Abstract: An open cell detection system includes a battery management system. The battery management system includes a control unit that transmits an open cell detection signal, to enable a balance unit for a first time period and to disable it for a second time period, and to enable an under-voltage comparison unit and an over-voltage comparison unit for a third time period. The under-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a first open cell threshold and outputs a first comparison result in the third time period. The over-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a second open cell threshold and outputs a second comparison result in the third time period. A judging unit determines whether a connection between a first battery unit and the battery management system is inoperative based on the first and second comparison results.

Abstract: The present application discloses a battery inspection device. The battery inspection device includes a power supply device, at least one charging port disposed on a surface of the power supply device, at least one display light bar disposed on the surface of the power supply device, and at least one first battery connection line, wherein the first battery connection line is electrically connected to the charging port.

Abstract: A non-combustion-type flavor inhaler includes: an atomization assembly including an atomizer configured to atomize an aerosol source without combustion; and a power supply assembly including a power supply for supplying power to the atomizer. The power supply assembly includes: paired electrodes for electrical connection with the atomizer; and a first electrode and a second electrode electrically connected with the power supply. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is electrically connectable to a charger for charging the power supply. The non-combustion-type flavor inhaler is provided with a control circuit configured to detect a predetermined current in an opposite direction to a direction of a current flowing through the first electrode or the second electrode when the charger charges the power supply.

Abstract: A device and method for providing enhanced bridge structures is disclosed. A set of conducting and insulating layers are deposited and lithographically processed. The conducting layers have uFLS routing. A bridge with uFLS contacts and die disposed on the underlying structure such that the die are connected with the uFLS contacts and uFLS routing. For core-based structures, the layers are formed after the bridge is placed on the underlying structure and the die connected to the bridge through intervening conductive layers. For coreless structures, the layers are formed over the bridge and carrier, which is removed prior to bonding the die to the bridge, and the die bonded directly to the bridge.

Abstract: An input buffer circuit for an analog-to-digital converter is provided. The input buffer circuit includes a buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier includes a first input node and a second input node each configured to receive a respective one of a first input signal and a second input signal forming a differential input signal pair for the analog-to-digital converter. The buffer amplifier further includes a first output node and a second output node each configured to output a respective one of a first buffered signal and a second buffered signal. In addition, the input buffer circuit includes feedback circuitry. The feedback circuitry is configured to generate, based on the first buffered signal and the second buffered signal, a first feedback signal and a second feedback signal for mitigating a respective unwanted signal component at the first input node and the second input node related to a limited reverse isolation of the amplifier buffer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a voltage control method for controlling a power supply. The voltage control method comprises the following steps: obtaining a present output voltage value associated with a present gain value; obtaining a predetermined output voltage value associated with a predetermined duty ratio; calculating a target gain value, corresponding to the predetermined duty ratio, according to a gain value formula; performing a weight calculation on the present gain value and the target gain value for generating a buffer gain value; and setting an output voltage command according to the buffer gain value. Wherein the buffer gain value is between the present gain value and the target gain value.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring an insulation resistance according to the present invention includes: a first distribution resistor connected to a positive terminal of a battery and a ground; a first switch connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the first distribution resistor; a second distribution resistor connected to a negative terminal of the battery and the ground; a second switch connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the second distribution resistor; and an insulation resistance measurement unit measuring a resistance value of a negative electrode insulation resistor of the battery using a first voltage applied to the first distribution resistor and measuring a resistance value of a positive electrode insulation resistor of the battery using a second voltage applied to the second distribution resistor.

Abstract: A battery is provided that uses supercapacitors and battery cells connected by switches among themselves and to input and output terminals via multiplexed selection under the control of a microprocessor or microcontroller. The supercapacitors and battery cells of the battery may independently, or in combination, power an electric vehicle. The battery may be operated in several modes, at least one of which may be used to power an electric vehicle long enough to reach a charging station in connection with charge on the battery cells being partially or almost completely depleted. The battery may also deliver charge while the battery cells and or the supercapacitors are being charged. Further, the battery may be fast charging on-the-run in that the supercapacitors may be charged faster that the battery cells permitting an electric vehicle to be powered without spending considerable time, that would otherwise be required at a conventional charging station with traditional batteries.

Abstract: An organic light-emitting device having a low driving voltage, high efficiency, and a long lifespan is provided. The device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer includes an emission layer, a first compound, and a second compound. Various chemical structures for the first compound and the second compound are provided.

Abstract: An open cell detection method includes: (a) generating a control signal by a control unit, to turn on a first balance switch for a first time period; (b) generating the control signal with the control unit, to turn off the first balance switch for a second time period; (c) measuring a voltage value on a first capacitor, with a measure unit; (d) if the voltage value on the first capacitor is less than an open cell threshold, then determining with the control unit that the first cell has an open cell failure; (e) for each cell of the cells, repeating steps (a)-(d); and (f) if at least one cell of the cells has an open cell failure, then determining with the control unit that the battery management system has an open cell failure.

Abstract: A control method may include: controlling a first switch, a second switch, a third switch, a fourth switch, a fifth switch, a first leg, and a second leg set to turn on or off, to form in a first period a circuit loop for a charge/discharge module to discharge to a motor and to form in a second period a circuit loop for the charge/discharge module and the motor to charge a first electric vehicle battery group and a second electric vehicle battery group or form in the second period a circuit loop for the motor to charge the first electric vehicle battery group and the second electric vehicle battery group.

Abstract: An integrated MSD connector test device including: a housing; an MSD connector housed in the housing and having a first polarity contact and a second polarity contact, wherein the second polarity contact includes two contact portions separated from each other; a cable extending at least partially outside of the housing, two ends of the cable being electrically connected to the two contact portions respectively; and a first polarity port and a second polarity port accessible from outside of the housing, the first polarity port being electrically connected to the first polarity contact, and the second polarity port being electrically connected to one of the contact portions, wherein the first polarity is a positive or negative, and correspondingly, the second polarity is a negative or positive.

Abstract: An anomaly detection system that outputs an anomaly detection signal before a safety valve of a secondary battery is opened is provided. The anomaly detection system includes a strain sensor, a memory, and a comparator. The memory has a function of retaining an analog potential, and the comparator has a function of comparing a potential output by the strain sensor and the analog potential retained by the memory. The strain sensor is attached to the secondary battery before use, and a predetermined potential is retained in the memory. When a housing of the secondary battery expands while the secondary battery is used, and the potential output by the strain sensor becomes higher (or lower) than the predetermined potential, an anomaly detection signal is output.

Abstract: A status of one or more components of a battery monitor circuit can be evaluated, such as to validate operation of the monitor circuit. In an example, a battery monitor circuit can be evaluated by providing a first test signal to a battery voltage measurement circuit that is coupled to a battery. A first analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit can be configured to receive a first voltage signal from the battery voltage measurement circuit in response to the first test signal. A processor circuit can be configured to validate the first ADC circuit by evaluating a correspondence between the first test signal and the received first voltage signal. One or more other ADC circuits in the battery monitor circuit can be validated by cross-checking measurement results with information from the first ADC circuit.

Abstract: An open cell detection system includes a battery management system. The battery management system includes a control unit that transmits an open cell detection signal, to enable a balance unit for a first time period and to disable it for a second time period, and to enable an under-voltage comparison unit and an over-voltage comparison unit for a third time period. The under-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a first open cell threshold and outputs a first comparison result in the third time period. The over-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a second open cell threshold and outputs a second comparison result in the third time period. A judging unit determines whether a connection between a first battery unit and the battery management system is inoperative based on the first and second comparison results.

Abstract: A battery management system for a battery comprising at least one lithium sulphur battery cell. The battery management system comprising: a charging module operable to charge a lithium sulphur battery cell of the battery by delivering a pulsed charging current to the battery cell and to vary the duty cycle of the pulsed charging current so as to reduce the duty cycle of the pulsed charging current during charging of the battery cell.

Abstract: A remote controlled battery cell monitoring and control system that utilizes empirical and theoretical data to compare performance, sensor data, stored patterns, historical usage, use intensity indexes over time and tracking information to provide a sophisticated data collection system for batteries. This tracking is designed to better the specifications, designs, training, preventative maintenance, and replacement and recycling of batteries.

Abstract: An apparatus for diagnosing an insulation condition between a battery pack and the ground includes a first resistor element electrically connected between a positive terminal of the battery pack and the ground, and a control circuit. The control circuit records a current flowing through the first test port as a first test current, while a high-level voltage is being applied between the positive terminal and the ground. The controller diagnoses the insulation condition between the battery pack and the ground, based on the first test current.

Abstract: A measurement arrangement for determining a complex impedance of a first electrical component, wherein the measurement arrangement comprises the first component and a measuring unit, which is coupled to the first component and adapted to determine the complex impedance of the first component. The measurement arrangement comprises at least one second electrical component, which is arranged with the first component in a parallel circuit, which is hooked up in parallel with the measuring unit, wherein the parallel circuit comprises at least one switching device by which an electrical connection between the first and second component can be broken, and wherein the measurement arrangement is designed to temporarily break the electrical connection between the first component and the second component by the associated switching device in order to determine the first complex impedance of the first component.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device and a method for diagnosing a switch using voltage distribution, and more particularly, to a device and a method for diagnosing a switch using voltage distribution, which connect one or more resistors connected in series with the switch in parallel and calculate voltage applied to one resistor among one or more resistors by using the voltage distribution to diagnose a state of the switch based on the calculated voltage, in order to diagnose the state of the switch positioned on a cathode power supply line connecting a battery and a load.

Abstract: An open cell detection system includes a battery management system. The battery management system includes a control unit that transmits an open cell detection signal, to enable a balance unit for a first time period and to disable it for a second time period, and to enable an under-voltage comparison unit and an over-voltage comparison unit for a third time period. The under-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a first open cell threshold and outputs a first comparison result in the third time period. The over-voltage comparison unit compares a voltage with a second open cell threshold and outputs a second comparison result in the third time period. A judging unit determines whether a connection between a first battery unit and the battery management system is inoperative based on the first and second comparison results.

Abstract: A method and system for monitoring a non-rechargeable battery of an IoT device are described. Voltage values of the non-rechargeable battery when a load is applied to the non-rechargeable battery are determined over a first interval of time. Based at least in part on these voltage values a determination of whether a voltage of the non-rechargeable battery has decreased for more than a predetermined threshold is performed. In response to determining based at least in part on the voltage values that the voltage of the non-rechargeable battery has decreased for more than the predetermined threshold, a prediction of an end of life parameter value for the non-rechargeable battery is performed, and the end of life parameter value is transmitted to an electronic device of an administrator of the IoT device.

Abstract: A method of estimating a battery current limit for operation of a battery cell over the course of a specified prediction time. The method includes generating a plurality of current limit estimations by means of a plurality of current limit estimation sub-methods, wherein at least one current limit estimation sub-method generates its current limit estimation based on an RC equivalent circuit model of the battery cell, and determining the charge current limit by finding the lowest magnitude current limit estimation in the plurality of current limit estimations. At least one parameter of the RC equivalent circuit model is set based on the specified prediction time and at least one variable from the set of: a state of charge (SOC) of the battery cell, a temperature of the battery cell, a state of health (SOH) of the battery cell, a capacity of the battery cell, and a current of the battery cell.

Abstract: A vehicle and a method for controlling the vehicle are provided. The vehicle may include a battery; and a motor configured to generate a driving force by using the electric power charged in the battery, perform a regenerative braking, and charge the battery through the regenerative braking. The vehicle identifies destination information entered in the input during the preparation of charging at the charging station, searches for a route from the charging station to the destination based on the position information of the charging station and the position information of the destination, acquires the charging amount by regenerative braking based on the road information in the searched route and the table, and stops controlling the charging of the battery when the charging amount charged in the battery is charged by the regenerative braking during charging of the battery at the charging station.

Abstract: A monitor device for a medical visualisation system including a visualisation device having an image sensor configured to generate image data indicative of a view, the monitor device including a display; a graphical user interface; and a power unit including a rechargeable battery and a power connection to connect an external power supply, the monitor device being operable to receive the image data as the image data is being generated by the image sensor, wherein the monitor device displays within a first portion of the graphical user interface a live representation of the image data, and wherein the monitor device displays a battery indicator indicative of a remaining charge of the rechargeable battery, wherein the battery indicator indicates an expected remaining battery time if the visualisation device is not connected and a measured power consumption if the visualisation device is connected.

Abstract: A control device for controlling charging of a rechargeable battery, the control device including a rechargeable dummy cell, a first circuit configured to charge the battery and the dummy cell, and a second circuit configured to measure the open circuit voltage of the dummy cell. The control device is configured to: determine the open circuit voltage of the dummy cell by using the second circuit, and determine the maximum capacity increment of the battery, which is to be charged until full charging, based on the determined open circuit voltage of the dummy cell. Also, a corresponding method of controlling charging of a rechargeable battery.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a semiconductor integrated circuit device has a first switching element that is connected between first and second nodes, a second switching element that is connected between the first node and a third node and outputs a current that is 1/K times as much as an output current of the first switching element, and an amplifier that controls, by a signal provided by amplifying a voltage difference between the third node and a fourth node, a conduction state of a third switching element that is connected between the fourth node and a fifth node.

Abstract: A jig pressing-type pressing short-circuiting inspection method includes the steps of: pre-aging battery cells, each of which is manufactured by inserting an electrode assembly in a battery container, injecting an electrolyte into the battery container, and sealing the battery container. The method includes inserting the plurality of battery cells in an active jig; pressing the active jig; and inspecting electric current of the battery cells. The inspection method permits detection of a low-voltage defect of a battery cell in a pre-aging state, which shows a high voltage regulation per capacity, thus greatly reducing the inspection time, and enabling simultaneous inspection of a plurality of battery cells. In addition, a micro-defect occurring in a stack-folding type battery cell can be accurately detected, which is difficult to be detected by the conventional inspection method.

Abstract: A battery monitoring system according to an embodiment includes a plurality of battery monitoring apparatuses provided in accordance with battery packs. Each of the battery monitoring apparatuses includes a setting unit and a communication unit. The setting unit sets a communication system to at least one of a first communication system and a second communication system having a shorter communication period than that of the first communication system, sets the communication system to the second communication system during a failure diagnosis to be performed in a start-up of the corresponding battery monitoring apparatus, and sets the communication system to the first communication system after the failure diagnosis. The communication unit communicates with another battery monitoring apparatus of the plurality of battery monitoring apparatuses by using the communication system set by the setting unit.

Abstract: A battery management apparatus, including: a sensing unit configured to measure a pack voltage value of a battery pack configured to be charged by receiving a charging current from an engine, output a starting current to turn on the engine, and output an operating current to operate electronic components, and a processor configured to: set a first voltage region by using a first current value (CV) of the charging current and an internal resistance value (IRV) of the battery pack, set a second voltage region by using a second CV of the starting current and the IRV, set a third voltage region by using a third CV of the operating current and the IRV, calculate a voltage change amount of the pack voltage value, compare the first, second, and third voltage regions with the voltage change amount, and determine whether the battery pack is charged or discharged.

Abstract: A process and system for measuring internal faults in an electrochemical cell. The process for detecting an internal fault in an electrochemical cell includes measuring a voltage difference or a rate of change in voltage difference between a common terminal of a first electrochemical cell and a second electrochemical cell. The measuring is a time measurement. The first electrochemical cell or second electrochemical cell is accepted based on the measuring, or first electrochemical cell or second electrochemical cell is rejected based on the measure of the internal fault of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A charging control method of an eco-friendly vehicle for effectively determining an amount of charge of a battery for supplying power to a driving electric motor includes acquiring charging base information, determining a charging range depending on at least one of an upper charging limit or a lower charging limit using the acquired charging base information, and determining a target amount of charge within the determined charging range, wherein the determining of the charging range includes determining the upper charging limit based on an available charging time, and determining the lower charging limit based on a predicted remaining driving distance.

Abstract: A secondary battery protection apparatus includes a plurality of secondary battery protection apparatuses. One of two adjacent secondary battery protection apparatuses includes a voltage determination unit that is not affected by a current transfer signal and configured to receive, through a single communication line, the current transfer signal that is transmitted from the other of the two adjacent battery protection apparatuses through the single communication line and an information element based on changes of a voltage value of a voltage transfer signal, and a current determination unit that is not affected by the voltage transfer signal and configured to receive, through the single communication line, the voltage transfer signal that is transmitted from the other of the two adjacent secondary battery protection apparatuses through the single communication line and an information element based on changes of the current value of the current transfer signal.

Abstract: An electronic unit includes an electricity reception section that receives power transmitted using one of a magnetic field or an electric field, a secondary battery that is charged based on a received power received by the electricity reception section, and a state notification section that provides notification to outside as to a state of its own unit. A charging period during which the secondary battery is charged based on the received power and a non-charging period are set in a time-divisional manner. The state notification section notifies of the unit state based on the received power in both of the charging period and the non-charging period.

Abstract: A method for determining an electrical capacitance in an intermediate circuit of an electric drive system. The electric drive system includes at least one first electrical energy source, which feeds the intermediate circuit, a drive unit, which has an inverter and an electrical load, the inverter being electrically connected on the input side with the intermediate circuit and on the output side with the electrical load, and a DC voltage converter, which is electrically connected with the intermediate circuit and measures a voltage in the intermediate circuit by high frequency sampling. The electrical capacitance in the intermediate circuit is determined from the voltage in the intermediate circuit measured by the DC voltage converter. Also described is a motor vehicle, which includes an electric drive system for implementing the method.

Abstract: An assembled battery monitoring system includes: a voltage monitoring apparatus; discharging resistance elements and RC filters that are correspondingly coupled between battery cells of an assembled battery and the voltage monitoring apparatus; and discharging switches disposed in the voltage monitoring apparatus correspondingly to the battery cells. The voltage monitoring apparatus has at least three connection terminals for each of the battery cells. Two of the connection terminals are used to monitor a voltage of a corresponding battery cell through an output terminal of a corresponding RC filter, and at least one of a remainder of the connection terminals is used to form a discharging path of the corresponding battery cell when a corresponding discharging switch is turned on. Each discharging resistance element is disposed on the discharging path at a position that prohibits discharging of charges stored in a capacitor of the corresponding RC filter.

Abstract: An electrically driven vehicle comprises a battery configured by connecting a plurality of cells in series; and a motor configured to transmit electric power to and from the battery. When an abnormality occurs in a cell voltage detection system configured to detect cell voltages of the respective cells of the battery, the electrically driven vehicle prohibits regenerative control of the motor. The electrically driven vehicle determines whether the battery is being charged, based on an open circuit voltage of a block that is comprised of at least two or more cells among all the cells constituting the battery. The open circuit voltage of the block is calculated from a voltage of the block and a battery current flowing in the battery.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for identifying a battery type (Pb, Li ion) by means of a battery testing device (1), having the steps: application of a DC pulse having a current strength (IB) of at least 30. Ampere to a battery (18) to be tested for at least five seconds; before the application of the pulse, measurement of a pre-pulse voltage (U0) of the battery; during the application of the pulse, measurement of a pulse voltage (U1) of the battery; determination of a transition voltage difference between the pre-pulse voltage and the pulse voltage; determination of a characteristic of a transition voltage difference parameter in dependence upon the transition voltage difference; assignment of a specific battery type (Pb, Li ion) to the tested battery in dependence upon the characteristic; and a battery testing device and a battery testing system.

Abstract: A method determines a capacity of a battery cell of a high-voltage battery of a motor vehicle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electronic device and a battery abnormality monitoring method and monitoring system. The battery abnormality monitoring method includes: obtaining a battery voltage of a battery of the electronic device in real time and obtaining a consumption current of the battery in real time, when the electronic device is on; determining whether a voltage jump occurs in the battery of the electronic device according to the battery voltage obtained in real time; further determining whether an abrupt change occurs in the consumption current of the battery when the voltage jump occurs in the battery; and determining that an abnormality occurs currently in the battery when the abrupt change does not occur in the consumption current of the battery.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a measuring arrangement for identifying a malfunction of an energy accumulator arrangement having a first energy accumulator and at least one further energy accumulator, the first energy accumulator and the further energy accumulator being electrically connected in parallel, comprising: a measuring device configured to capture a polarity of an electrical measurement variable of the first energy accumulator and a polarity of a further electrical measurement variable in the energy accumulator arrangement; and a processor device configured to identify the malfunction of the energy accumulator arrangement by comparing the polarity of the electrical measurement variable of the first energy accumulator and the polarity of the further electrical measurement variable.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a battery power estimating method. The method includes: performing a discharge operation of a battery; detecting, by an impedance component, a plurality of current values generated by the discharge operation of the battery during a time range, wherein the impedance component is coupled to a discharge path of the battery; obtaining a first average current value of the current values; obtaining a value distribution status of the current values; and estimating a remaining power of the battery according to the first average current value, the value distribution status and an initial power of the battery.

Abstract: A charge control device for an in-vehicle battery includes a control unit that obtains a neglect resistance increase rate as a reversible resistance component based on an SOC of the battery and a temperature of the battery when the battery is not charged/discharged, and that obtains a permissible charge current value to the battery based on the obtained neglect resistance increase rate.

Abstract: A charge control device for an in-vehicle battery includes a control unit that obtains a neglect resistance increase rate as a reversible resistance component based on an SOC of the battery and a temperature of the battery when the battery is not charged/discharged, and that obtains a permissible charge current value to the battery based on the obtained neglect resistance increase rate.

Abstract: A method for protecting a computer system is performed by a smart connector is described. The smart connector tests an Internet connection provided by an Internet hub. The connector reboots the Internet hub if the testing detects a problem in the Internet connection. Then, the connector tests the Internet connection after rebooting the Internet hub. If the problem persists after rebooting the Internet hub, the connector sends a hub problem notification. The components of the smart connector are also described.

Abstract: This application relates to methods and apparatus for predicting power and energy availability of a battery. The prediction is made based on a given amount of time, which represents a period in which the battery may be required to operate. Additionally, a learning cycle is incorporated to update a battery model of the battery with certain parameters. The battery model is updated by introducing a time-varying current to the battery and analyzing the voltage response of the battery. A model-based predictive algorithm is used in combination with the battery model to predict battery output parameters based on variables derived from the learning cycle and additional inputs supplied to the model-based predictive algorithm. After one or more iterations, or using a simplified model-based equation, the model-based predictive algorithm can provide an accurate prediction for the maximum current that the battery can supply for a predetermined period of time.

Abstract: A terminal-equipped electrical wire includes an electrical wire and a terminal that is connected to the electrical wire. The terminal includes a metal cap portion in which one end portion of a tubular portion that has a tubular shape is sealed and another end portion is an opening portion. The terminal is connected to the electrical wire in a state where the cap portion is placed over an end portion of the electrical wire. An edge portion of the opening portion has an increased width in the diameter direction of the tubular portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining a current state of charge value (SOC0, SOC1, SOC2) of a battery of a specific battery type, wherein a field of characteristic curves is provided, which, for certain different predetermined temperature ranges (?T), specifies an internal resistance (Ri) for the specific battery type in dependence on the state of charge (SOC) for the specific battery type, a current temperature (T) of the battery is measured, a current internal resistance value (Ri0, Ri1) of the battery is determined, and, on the basis of the current temperature (T) and the current internal resistance value (Ri0, Ri1), the current state of charge value (SOC0, SOC1, SOC2) of the battery is determined by means of the field of characteristic curves.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, and methods for battery charging and formation are disclosed herein that charge, or discharge, one or more batteries and stop charging or discharging each battery once it has reached a desired state-of-charge, as determined by comparing calculated Tafel slope to a reference Tafel slope for the battery. Computer-readable instructions and/or hardware are also provided for installation upon a previously existing battery charging system or battery discharging system.

Abstract: There are provided a plurality of first ADCs that respectively have voltages of a plurality of power storage cells of a power storage module as inputs. There are provided first reference voltage portions that are provided to respectively correspond to the first ADCs and supply reference voltages VRn used as a criterion for a conversion operation. A selector selects any one of the reference voltages VRn and supplies the selected reference voltage to a second ADC. A voltage value corrector corrects a voltage value of the power storage cell obtained by a voltage value acquirer on the basis of correction data obtained by using a digital signal output from the second ADC.