Abstract: Systems and methods for improving control of an internal arc fault in equipment. The equipment includes a bus configured to provide three-phase power from an incoming line. Furthermore, the equipment includes a current loop formed from a first conductor and a second conductor, where current is received from the bus. The current loop uses electromagnetic forces of a short-circuit current caused by an internal arcing fault of the equipment to move the first and second conductors relative to each other. In response to the movement of the first and second conductors, the current loop creates a gap between the first and second conductors where a new arc ignites at the gap. In this manner, the loop design takes advantage of the natural electromagnetic force to reduce the arc energy at the point of initiation and relocates the energy release point to an exhaust vent of the equipment.

Abstract: A ground fault monitoring system includes an isolation monitoring unit, a first main switch, a second main switch and a control unit. The isolation monitoring unit is arrangeable between an energy storage system and a ground element. The switches are arrangeable between the energy storage system and an external energy supply system. The isolation monitoring unit includes a first, second and third switchable resistor branches. The control unit is configured to close the switches during charging of the energy storage system for connecting the energy storage system to the external energy supply system and to disconnect the first switchable resistor branch from the energy storage system and connect the second switchable resistor branch and the third switchable resistor branch to the energy storage system for monitoring a current leakage to the ground element during charging of the energy storage system.

Abstract: A method for measuring the hardware and operational state of a dual-circuit solenoid valve including first and second coaxial coils each associated with a circuit is disclosed. The method includes the steps of injecting a sinusoidal current into the first coil; measuring the voltage induced across the terminals of the second coil; and plotting at least one curve of a first magnitude proportional to the measured induced voltage as a function of a second magnitude proportional to the injected sinusoidal current.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for identifying and locating cyclic momentary insulation faults in an ungrounded power supply system, the method comprising the steps: detecting a fault current caused by the momentary insulation fault as a differential current in the branch circuit to be monitored and displaying the temporal progression of the differential current via a differential current signal by means of a differential current sensor; providing a processing signal which temporally describes a process sequence of a process taking place in the consumer; correlating the differential current signal with the processing signal in a computing unit in order to yield a correlation signal as a measure for a temporal match between the differential current signal and the processing signal; signaling the momentary insulation fault via the computing unit by means of a signaling signal if the correlation signal shows the temporal match.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a battery system includes connecting a voltage divider circuit to a battery of the battery system; measuring a first battery voltage; sampling a first chassis voltage for less than a settling time of the first chassis voltage and estimating a settled value of the first chassis voltage using sampled values of the first chassis voltage; changing a configuration of the voltage divider circuit; measuring a second battery voltage; sampling a second chassis voltage for less than a settling time of the second chassis voltage and estimating a settled value of the second chassis voltage using sampled values of the second chassis voltage; and determining isolation impedance of the battery to a chassis using the first and second battery voltages and the estimated settled values of the first and second chassis voltages.

Abstract: A device, system, and method is disclosed for improving safety of a power system. For example, a differential current may be detected using at least one sensor by temporarily enabling sampling of current flowing through one or more conductors. Additionally, current flow may be temporarily altered in order to sample current in a system. The measurements may be handled locally and/or remotely and appropriate actions may be taken to enhance the overall safety of the system.

Abstract: An electronic circuit breaker provides waveform data wirelessly and alters a breaker code wirelessly.

Abstract: A Universal Serial Bus Type-C (USB-C) controller with a floating ground architecture for fault detection is described. A USB-C controller includes a floating ground circuit and a fault detection circuit coupled to a power converter. The floating ground circuit provides a floating ground voltage based on a supply voltage of the power converter. The fault detection circuit includes a comparator with power rails coupled to the supply voltage and the floating ground voltage. The fault detection circuit measures a differential signal across a first terminal and a second terminal, the differential signal representing a current of the power converter. The fault detection circuit compares the differential signal against a threshold using the comparator and outputs an indication of a fault condition in response to the differential signal satisfying the threshold.

Abstract: An electric leakage detection apparatus for a battery included in an electric vehicle transmits a first voltage corresponding to a voltage between a negative terminal of the battery and a chassis of the electric vehicle to an analog-to-digital converter through a capacitor. The electric leakage detection apparatus transmits a second voltage corresponding to a voltage between a positive terminal of the battery and the chassis to the analog-to-digital converter through the capacitor. The analog-to-digital converter outputs digital signals indicating the first voltage and the second voltage using the negative terminal as the ground. The electric leakage detection apparatus determines the first voltage and the second voltage based on the digital signals, and detects an electric leakage between the battery and the chassis based on the first voltage and the second voltage.

Abstract: A measuring system for detecting a physical parameter, includes a measuring sensor for detecting the physical parameter, which sensor has a first, second and at least one third terminal. The measuring system also includes a first power supply unit for outputting electrical energy to the measuring sensor with a first voltage with respect to a first ground potential via the first and the second terminal, and a second power supply unit for outputting electrical energy to the measuring sensor with a second voltage with respect to a second ground potential via the third and the second terminal or a fourth terminal. The first ground potential can differ from the second ground potential at least temporarily. The first power supply unit includes an additional voltage source via which the second terminal is electrically connected to the first ground potential.

Abstract: A method for detecting an isolation fault in an isolation resistance between a positive and negative high-voltage bus rail and a vehicle chassis on a high-voltage propulsion side of a high-voltage system of an electric or hybrid-electric vehicle. The high-voltage system is split into a battery side and propulsion side by means of two high-voltage contactors located in the positive and negative high-voltage bus rails. The propulsion side includes first and second capacitors connected in series across the positive and negative bus rails, a common junction of the first and second capacitors connected to the chassis. The method supplies a low-voltage output to the positive and negative bus rails to charge the capacitors; and determines, based on charging current, voltage level or energy level of the capacitors, whether an isolation fault is present between the positive and/or negative high-voltage bus rail and the vehicle chassis on the propulsion side.

Abstract: The present application discloses a circuit and a method for detecting insulation resistance. The circuit includes: a first voltage dividing module, a second voltage dividing module, a third voltage dividing module, a fourth voltage dividing module, a first switch module, a fifth voltage dividing module, a second switch module, a third switch module, and a detecting module, where the first voltage dividing module comprises a first voltage dividing unit and a second voltage dividing unit, and the third voltage dividing module comprises a third voltage dividing unit and a fourth voltage dividing unit. According to the embodiments of the present application, errors caused by fluctuations in the pull-up of the reference power supply can be avoided, and the accuracy of the circuit for detecting insulation resistance can be effectively improved.

Abstract: A method and a measuring device for detecting a leakage current in an ungrounded, single-phase alternating-current power supply system. A variable test resistance is switched between one of the outer conductors and ground and starting from a minimally admissible test-resistance value, at least one of three support test-resistance values is determined as support locations. In an equivalent circuit of the modeled alternating-current power supply system, an equations system is set up for describing the dependency of currents and voltages. An extrapolation on the test-resistance value zero leads to a calculated test current which corresponds to the leakage current to be detected. Consequently, a ground fault situation may be simulated without actually causing a dangerous ground fault.

Abstract: An electric safety circuit for an aircraft DC power supply circuit includes a first electric line connecting a first electric pole of a main DC power supply with a first electric connector of an electric load; a second electric line connecting a second electric pole of the main DC power supply with a second electric connector of the electric load; at least one electric safety switch arranged in at least one of the first and second electric lines and configured for selectively interrupting any electric current flowing through said at least one electric line; a first electric coil arranged in the first electric line.

Abstract: A control device for industrial machines includes a plurality of signal input-output circuits configured such that pulse widths of pulse signals output from the signal input-output circuits are different from each other. The control device detects a fault when a pulse signal output from one of the signal input-output circuits has a pulse width different from the pulse width set to the one of the signal input-output circuits.

Abstract: An apparatus for smart frequency selection in a ground monitor apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes an energy measurement circuit that measures an energy level at a test frequency in an equipment grounding conductor between a load and a power source and an energy comparator that compares the measured energy level with an energy threshold. The apparatus includes a continuity signal circuit that injects a continuity signal with a frequency at the test frequency in the equipment grounding conductor at an energy level above the energy threshold in response to the energy comparator determining that the measured energy level is below the energy threshold. The continuity signal is an indicator for continuity of the equipment grounding conductor between the power source and load.

Abstract: A leakage current detection and interruption device coupled to power supply lines, including a leakage current detection module for generating a leakage current fault signal when detecting leakage currents on the lines; a trip drive module responsive to the leakage current fault signal to drive a switch to disconnect power on the lines, the trip drive module including a first semiconductor device responsive to the leakage current fault signal to cause a current in a first coil to drive the switch; a coil function detection module for generating a coil fault signal when detecting a fault in the first coil; a self-test module for generating a self-test fault signal when detecting a fault in the leakage current detection module or the first semiconductor device; and a detection drive module for driving the switch to disconnect power in response to the coil fault signal or the self-test fault signal.

Abstract: A multiphase ground fault circuit interrupter includes a first phase power line input, a second phase power line input, a third phase power line input, a neutral line input, a controller circuit having a relay control output, a first phase latching relay having a first phase switch input coupled to the first phase power line input and a first phase relay control input coupled to the relay control output of the controller circuit, a sensor having a core and a sensor pickup coupled to the controller circuit, and a first phase load wire coupled to a first phase switch output of the first phase latching relay and passed through the core.

Abstract: Distance protection for electric power delivery systems that include an unconventional source is disclosed herein using apparent impedance independent of memory and cross-phase polarizing. The apparent impedance may be compared with an offset distance operating characteristic. Fault direction is determined by using zero-sequence ground directional logic for phase-to-ground faults. For phase-to-phase faults, fault direction is determined using weak-infeed directional logic. Fault direction may further use incremental quantity directional principles. The distance protection may further determine a faulted loop using voltage logic. The distance protection may select between traditional distance protection and the methods described herein based on the current feeding the fault.

Abstract: An electric circuit arrangement and a measuring method for a galvanically insulated, AC/DC sensitive differential current measurement having a high resolution having: a toroid current transformer having at least one secondary winding for detecting a differential current; a driver circuit for powering the secondary winding; a first oscillator circuit for controlling the driver circuit and for generating a time-modulated binary oscillator signal having dwell times in a state 1 and a state 2; a second oscillator circuit for determining the corresponding dwell time in the states 1 and 2 in high resolution by means of a clock signal having a clock rate independent of the oscillator signal; an evaluation device for evaluating the dwell time; and a data interface for outputting a differential-current measuring value; the driver circuit and the second oscillator circuit each being realized as structurally individual, integrated circuits.

Abstract: A method and system of determining the location of an earth fault within a loop of devices is disclosed. Upon the detection of an earth fault within the loop comprising a plurality of devices, a first device within the loop is isolated along with a second device. While the first device and the second device are isolated, it is determined if the earth fault still exists. If the earth fault no longer exists, then determine that the earth fault is located between the first device and the second device. This can be iterated through each adjacent pair of devices in the loop to localize the earth fault between the devices.

Abstract: A sensor unit includes a current sensor that detects a current, a voltage sensor that detects a voltage, a ground fault sensor that detects a ground fault, and a common substrate on which the current sensor, the voltage sensor, and the ground fault sensor are mounted. In the sensor unit, for example, in a power supply circuit of a vehicle, the three sensors of the high voltage system can be integrated on the common substrate, so that an increase in the number of parts can be suppressed.

Abstract: A method capable of effectively detecting an earth state and an electrical apparatus using the same are provided. The electrical apparatus includes a first detection unit for detecting whether there is power between a power supply line L and an earth line G and outputting a first detection signal, a second detection unit for detecting whether there is power between a neutral line N and the earth line G and outputting a second detection signal, and an earth state determining unit for determining an earth state according to the first detection signal and the second detection signal and determining whether a power supply is connected in a normal phase or a reversed phase.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and a system where a processor(s), in a computing environment comprised of multiple containers comprising modules, includes a processor(s) continuously obtaining pressure data from pressure sensors embedded in electrostatic dissipative (ESD) footwear. The processor(s) determines that the obtained pressure data indicates a pressure level of a pre-determined threshold and the given threshold is sustained for a pre-determined interval of time in some of the items. The processor(s) accesses one or more voltage sensors embedded in each item of the items and obtains voltage data by utilizing an ESD floor that the items are in contact with as a ground reference. The processor(s) validates functionality of some of the items and functionality of the ESD floor, based on monitoring the voltage data from the one or more voltage sensors.

Abstract: Methods and devices for insulation monitoring of an ungrounded IT power supply system having at least two phase conductors includes determining an insulation resistance separately for each phase conductor using a separate response value. In one embodiment of the invention, relevant current and voltage distributions are calculated. In another embodiment, a change time window is set within which a second response value is activated. In yet another embodiment, an option of shutting down/continuing operation of the IT power supply system is offered.

Abstract: A system and a method for calculating insulation resistance, and more particularly for calculating insulation resistance between a positive terminal and a negative terminal of a battery and a chassis based on voltages of the battery applied to a resistor that connects the positive terminal of the battery and the chassis and a resistor that connects the negative terminal of the battery and the chassis.

Abstract: A method for detecting faults (4) in a three-phase electrical distribution network comprising determining a zero sequence current (21 C), a first phase current (21A) and a second phase current (21 B) at a location of the three-phase electrical distribution network, determining first filtered currents (22) by removing a frequency component from the determined currents corresponding to a fundamental frequency of the electrical distribution network through filtering out said frequency component, determining directions of the first filtered currents during a first time period (23), and comparing said directions (24) relatively to each other, and, if at least one of the determined directions is opposite with respect to at least one of the other two determined directions, signaling a detection of a fault (25).

Abstract: A power conversion system includes a sensing circuit to sense a system voltage of a DC bus circuit with a first DC bus terminal with a first voltage positive relative to a second voltage of a second DC bus terminal. The sensing circuit includes a first capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the second DC bus terminal, and a second terminal; a second capacitor having a first terminal coupled to the second terminal of the first capacitor, and a second terminal coupled to a reference node; and a resistive divider circuit coupled across the first capacitor and having an output terminal that delivers a voltage signal corresponding to a voltage across the first capacitor.

Abstract: An overhead power line insulator is provided including a device for detecting and measuring a leakage current and for transmitting data, the device being arranged in such a manner as to perform: measuring a leakage current of an insulator during a first measurement period and during a second measurement period in a measurement circuit; comparing two values of the current that are obtained during respective ones of the two measurement periods; and stopping the measurement circuit for a certain sleep period of time if the second value of the current is less than or equal to the first value of the current, and then starting the measurement circuit again after the certain sleep period of time.

Abstract: A surge protection circuit includes: a power supply unit configured to supply first power, a filter unit configured to filter noise of the first power while a current corresponding to a surge flows through the filter unit, a motor unit provided with at least one motor, a control unit configured to control the motor unit according to an operation mode, and a rectification unit provided with at least one protection capacitor and configured to rectify the filtered first power into second power. The filter unit is connected with a ground to thereby apply the current to the filter unit through the ground. A first impedance is generated by the filter unit and the rectification unit and a second impedance is generated by the control unit and the motor unit and a value of the first impedance is less than a value of the second impedance.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring an insulation resistance according to the present invention includes: a first distribution resistor connected to a positive terminal of a battery and a ground; a first switch connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the first distribution resistor; a second distribution resistor connected to a negative terminal of the battery and the ground; a second switch connected to the negative terminal the battery and the second distribution resistor; and an insulation resistance measurement unit measuring a resistance value of a negative electrode insulation resistor of the battery using a first voltage applied to the first distribution resistor and measuring a resistance value of a positive electrode insulation resistor of the battery using a second voltage applied to the second distribution resistor.

Abstract: A method is for monitoring a ground resistance of an electric installation which consists of an ungrounded stationary alternating-voltage power supply system having at least one active conductor and of a consumer connected to the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system via a supply line. For this method, the already available active conductors of the stationary alternating-voltage power supply system and the leakage capacity of the leakage capacitor installed in the consumer are used to complete a measuring-current circuit for monitoring the ground resistance, a measuring signal being capacitively coupled between the active conductor and ground via a coupling circuit. Measuring currents and measuring voltages are measured when the consumer is switched on and off, a complex-valued load-side impedance, which has the ground resistance to be monitored in its real part, being detected from these measurements.

Abstract: The disclosure describes techniques for detecting failures or performance degradation of a device including an integrated circuit (IC) components in the field by including additional contacts, i.e. terminals, along with functional contacts of the circuit used for connecting the circuit to a system in which the circuit is a part. These additional contacts may be internal external to the package surface and may be used to measure dynamic changing electrical characteristics over time e.g. voltage, current, capacity, temperature and impedance. These electrical characteristics may be representative of one or more failure modes and may be treated as indicator for device state-of-health (SOH).

Abstract: The present application provides an insulation detection circuit, a method and a battery management system. The circuit includes: a first voltage dividing module, where, one end of the first voltage dividing module is connected to a positive electrode of a power battery to be detected, and the other end of the first voltage dividing module is connected to a first isolation module and a second voltage dividing module respectively; the second voltage dividing module, connected to a negative electrode of the power battery to be detected; the first isolation module, connected to one end of a sampling module; the sampling module, where, the other end of the sampling module is connected to one end of a signal generating module; the signal generating module, where, the other end of the signal generating module is connected to power ground; and the processing module.

Abstract: An electricity meter includes at least one phase conductor and a neutral conductor, an internal cut-off device includes at least one phase cut-off member connected in series with the phase conductor, and at least one detector circuit for acting when the internal cut-off device is open to detect whether a circuit breaker of the installation is open or closed. The electricity meter includes coupling components connected, downstream from the internal cut-off device, to an injection conductor selected from the phase conductor and the neutral conductor, and an injection component arranged to apply a reference voltage to the injection conductor via the coupling capacitor; and connection components connected to a measurement conductor selected from the phase conductor and the neutral conductor, and a measurement component arranged to measure a measurement voltage across the terminals of one of the connection components, the measurement voltage being representative of an impedance of the installation.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an earth leakage breaker and an arc detection apparatus attachable/detachable to/from the earth leakage breaker. An earth leakage breaker and an arc detection apparatus according to one embodiment of the present disclosure comprise: a body of the earth leakage breaker; and an arc detection module attachably/detachably coupled to the body of the earth leakage breaker so as to detect an arc current, wherein the arc detection module comprises: an arc detection unit connected to a first load side terminal of the body of the earth leakage breaker so as to detect an arc current flowing through a line; a control unit for determining an arc current on the basis of an arc detection signal delivered by the arc detection unit; and an output unit for outputting a signal or a current, according to a control signal of the control unit.

Abstract: A system and method to generate high voltage pulses for testing of electrical insulation is presented. The system is comprised of multiple bridges in series that are connected across the insulation through an output inductor. The switching of the bridges are timed to allow a resonant half-cycle of current through the output inductor and the effective capacitance of the insulation which results in a transition of the voltage across the insulation from one level to another. The sequence of switching of the bridges is swapped intermittently such that the dc links of the bridges are substantially kept balanced. In one embodiment, only the dc link of the first bridge is supplied from an external source, while the other bridges are fed via the chain of series bridges from the first bridge through the switching operation of the circuit.

Abstract: A leakage current protection device with automatic reset after power outage includes a switch, a power supply module, a leakage current detection module, a self-testing module, a drive control module, and a first reset module. The drive control module drives the switch based on a leakage current signal from the leakage current detection module and/or a self-test fault signal from the self-testing module. The first reset module functions to automatically set the leakage current protection device in a connected state when power resumes after an outage. Another leakage current protection device with manual reset after power outage includes similar components above and also a second reset module, which functions to automatically set the leakage current protection device in a disconnected state when power resumes after an outage; the device can then be manually reset using a reset switch. These two devices can suit different needs of different electrical appliances.

Abstract: A method for operating a battery sensor and a battery sensor, including a first and second battery sensor connections, load current connection, current measurement device for recording load current, and first and second measuring resistor elements. The first and second measuring resistor element series connected between the load current connection and the second battery sensor connection, a reference current circuit with at least one reference resistor. The reference resistor in contact with the first battery sensor connection and a contact point between the measuring resistor elements.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a motor vehicle (2) which has an electric high-voltage network (3) and an electric low-voltage network (4), wherein the high-voltage network (3) has at least one traction battery (5) and at least one electric drive machine (6), the low-voltage network (4) has a vehicle electrical system battery (9), and the high-voltage network (3) is monitored for an electrical short-circuit and, upon detection of a short-circuit, the traction battery (5) is disconnected from the high-voltage network (3). According to the invention, in order to check the plausibility of the detected short-circuit before the traction battery (5) is reconnected to the high-voltage network (3), a boost current (IHV) is applied to the high-voltage network (3) through the low-voltage network (4) by means of a DC/DC converter (11), and a boost voltage (UHV) measured in the high-voltage network (3) is compared with an expected boost voltage (UHV,soll).

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric circuit arrangement and a method for coupling an insulation monitoring device to an ungrounded power supply system via a coupling impedance, which is realized to be operant for each active conductor of the power supply system and which is formed as an ohmic resistance circuit, the ohmic resistance circuit having a settable resistance value which is changeable and a switching-off function for decoupling the insulation monitoring device from the network and being realized as a bidirectional cascade comprising a series circuit of two transistors provided in a mirror-inverted manner, each having a diode connected in parallel, a controlled change in resistance of the transistors for setting the changeable resistance value being effected by a control circuit and the switching-off function for decoupling from the grid being realized by setting a maximum resistance value.

Abstract: Line-mounted devices for determining fault magnitude in an electric power delivery system even under current-transformer (CT) saturation are disclosed herein. Fault magnitude is calculated using unsaturated regions of a current waveform captured by the line-mounted device. The method of determining the unsaturated regions is computationally efficient. Fictitious peaks are removed, and the unsaturated regions are determined based on fractions of the valid peaks. Fault current magnitude is calculated using sample values in the unsaturated regions.

Abstract: A frequency regulation method and apparatus is applied to an insulation impedance detection apparatus in a direct current power system, and relates to the field of security monitoring technologies of a direct current electrical system. The method includes: collecting sampling voltages at a sampling point for at least three time points; determining a voltage frequency regulation manner based on the sampling voltages, obtained through sampling, at the at least three time points; and then regulating a voltage frequency of a power supply according to the determined voltage frequency regulation manner. The voltage frequency of the power supply can be regulated based on the at least three sampling voltages obtained through sampling. Therefore, the insulation impedance detection apparatus reduces insulation impedance detection duration while ensuring accuracy of measured insulation impedance.

Abstract: Fault-indicator assemblies that can each be mounted externally to a corresponding electronic device to provide a visual indication that an internal fault has occurred within the electronic device. A fault-indicator assembly of the present disclosure can be configured for electrical devices such as electrical power transformers, capacitors, and reactors, among others. Some embodiments can be configured to connect to existing orifices of a conventionally manufactured electronic device, such as an orifice for a conventional pressure-relief valve. Such embodiments can be deployed without any modifications to the electrical devices and can be readily retrofitted to existing electrical devices. In some embodiments, a pressure-relief valve can be integrated with the fault-indicator assembly to provide both fault-indication functionality and pressure-relief functionality in the same assembly.

Abstract: A method monitors an electrical assembly which contains a plurality of electrical coils connected in parallel. In the method, the difference in current between the current flowing through the coils and the mean value of the currents flowing through the coils is ascertained for each of the coils connected in parallel. The differences in current are used to identify when an inter-turn short circuit occurs in one of the coils.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a controller, a voltage source coupled to the controller, a voltage sampler coupled to the controller, a low current detector coupled to the controller; and memory coupled to the controller, where memory includes code segments executable by the controller for: (a) measuring a cell voltage to determine an initial voltage; (b) holding the cell voltage at the initial voltage using a power source; and (c) determining the leakage current of the cell by the current provided by the current power source with a low current detector. The power source can be one or both of a voltage source and a current source.

Abstract: A power supply device includes: an input unit; a power supply unit that generates a supply voltage from a voltage input through the input unit (10); an output unit; an LED that generates a first output in response to input of a voltage to input terminal, the LED being disposed between the input terminal—and the fuse; an LED that generates a second output in response to input of a voltage to the power supply unit through the fuse, the LED being disposed between the fuse and the power supply unit; and an LED that generates a third output in response to output from power supply unit, the LED being connected to an output terminal.

Abstract: A ground fault detection device that is connected to an ungrounded battery, estimates an insulation resistance of the system provided with the battery, and detects a ground fault, includes a capacitor that operates as a flying capacitor, two C-contact switches that switch a V0 charging path including the battery and the capacitor, a Vcn charging path including the battery, a negative-side insulation resistance that is an insulation resistance between a negative side of the battery and ground, and the capacitor, a Vcp charging path including the battery, a positive-side insulation resistance insulation resistance that is an insulation resistance between a positive-side insulation resistance of the battery and ground, and the capacitor, and a measurement path that serves both a charge voltage measurement and a discharge of the first capacitor, and an optical MOS-FET capable of blocking charge inflow to and charge outflow from the capacitor.

Abstract: An example meter to monitor a media device disclosed herein includes a circuit having (i) a circuit input to electrically couple with a reference capacitor and an input power line of the meter that is to electrically couple with an output power line of the media device, and (ii) a circuit output to provide a first value based on the reference capacitor when the input power line of the meter is not electrically coupled with the output power line of the media device, and a second value when the input power line of the meter is electrically coupled with the output power line of the media device. The disclosed example meter also includes a processor to determine whether the input power line of the meter is electrically coupled with the output power line of the media device based on whether the circuit output provides second value.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for an IC package having an impedance detector module configured to have: a first connection to a first external energy source via a first IO pin of the IC package and a second connection to a detection component. In embodiments, the detection component is configured for connection to a first ground for the first external energy source via a second IO pin of the IC package, and to a barrier component, which is configured for connection to a second ground for a second external energy source via a third IO pin of the IC package. The impedance detector module is configured to detect a disconnection or degradation of a connection to ground.