivered continuously on demand. An array of bricks incorporating internal radiation cavities is directly heated by thermal radiation. The cavities facilitate rapid, uniform heating via reradiation. Heat delivery via flowing gas establishes a thermocline which maintains high outlet temperature throughout discharge. Gas flows through structured pathways within the array, delivering heat which may be used for processes including calcination, hydrogen electrolysis, steam generation, and thermal power generation and cogeneration. Groups of thermal storage arrays may be controlled and operated at high temperatures without thermal runaway via deep-discharge sequencing. Forecast-based control enables continuous, year-round heat supply using current and advance information of weather and VRE availability.

Abstract: A battery management system (BMS) for early detection of a battery cell internal short-circuit. The BMS includes a memory, one or more processing units, and a machine-readable medium on the memory. The machine-readable medium stores instructions that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the BMS to perform numerous operations of a method for early detection of the battery cell internal short-circuit.

Abstract: A device for detecting a secondary battery of an uninterruptible power system contains: a main battery module and at least one sub battery module. The main battery module includes a first power storage unit, a first detection unit, a first processing unit, a communication unit, and a first data transmission unit. The first power storage unit includes multiple first battery assemblies connected in series, and a respective first battery assembly has at least one secondary battery. The first detection unit includes multiple first detectors. The first data transmission unit includes a first one-way transmit port and a first two-way transmit port. The sub battery module includes a second power storage unit, a second detection unit, a second processing unit, and a second data transmission unit. The second power storage unit includes multiple second battery assemblies connected in series. The second detection unit includes multiple second detectors.

Abstract: A method for testing a mechanical performance of a lithium ion battery electrode based on a nano-indentation technology includes following steps: connecting an assembled lithium ion battery with an electrochemical test device and setting different test working conditions, so that cyclic charge and discharge experiments are performed on the battery to obtain an attenuation curve of a battery capacity; disassembling the battery and taking out the electrode; scraping some powder from a surface of the cyclic electrode plate and an initial uncyclic electrode plate, and laying down the powder in cold mounting molds separately, pouring the cold mounting solution into the molds; taking out the samples from the molds respectively after the liquid is completely cured and cooled; detecting a mechanical performance after polishing the samples surfaces and analyzing the mechanical performance decay rule of the electrodes.

Abstract: A capacity judgment module and a capacity calibration method thereof are disclosed. The capacity judgment module is used to judge a capacity of a battery installed in an electronic device. The capacity judgment module includes a database, a voltage detection module and a processing module. The database is used to store the voltage-capacity comparison curve. The voltage detection module is used to obtain a voltage value interval between a maximum use voltage value and a minimum use voltage value of the electronic device so as to divide the voltage value interval into a plurality of levels.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a battery, an electric machine, and a controller. The battery has a state of charge. The electric machine is configured to draw electrical power from the battery to propel the vehicle in response to an acceleration request and to deliver electrical power to the battery to recharge the battery. The controller is programmed to adjust an estimation of battery state of charge based on a feed forward control that includes a coulomb counting algorithm, a first feedback control that includes a first battery model, and a second feedback control that includes a second battery model. The controller is further programmed to control the electrical power flow between the battery and the electric machine based on the estimation of the state of charge of the battery.

Abstract: A system for cooling a mobile phone and method for using the system are described. The system includes an active piezoelectric cooling system, a controller and an interface. The active piezoelectric cooling system is configured to be disposed in a rear portion of the mobile phone distal from a front screen of the mobile phone. The controller is configured to activate the active piezoelectric cooling system in response to heat generated by heat-generating structures of the mobile phone. The interface is configured to receive power from a mobile phone power source when the active piezoelectric cooling system is activated.

Abstract: One or more external connectors of a conformal wearable battery (CWB) may be controlled to reduce a voltage potential supplied to the connectors when exposed to a conductive liquid. The connectors may be uniform serial bus (USB) connectors or other connectors. One or more unused terminals of the one or more connectors may be pulled to a voltage potential and then monitored for a change in voltage. When the change in voltage satisfies a voltage threshold, the voltage potential supplied to the one or more connectors may be reduced and/or interrupted. The change in voltage may be evaluated against the voltage threshold alone or may be evaluated against the voltage threshold and a time threshold relating to a time after the voltage satisfied the voltage threshold. The voltage of the monitored terminal may be evaluated against one or more voltage thresholds and/or one or more time thresholds. Based on the voltage threshold having been met, the voltage supplied to the connector may be reduced or stopped.

Abstract: Discussed is an application that efficiently utilizes a vehicle battery by predicting performance of the vehicle battery and an available driving distance based on environmental condition of an area where a vehicle is parked and state information of the vehicle battery.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for determining a section in which generation of internal gas in a second battery accelerates, the method comprising the steps of: measuring a closed circuit voltage (CCV) and an open circuit voltage (OCV) according to the state of charge (SOC) of the secondary battery while charging the secondary battery; deriving a closed circuit voltage (SOC-CCV) profile according to the state of charge and an open circuit voltage (SOC-OCV) profile according to the state of charge; and determining, from the derived SOC-CCV profile and SOC-OCV profile, a section in which the amount of internal gas generated in the secondary battery rapidly increases.

Abstract: Provided are a cell screening device for selecting battery cells of a high-risk group, and a cell screening method using the same. According to the present invention, the battery cells may be ordered in the order of high probability of being out of an upper limit value or a lower limit value of an operating voltage among a plurality of battery cells using state information calculated for each battery cell, thereby making it possible to select the battery cells of the high-risk group.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring health of one or more cells in a battery includes a health monitoring system configured to measure voltage on one or more cells when a waveform is injected into the one or more cells. The waveform is measured at an end of a pulse for each current.

Abstract: A vehicle has a battery including a plurality of cells connected in series, and a battery management integrated circuit including a plurality of inputs each being directly electrically connected to a terminal of one of the cells via an electrical path that includes a fuse and a resistor connected in series. The battery management integrated circuit further includes a top input directly electrically connected to a positive output of the battery and configured to receive power from the battery that is defined by a current having a magnitude that is at least an order of magnitude greater than current received by the inputs and a voltage equal to a sum of voltages of all the cells.

Abstract: A method for managing a charge state of a battery left to rest and experiencing losses of capacity over time, includes the following stages repeated at regular time intervals: determining the losses of capacity experienced by the battery during a time interval; determining a target value of the charge state; on the basis of the losses of capacity experienced by the battery, a predetermined minimum charge quantity and a maximum discharge capacity of the battery, the target value of the charge state being strictly less than 100%; and adjusting the charge state of the battery to the target value.

Abstract: A method for modeling, simulating, or emulating a battery may include generating an equivalent electric circuit model of a battery. The equivalent electric circuit model may include models of the battery's cathode and anode. At least one of the models of the cathode and anode may comprise one or more sub-circuit models. A sub-circuit model may comprise a first current inlet, a second current inlet, at least one voltage source, one or more resistors, and a capacitance. A first current path may be arranged between the first current inlet and the second current inlet. The at least one voltage source and the one or more resistors may be arranged in series in the first current path. A second current path may be arranged in parallel to the first current path between the first current inlet and the second current inlet. The capacitance may be arranged in the second current path.

Abstract: A real-time scheduling apparatus and method for suppressing battery aging of a satellite system are disclosed. A real-time scheduling method for suppressing battery aging of a satellite system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may include acquiring task information including a request period and an execution time of each of a plurality of tasks which is performed in the satellite system; determining an execution limit range and an execution order for each of the plurality of tasks which satisfies a predetermined real-time constraint based on the task information; and determining an optimal execution timing within the execution limit range of each of the plurality of tasks, based on the execution order and consumed current information of each of the plurality of tasks.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and a battery management system for calibrating a state of charge of a battery. The method includes measuring a terminal voltage and a current of the battery, storing a measured voltage value indicating the terminal voltage and a measured current value indicating the current in a memory, updating a state of charge of the battery based on the measured current value, estimating an open-circuit voltage of the battery based on a first number of measured voltage values and a first number of measured current values in the order stored in the memory, storing an estimated voltage value indicating the open-circuit voltage in the memory, and calibrating the updated state of charge with a reference state of charge when a calibration condition is satisfied by a data set in which a second number of estimated voltage values sequentially stored in the memory are arranged in sequential order.

Abstract: There is provided an information processing device including a voltage detection unit configured to monitor a voltage value of a signal output at a predetermined timing, and a signal control unit configured to stop output of the signal if the voltage value after a predetermined time elapses from when the voltage value detected by the voltage detection unit exceeds a first value does not exceed a second value greater than the first value.

Abstract: A temperature measurement device suitable for measuring the temperature of each secondary battery to consider a temperature deviation between secondary batteries that may occur during charging/discharging in the formation process and capacity test after the secondary battery assembly process, and a charge/discharge apparatus including the temperature measurement device are provided. The temperature measurement device is for measuring a temperature of at least one of a plurality of secondary batteries arranged along an X-axis direction, spaced apart from one another, in a standing position, and includes a non-contact temperature sensor unit which is insertable into a spacing between adjacent secondary batteries to measure the temperature of the secondary battery that the non-contact temperature sensor unit faces in a non-contact manner, and a Z-axis transfer device which inserts the non-contact temperature sensor unit into the spacing downward from above the secondary batteries in a Z-axis direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods may be implemented separately from (and external to) a battery system to detect swollen battery system components within a chassis enclosure of the information handling system, without any physical contact with the battery cells or battery system, and without requiring premature opening of the information handling system chassis enclosure to inspect for battery system swelling. A system user may be automatically warned of detected battery system swelling and/or battery system charging may be automatically terminated upon detected battery system swelling so that information handling system failure and/or system service costs that would otherwise be expended to repair damage caused by swollen battery system components may be prevented.

Abstract: A means for detecting the generation of electrodeposition of metal lithium in an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery in a real-time manner is developed even when charging the battery without depending on the specifications of the battery. A system measures alternate current impedance of an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery when charging the battery, and judges whether electrodeposition of metal lithium has generated in a solid-electrolyte layer forming the battery based on the relationship between the amplitude of the response signal at discharge direction of the impedance and the amplitude of the response signal at charge direction of the impedance.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display unit configured to display an index corresponding to a deterioration state of a secondary battery and an EV travelable distance; and a control unit configured to control display of the display unit such that a first decreasing amount by which the EV travelable distance displayed on the display unit decreases with the elapse of time until a predetermined condition has been satisfied is less than a second decreasing amount by which the EV travelable distance displayed on the display unit decreases with the elapse of time after the predetermined condition has been satisfied.

Abstract: A vehicle control system and method include one or more processors that determine that a vehicle has or will have insufficient energy to power a propulsion system of the vehicle under a first set of operational settings to move the vehicle from a first location to a designated second location that is outside of an unpowered segment of a route along which the vehicle moves. Responsive to determining that the vehicle has or will have insufficient energy, the one or more processors change one or more of a throttle setting or a brake setting of the vehicle to operate the vehicle under a second set of operational settings while the vehicle moves within a powered segment of the route.

Abstract: A system for battery management for a vehicle that includes at least a battery coupled to the vehicle, at least a sensor coupled to the battery, the sensor configured to detect an internal state datum of the battery, and transmit the internal state datum to a computing device, a computing device, the computing device configured to receive the internal state datum from the at least a sensor, generate an alert datum as a function of the internal state datum and an alert threshold, transmit the alert datum to a remote device, and a remote device communicatively connected to the vehicle, the remote device is configured to, receive the alert datum from the computing device, and display the alert datum.

Abstract: A battery diagnosis device includes: one or more sensors which measure at least one of a current value, a voltage value, and a temperature value of a battery; a first determination unit which acquires, from the sensor, at least one of measured values of the current value, the voltage value, and the temperature value of the battery, and determines a state of the battery by using a first method, based on the acquired measured values; a second determination unit which acquires, from the sensor, at least one of measured values of the current value, the voltage value, and the temperature value of the battery, and determines the state of the battery by using a second method different from the first method, based on the acquired measured values; and a diagnosis unit which diagnoses the battery, based on determination results of the first determination unit and the second determination unit.

Abstract: Techniques for controlling a current of a battery cell during formation and/or testing are described. A current sensor is used to measure the current of the battery cell, which is used as a feedback signal for controlling the current to achieve a target current. The transfer function of the current sensor is used to improve the accuracy of the current measurement. Because the transfer function can be regularly determined during formation/testing, a lower-cost current sensor with relatively poor temperature coefficient may be used. Any change in the gain of the current sensor may be detected by the transfer function determination and corrected for. Therefore, high current control accuracy may be achieved at lower cost.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a resistance test method using a Kelvin structure, which includes the following steps: step 1: providing a Kelvin test structure including a tested resistor, a first parasitic resistor, and a second parasitic resistor connected in series; step 2: applying first current to the two current test terminals and simultaneously testing first voltage in the two voltage test terminals; step 3: applying second current in a direction opposite to the direction of the first current to the two current test terminals and simultaneously testing second voltage in the two voltage test terminals; step 4: dividing a difference value obtained by subtracting the second voltage from the first voltage by a difference value between the first current and the second current to obtain the final test value of the tested resistor. The disclosure can reduce the resistance test error.

Abstract: A battery system includes a first cell balancing circuit electrically coupled to first and second sense lines and to a first battery cell. The battery system includes an integrated circuit measuring a first cell voltage between first and second sense lines at a first time while a first cell balancing circuit is turned off, and a second cell voltage between second and third sense lines at the first time while the second cell balancing circuit is turned off, and determining first and second cell voltage values based on the first and second cell voltages, respectively. A microcontroller receives the first and second cell voltage values and determines that an open circuit condition exists in the first balancing circuit if the first cell voltage value is greater than a first threshold voltage value, or the second cell voltage value is less than a second threshold voltage value.

Abstract: A system includes a first optical sensor sensitive to both a parameter of interest, Parameter1, and at least one confounding parameter, Parameter2 and a second optical sensor sensitive only to the confounding parameter. Measurement circuitry measures M1 in response to light scattered by the first optical sensor, where M1=value of Parameter1+K*value of Parameter2. The measurement circuitry also measures M2 in response to light scattered by the second optical sensor, where M2=value of Parameter2. Compensation circuitry determines a compensation factor, K, for the confounding parameter based on measurements of M1 and M2 taken over multiple load/unload cycles or over one or more thermal cycles. The compensation factor is used to determine the parameter of interest.