Abstract: An isokinetic sampling method has been discovered for use in a pipeline carrying a three phase mixture of petroleum, water and gas. The method is used in combination with a fluid fraction measuring means capable of measuring physical characteristics indicative of fluid fraction. A statistically significant number of samples is analyzed over the range of sampler flow rate. The sampling flow rate is reset to correspond with the flow rate of the maximum standard deviation sample. As a result, samples most representative of the pipeline fluid fraction are withdrawn.

Abstract: A fixture for use in the microwave measurement of the moisture content of grain comprises a hollow support member, an antenna support assembly supporting antennas for transmitting and receiving microwaves, and a sample scoop. The support member, antenna support assembly and scoop are made of a low dielectric plastic material which has negligible effect on the microwaves. The antenna support assembly includes a cylindrical sleeve with two support stubs extending radially outwardly from the sleeve. The support member has two recesses in its top surface for receiving the stubs so as to position the antenna support assembly and the antennas relative to the support member. The sleeve has an inside diameter slightly greater than the outside diameter of the scoop so that the scoop may be inserted into the sleeve and rest on the same supporting surface as the support member.

Abstract: In a grain harvester having apparatus for measuring the moisture content of grain by directing a radio frequency signal along a measurement signal path through the grain and determining the moisture content from the phase shift and attenuation experienced by the measurement signal, calibration apparatus is provided for calibrating the moisture measurement apparatus without interrupting the grain harvesting operation. An attenuator, calibrated to a traceable standard, is selectively inserted into the measurement signal path to produce an expected attenuation of the measurement signal. The actual attenuation resulting from the insertion of the attenuator is compared with the expected attenuation and the difference is used to derive a control voltage for controlling the gain of the measurement signal path.

Abstract: A monitor for measuring physical parameters of a slurry, utilizing microwave propagation within a waveguide, either in conduit or a storage facility. Switching circuitry and specially constructed waveguides are provided, which operate in combination to provide rapid, accurate measurement of such parameters as flow rate, and concentration of the slurry.

Abstract: An atmospheric water vapor sensing system using Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) to determine the refractivity and Slant-path Water Vapor (SWV) between an Earth-based GPS receiver and a plurality of satellite-based GPS transmitters. Either the refractivity measure or the SWV measure can be input directly into weather forecasting models. SWV is the integrated atmospheric water vapor in a column of atmosphere at an acute angular line-of-sight path between the Earth-based GPS receiver and any one of the plurality of satellite-based GPS transmitters. SWV sensing facilitates atmospheric soundings over land and water to provide global scale high resolution atmospheric tomography for use in operational meteorology and meteorological forecasting.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining a solids to liquids ratio in a flowing petroleum stream having an immiscible solids, oil and water flow. Microwave energy in the 10-12 Gigahertz bond is directed through the petroleum stream and attenuated transmitted and reflected microwave energy are detected. The detected microwave energy is compared to an empirically derived map of attenuated amplitude vs. phase for a set of reference petroleum streams having known solid, oil and water contents to derive a solids to liquids ratio for the unknown stream.

Abstract: A method for remote diagnostic of ocean-atmosphere system state consisting in the measurement of upwelling microwave radiation of ocean-atmosphere system in the range, approximately, from 20 to 100 GHz at viewing angles with respect to the ocean surface ranges, approximately, from 60.degree. to 80.degree., is discussed. A device for remote diagnostic of ocean-atmosphere system state contains a receiving antenna to which the radiometers are connected and tuned to operating frequencies in the range, approximately, from 20 to 100 GHz, whereby the brightness temperature of upwelling microwave radiation of ocean-atmosphere system is measured. The microwave data obtain by this means are analyzed for the presence of specific spectral and polarization brightness temperature variations, by which it is judged about ocean-atmosphere system state.

Abstract: The watercut of fluid in a mulitphase flow is measured. Microwave energy in the 10 Ghz range is transmitted through a test call having flow passing therein through a known geometry. Attenuation and phase shift of the microwave energy is measured and used to derive the wave number of the microwaves in the unknown fluid. The water fraction of the unknown fluid is then determined from the wave number and the known geometry of the test all using Hannai's equation.

Abstract: A system for measuring the moisture content of a multi-layer bale of material, comprising a source of microwave radiation disposed on a first side of the bale for directing a circularly polarized source beam through the bale in a direction substantially parallel to the layers thereof so as to exit from the bale as an exit beam and a conveyor for conveying the bale past the source of microwave radiation. A pair of microwave antennas are disposed on an opposite side of the bale for receiving mutually orthogonal components of the exit beam permitting determination of a maximum amplitude of the exit beam corresponding to an amplitude of the exit beam in a direction normal to the layers of the bale. This permits calculation of an attenuation of the beam consequent to absorption by moisture in the bale and thus allows the moisture content of the bale to be determined.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting grain direction in wood by means of microwave radiation. A sample of timber is exposed to a polarized microwave beam emitted by a transmitter (11). A polarized receiver (12) evaluates the microwave energy that has been affected by the timber. The receiver and transmitter polarization planes are locked at either 0 or 90 degrees respect to each other. Both are rotated synchronously and the received energy is plotted versus angle. The energy maximum or minimum gives indication of the grain direction in the timber sample under evaluation.

Abstract: A profile of the emulsion pad, the oil continuous and the water continuous phases present in a coalescer, such as a crude oil dehydrater or desalter, which contains sample withdrawing means such as trycocks or a swing arm sampler for withdrawing liquid samples from a plurality of known vertical positions inside the unit, is readily obtained by withdrawing samples from a plurality of known vertical positions inside the unit and passing the samples to a receiver outside the unit which contains means for measuring an electrical property determinative of the type of phase being measured and its water content. The measured electrical property may be the energy absorption of the sample, such as RF energy absorption.

Abstract: A weathercasting system for displaying dynamic real time photo-realistic three-dimensional pictorial representations of weather conditions created from meteorological data combined with geographical and topographical data. Geographical and topographical data is retrieved, digitized, and processed to produce a simulated three-dimensional volumetric image and stored in memory for later retrieval. Meteorological data including precipitation, cloud cover data, the bottom and top of cloud formations, and reflectivity and velocity of rain droplets in real-time are acquired from C-band and/or K-band Doppler radar, or non-Doppler K-band and Doppler X-band radar installations which ameliorate S-band radar data and the data is digitized and processed to produce a simulated three-dimensional image of the meteorological data.

Abstract: A microwave densitometer comprises a phase difference detecting section for detecting a phase difference between a microwave generated from a microwave generator and a microwave received by a microwave receiver, a rotation number updating section for varying a value of number of rotations "n", a correcting section for obtaining a difference value .DELTA..THETA. indicating a difference between a true phase difference .THETA..sub.2 and a reference phase difference .THETA..sub.1 ' a signal converter for converting the difference value .DELTA..THETA. to a concentration signal an operation mode setter for setting a operation mode, and a holding circuit for holding the number of rotations "n" and the apparent phase difference .THETA..sub.2 ' when a concentration measuring operation of the fluid to be measured is switched to a non-measuring operation in response to a change of the operation mode set to the operation mode setter.

Abstract: The gas fraction of a multiphase fluid is determined using `on-line` statistical methods and then using that fraction to compute the correct water fraction. The gas fraction (Xg) is detected by using the standard deviation of the raw phase (Pstd), maximum phase in the sampling interval (Pmax), average phase (Pavg) or standard deviation of attenuation (Astd) data and maximum attenuation in the sampling interval (Amax), or average attenuation (Aavg) from streams flowing in the water fraction monitor sensor cell where the conditions are determined.

Abstract: Apparatus which determines the water cut of a sample petroleum stream irradiates the sample stream at two different locations with microwave energy. The distance that the microwave energies pass through the sample stream are also different. A receiver receives the microwave energies and provides corresponding received signals. The water cut is determined in accordance with the received signals.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for profiling atmospheric temperature, water vapor and/or cloud liquid content utilizing passive microwave remote sensing are disclosed. The apparatus includes an antenna for receiving atmospheric microwave emissions having frequencies of interest, a highly stable, tunable frequency synthesizer, and downconverting system receiving selected frequency outputs from the synthesizer and the received emissions and, responsive thereto, providing output signals indicative of the frequencies of interest and representing the profile.

Abstract: A great many small volume samples are taken, at a high rate of frequency, from a multi-phase fluid stream to determine the respective oil, water and gas fractions. Rapid fluctuations from an all liquid curve will indicate the presence of gas in the fluid.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for the measurement of, for example, the moisture in a material or, more generally, for the measurement of any material parameter which may be inferred by measuring the electromagnetic properties of the material under investigation. The electromagnetic properties of use in the present invention are complex electrical permittivity or the magnetic permeability of the material. The meter apparatus of the present invention comprises a controllable source of electromagnetic energy having stable selectable frequency. The controllable source of electromagnetic energy is coupled to a material measurement chamber by means of probes, loops, antennas, apertures or other structures so as to establish an electromagnetic wave inside the measurement chamber thereby causing the wave to interact with the material contained in the chamber.

Abstract: The means and method of the present invention includes a source of microwave energy and associated elements which provide microwave energy to a petroleum stream. Other circuitry include elements which receive microwave energy from the petroleum stream. Electronic apparatus provides at least one outputs utilizing the provided microwave energy, the received microwave energy and known values for 100 percent oil, 100 percent gas and 100 percent water, corresponding to a ratio of gas to liquid. From the readings of attenuation and phase shift, an estimate of the proportions in the mix is extracted by interpolation.

Abstract: In a three phase fluid stream microwave monitor, an improved test cell having a fluid stream flowing through it with spaced, aligned first and second antenna located within the test cell to receive microwave energy, irradiate the fluid stream, and receive the microwave energy which has passed through the fluid stream. The test cell has a rotatable cage mounted to form a cylinder enclosing the antennas for reducing an amount of debris in a portion of the petroleum stream flowing therebetween. The cage includes vanes which cause it to rotate, under the influence of the flowing stream to thereby be self-cleaning. The cage also carries a block which lies between the antenna and perpendicular to the axis thereof. Rotation of the cage causes rotation of this block to modulate the microwave transmission in a manner indicative of the fluid velocity.

Abstract: The means and method of the present invention includes a source of microwave energy and associated elements which provide microwave energy to a petroleum stream. Other circuitry include elements which receive microwave energy from the petroleum stream. Electronic apparatus provides at least two outputs utilizing the provided microwave energy, the received microwave energy and known values for 100 percent oil, 100 percent solids of one specie and 100 percent water, corresponding to different ratios of ratios involving oil and water, oil and solids, and water and solids.

Abstract: The means and method of the present invention includes a source of microwave energy and associated elements which provide microwave energy to a petroleum stream. Other circuitry include elements which receive microwave energy from the petroleum stream. Electronic apparatus provides at least one outputs utilizing the provided microwave energy, the received microwave energy and known values for 100 percent oil, percent surfactant and 100 percent water, corresponding to a ratio of surfactant to oil/water mixture.

Abstract: A device for determining the material parameters, in particular the water content, of a substance in a dielectric medium conducted through a pipeline, the device including a waveguide of a microwave system at least partially enclosing the pipeline. Transmission or reflection of microwave radiation in the waveguide is evaluated continuously or in cycles. Continuous measurement of such media, in particular liquid media, can be effected and in particular can be made automatically without requiring steps for sample taking and performance of the measuring process per se.

Abstract: A device for measuring the relative proportions of gas, oil and water in a conductive pipe includes at least one open-ended, conductive tube having a radius different from the pipe, disposed within the pipe. Microwave transmission structure transmits microwave signals along the pipe and the at least one tube at a plurality of frequencies, the pipe and the at least one conductive tube acting as waveguides for the microwave signals. At least two microwave receiving devices are disposed at separate positions having different respective radii, spaced apart along the pipe and at least one tube, for receiving the microwave signals transmitted by the transmission structure. Determining circuitry determines the relative proportions of gas, water and oil in the pipe by comparing the transmitted and received signals.

Abstract: A system for determining the relative permeabilities of gas, water and oil in a core sample has a microwave emitter/detector subsystem and an X-ray emitter/detector subsystem. A core holder positions the core sample between microwave absorbers which prevent diffracted microwaves from reaching a microwave detector where they would reduce the signal-to-noise ratio of the microwave measurements. The microwave emitter/detector subsystem and the X-ray emitter/detector subsystem each have linear calibration characteristics, allowing one subsystem to be calibrated with respect to the other subsystem. The dynamic range of microwave measurements is extended through the use of adjustable attenuators. This also facilitates the use of core samples with wide diameters. The stratification characteristics of the fluids may be observed with a windowed cell separator at the outlet of the core sample.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for the determination of moisture content of a sample carried on a conveyor belt. Microwave signals at a number of discrete frequencies within a range are transmitted through the sample and the phase shift of the received signals is averaged and combined with measurement of attenuation or mass per unit area to provide a measure of moisture content of the sample. The invention is applicable to measurement of moisture content of crushed coking and steaming coals.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the measurement of, for example, the moisture in a material or, more generally, for the measurement of any material parameter which may be inferred by measuring the electromagnetic properties of the material under investigation. The meter apparatus comprises a controllable source of electromagnetic energy having stable selectable frequency. The controllable source of electromagnetic energy is coupled to a material measurement chamber by means of probes, loops, antennas, apertures or other structures so as to establish an electromagnetic field inside the measurement chamber thereby causing the field to interact with the material contained in the chamber. The method includes passing the process material through a frequency sensitive measurement cell. Exposing the process material to electromagnetic energy produced by a multi-frequency source. Generating an output signal having a distinctive frequency response characteristic.

Abstract: In the method of the invention, a microwave signal is passed through a material whose moisture content is to be measured, the change in the velocity of the signal which has travelled through the material is measured and the moisture content is determined on the basis of the measured change and a known interdependence between the changes in the microwave signal velocity and the moisture content of the material. The apparatus comprises a transmitting device (1) which transmits a microwave signal through the material to be measured, and a detecting device (2) and a counting device (3) which measure the change of velocity of the signal transmitted through the material and determine the moisture content of the material on the basis of a known interdependence of the change of velocity of the microwave signal in question and change of moisture content of the material.

Abstract: Pumping apparatus pumps an oil water mixture from a body of water containing oil. A first sample stream is taken from the oil water mixture. The oil/water mixture is then stratified to provide an oil rich stream and a water rich stream. The oil rich stream is also sampled to provide a second sample stream. A water cut monitor receives both sample streams and determines the water cuts of both sample streams and provides corresponding water cut signals. A control subsystem controls the volumetric flows of the oil rich stream and the water rich stream in accordance with the water cut signals.

Abstract: A petroleum stream control system includes a valve receiving a petroleum stream which divides the petroleum stream into at least two petroleum substreams in accordance with the control signal. A sample stream is withdrawn from each substream and irradiated with microwave energy. Microwave energies that have passed through the sample streams are received. A signal circuit generated signals corresponding to an electrical property of the sample stream in accordance with the received microwave energies. A control circuit provides the control signal to the valve in accordance with the signals from the signal circuit, so as to control the dividing of the petroleum stream.

Abstract: A portable device for use in the measurement of the dielectric properties of materials such as fish includes: a microwave circuit comprising a microwave source (10) connected via an isolator (12) to a directional coupler (14), a first output (16) of which is connected to a reference detector (18) and a first pre-amplifier (28) and a second output (20) of which is connected via an attenuator (22) to a sensor (24), an output of which is connected to a signal detector (26) and a second pre-amplifier (30); and further including two amplifiers (32, 34) into which outputs of the first (28) and second (30) pre-amplifiers are connected and a logarithmic/ratio device (38) which provides an output proportional to the logarithm of the ratio of outputs from the two amplifiers (32, 34), wherein an output from the logarithmic/ratio device (38) is calibrated to provide the content of a particular constituent of the material under test.

Abstract: The concentration of one liquid, such as water, in another liquid, such as crude or refined oil, existing in a mixture which also includes entrained gas is carried out by an apparatus which measures a change in a microwave oscillator operating frequency and the difference between incident and transmitted power with respect to a measurement section of the apparatus. Continuous monitoring of the difference in incident versus transmitted power is carried out to detect the presence of gas and then selectively averaged peak values of the concentration of one liquid in another are determined to provide an accurate measurement of the content of water in oil even with the presence of various amounts of entrained gas in the mixture.

Abstract: A method and a device for measuring the qualities of a fluid including at least two liquids, the two liquids having at least one characteristic intrinsic factor relative to microwaves for a given frequency, such as the loss factor. The characteristic of the fluid is measured by a microwave flux for at least two different microwave frequencies, and, with the values of the factors of the intrinsic characteristics of each of the fluids at the two frequencies being known, the respective quantities of the two liquids are determined. The invention applies in particular to measuring the concentrations and flowrates of various phases in a multiphase fluid such as a petroleum effluent having an aqueous phase.

Abstract: A petroleum stream microwave watercut monitor of the present invention includes a test cell having a petroleum flowing through it. A source, connected to a first antenna located within the test cell, provides microwave energy to the first antenna so as to irradiate the petroleum stream in the test cell with microwave energy. A second antenna located in the test cell and connected to a detector outside of the test cell receives the microwave energy that has passed through the petroleum stream and provides it to the detector. The detector provides an intensity signal corresponding to the received microwave energy. An indicator provides an indication of the watercut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the intensity and the phases difference between the microwave energy provided by the source and the received microwave energy. The test cell means also includes means for reducing an amount of debris in a portion of the petroleum stream flowing between both antenna.

Abstract: The combined mass flow of solid and liquid fractions of a fibrous material which is converted into a tobacco rod or filter rod in a rod making machine of the tobacco processing industry is ascertained by monitoring the liquid fraction in the distributor of the machine and by monitoring the solid fraction downstream of the monitoring station for the liquid fraction. Electric signals which are obtained as a result of such monitoring are processed in a computer which transmits a signal denoting the combined mass flow of solid and liquid fractions. Such signal is used to maintain the combined mass flow at or close to a preselected value, particularly by adjusting a trimming device which removes the surplus of fibrous material ahead of the station where the fibrous material is draped into a web of cigarette paper, imitation cork or other wrapping material.

Abstract: Absorber elements for reducing electromagnetic leakage radiation, in particular in the vicinity of horn antennas, are in the form of ribs with a roof- or wedge-shaped cross section arranged such that the angle enclosed by lateral surfaces of the absorber elements is less than 90.degree., so that at least the leakage radiation impinging in general parallel to the center plane of the absorber elements arrives at a large angle of incidence, i.e. glancingly. In particular, if the angle of incidence approximately corresponds to the Brewster angle, the result is an almost complete absorption of the corresponding polarization components of the leakage radiation. The absorption effect can be further optimized by proper selection of the configuration of the roof- or wedge-shaped absorber elements.

Abstract: The conductance meter includes source means which irradiates a fluid with microwave energy. A receiver receives microwave energy that has passed through the fluid and provides the received microwave energy as test microwave energy. Electronic apparatus determines the conductance of the fluid in accordance with the amplitude of the test microwave energy and the phase difference between the microwave energy from the source and the test microwave energy from the receiver where only 1 microwave frequency is used.

Abstract: A system for determining the average water film thickness on surfaces, and in particular roadways, with the reflection of microwaves on the surface of the film of water being measured. To be able to easily measure water film thicknesses of several millimeters without contact and with great accuracy, the system includes at least two partial systems which each comprise a signal source and a receiver. The individual partial systems operate at different frequencies which are selected such that the maximum accuracy measuring regions associated with the respective frequencies are contiguous and cover the predetermined water film thickness range to be determined. The partial systems are connected with a sampling and control device which activates at least that partial system which exhibits maximum measuring accuracy for the respective water film thickness being measured and utilizes only the output signal from the receiver of that partial system for the measurement.

Abstract: Radio frequency bridge techniques are used to parameterize the complex dielectric properties of solids, liquids, gasses and mixtures thereof. This parameterization is performed in an electrically isolated, physically open structure which allows continuous or batch monitoring of the materials and their mixtures. A method and apparatus are provided for measuring the composition of mutlicomponent process streams flowing in pipes or ducts. The method uses the pipe in which the mixture flows as a waveguide in which propagating radio frequency electromagnetic energy is induced through dielectric loaded apertures. The dielectric measurement is performed in an electrically isolated, flow through test section which induces constructive or destructive interference patterns at characteristics frequencies. The characteristic frequency determines the dielectric constant of the mixture. The dielectric properties are used in turn to determine mixture composition.

Abstract: A multiphase petroleum stream monitoring system and method includes withdrawing a first sample stream from the petroleum stream. Both sample streams are irradiated with microwave energy. A second sample stream is withdrawn from the petroleum stream. Microwave energies that have passed through the sample streams are received. A signal circuit generated signals corresponding to an electrical property of the sample stream in accordance with the received microwave energies. A computer determines the validity of the sample streams and provides a water cut data on the petroleum stream when sample streams are valid sample streams.

Abstract: A device for measuring the concentration of two substances through the transmission of electromagnetic waves. The device utilizes at least one transmission element for transmitting a signal and at least two receiving elements for receiving a signal from the at least one transmission element and providing first and second output signals. The present invention also utilizes a receiving device for receiving the first and second output signals from the at least two receiving elements such that the difference or ratio of the two signals is utilized to determine the concentration.

Abstract: A hygroscopic commodity, such as a continuous stream of shredded tobacco, is transported past one or more sources of electrical energy and past one or more monitoring devices. One of the sources can expose the stream to the electric field of a capacitor in a high frequency oscillator circuit, and the other source can expose the stream to infrared waves or microwaves. The moisture in the stream influences the phase and/or the damping of oscillations of the electrical energy, and the monitoring device of devices ascertain the changes of such characteristics of the electrical energy and transmit corresponding signals to a processing circuit which processes the signals into moisture signals.

Abstract: The system is essentially an arrangement for determining the amount of liquid water in the atmosphere by monitoring the microwave signals received within a single frequency band around 31.65 GHz. The system has improved reliabililty since it is relatively simple employing existing technologies. It is generally a process and an arrangement wherein microwave signals naturally occurring in the atmosphere are detected by a receiver which is tuned to a relatively narrow band around the 31.65 GHz range. The converted signals from the microwave monitoring system are available for strip chart recording or for display directly or after introduction to a computer where they are processed by taking into account the known oxygen content of the atmosphere under monitor and the approximation of the vapor content.

Abstract: A method and a device for measuring the qualities of a fluid including at least two liquids, the two liquids having at least one characteristic intrinsic factor relative to microwaves for a given frequency, such as the loss factor. The characteristic of the fluid is measured by a microwave flux for at least two different microwave frequencies, and, with the values of the factors of the intrinsic characteristics of each of the fluids at the two frequencies being known, the respective quantities of the two liquids are determined. The invention applies in particular to measuring the concentrations and flowrates of various phases in a multiphase fluid such as a petroleum effluent having an aqueous phase.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining water content of powder/granule sample including a rectangular waveguide system substantially set up in the upright or vertical disposition, consisting of a microwave transmitting converter, a microwave waveguide, and a microwave receiving converter; the apparatus comprising: a sample container for containing powder or granular sample and being accommodated inside of the microwave waveguide; the waveguide being provided with an inlet hole communicated to the inner space of the cavity resonator at one of side walls, and having a door for opening and closing the hole and a supporting element for the sample container within the waveguide; a buffer weighing system for supporting the hollow waveguide on a supporting table in the upright or vertical disposition and generates electric signals designating the supporting weight; and signal processing means for receiving signal output from the microwave receiving converter and the other signal from said buffer weighing system, storing and a

Abstract: A dual frequency microwave water cut monitor includes a microwave source which provides microwave energies at two different frequencies to a circulator which in turn provides the microwave energies to an antenna. The antenna provides the microwave energies to a petroleum stream and also receives reflected microwave energy back from the stream. The reflected microwave energy is provided by the antenna to the circulator which in turn provides the reflected microwave energies as test microwave energies. A detector assembly connected to the circulator detects the intensities of the test microwave energies and provides a corresponding intensity signal. Indicator apparatus connected to the circulator to the microwave source and to the detector assembly provides an indication of the water cut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the intensity signal and the phase difference between one of the source provided microwave energies and its corresponding test microwave energy.

Abstract: A variable mode microwave water cut monitor includes a test cell which contains a fluid sample. Apparatus controls the provision and removal of the fluid sample to effect different modes of operation for the monitor, a normal test mode and at least two calibration modes. A source provides microwave energy to one of a first antenna which in turn provides the fluid sample in the test cell with microwave energy. A second antenna receives the microwave energy that has passed through the fluid sample. A detector detects the received microwave energy and provides a signal corresponding thereto. An indicator provides an indication of the water cut of the fluid sample in accordance with the received signal power, a phase difference between the source provided microwave energy and the received microwave energy and internally recorded calibration data for water alone and oil alone.

Abstract: A microwave moisture sensing arrangement comprises an oscillator and a detector and a microwave strip line sensor connected between the two. The sensor is inserted into bulk, penetrable materials. The detector detects a change in received signal due to absorption of radiation from the sensor. Moisture content of the material is determined by calibration.

Abstract: A petroleum stream microwave water cut monitor includes test cell means which contains a reference petroleum multiphase fluid sample and which has a sample stream of a petroleum stream passing through it. The test cell is maintained at a predetermined temperature. A source provides microwave energy to one of a first pair of antennae which provides the petroleum stream flowing in the test cell or the reference sample in the test cell with microwave energy. One of a second pair of antennae receives the microwave energy that has passed through either the petroleum stream or the reference sample. A detector detects the received microwave energy and provides a signal corresponding thereto. An indicator provides an indication of the water cut of the petroleum stream in accordance with the received signal power and a phase difference between the source provided microwave energy and the received microwave energy.

Abstract: A microwave measurement apparatus is disclosed for measuring an unknown property of a test material, such as moisture content, by transmitting microwave beams through such material so that a portion of the beam energy is absorbed by the moisture or other property. Two microwave input signals of different frequencies are used to form the microwave beams and the corresponding attenuated received signals are compared in order to compensate for the presence of a component in the test material, such as foundry molding sand, which is not being measured but which also absorbs microwave beam energy. To determine the density of the test material in the event of changes in such density, one of the microwave signals is used to measure the phase shift of the corresponding received signal and produce a phase shift output signal.