Abstract: Provided is a test apparatus that tests a device under test, including a power supply that generates supply power supplied to the device under test, a transmission path that transmits the supply power generated by the power supply to the device under test, an intermediate capacitor that is provided between the transmission path and a ground potential, a power supply current measuring section that measures a current flowing through the transmission path at a position closer to the power supply than the intermediate capacitor, a charge and discharge current measuring section that measures a charge and discharge current of the intermediate capacitor, and a load current calculating section that calculates a load current flowing through the device under test based on a sum of the current measured by the power supply current measuring section and the current measured by the charge and discharge current measuring section.

Abstract: A test circuit for testing a flexible printed board (FPC) is provided, the test circuit includes a parameter preset module, a comparison module, and a prompt module. The parameter preset module is used to preset a parameter range indicating the suitable range of the resistance value of the FPC, and is further configured to connect to the FPC and convert the resistance value of the FPC to a related parameter. The comparison module compares the related parameter with the parameter range preset by the parameter preset module, and produces a comparison result. The prompt module produces a corresponding prompt signal according to the comparison result.

Abstract: A short detection apparatus, system and method detect short circuits in an inkjet printhead using a comparison of measured current consumption and an estimate of current consumption based on print data. The apparatus includes a current sensor to measure current consumed by the printhead to eject a droplet of ink, a current estimator to estimate a current consumption of the printhead due to print data provided to the printhead, and a comparator to compare the measured consumed current to the estimated consumed current. A short circuit in the printhead is indicated when the comparison exceeds a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: A current monitor for sensing the current in a current path includes a resistive sensing element in a section of the current path and a current mirror circuit having a first semiconductor device and a second semiconductor device. Both semiconductor devices electrically interconnect with each other for copying the current in the second semiconductor device to the first semiconductor device. The first semiconductor device is electrically connected to an electric reference potential and to a current input side of the section via a resistive equivalence element in a first current branch. The second semiconductor device is electrically connected to the electric reference potential and to a current output side of the section in a second current branch. The current monitor further includes a constant current source for keeping the current in the second current branch independent from the potential difference between the potential of the current output side of the section and the reference potential.

Abstract: A method and the device for palm ignoring disclosed. The device comprises a plurality of strips intersecting each other to form a plurality of intersecting regions. A pair of strips intersecting on an intersecting region contact to each other on a contact point to form a depressed intersecting region. The depression depressed by the palm can be determined by comparing the total impedance of the depression with a threshold so as to be ignored.

Abstract: The invention provides testing of a chemically-sensitive transistor device, such as an ISFET device, without exposing the device to liquids. In one embodiment, the invention performs a first test to calculate a resistance of the transistor. Based on the resistance, the invention performs a second test to transition the testing transistor among a plurality of modes. Based on corresponding measurements, a floating gate voltage is then calculated with little or no circuitry overhead. In another embodiment, the parasitic capacitance of at least either the source or drain is used to bias the floating gate of an ISFET. A driving voltage and biasing current are applied to exploit the parasitic capacitance to test the functionality of the transistor.

Abstract: A signal integrity test system and method uses an oscilloscope to test a signal on each test point of a transmission line, obtains test parameter values of the signal on each test point, and compares the test parameter values with preset standard values. If any test parameter value does not match a corresponding preset standard value, a time-domain reflectometer is used to test an impedance value of the test point. If the impedance value matches a standard impedance value of the transmission line, the system and method determines the signal on the test point satisfies integrity requirements.

Abstract: A metering system can include a pull up circuit to be selectively coupled between a voltage node and a metering line that communicates a signal indicative of status of a flow line through which a metered substance flows. An impedance of the pull up circuit is set to reduce power consumption based on a calibration, and the pull up circuit can be disabled between sampling of the signal to reduce power consumption.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus pertaining to memory resistors are provided. Electronic circuitry determines energy for changing a non-volatile resistance of a memristor from a present value to a target value. An electric charge corresponding to the energy is stored. An electric pulse is applied to the memristor using the stored charge. The newly adjusted resistance of the memristor is sensed and compared to the target value. Additional electric pulses can be applied in accordance with the comparison. Memristor adjustment by way of feedback control is thus contemplated by the present teachings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining whether there is a change in a substrate (2) beneath a layer (1) covering the substrate (2). To this end, a combined magnetic and/or electrical measurement is taken at one location on the substrate (2) on or at a distance from the covering layer (1) using at least two different measuring methods. An examination is then conducted as to whether a relationship between measurement values which are ascertained using different measuring methods matches a reference relationship, wherein if there is a deviation, it is established that the substrate (2) has been changed.

Abstract: There is provided a sensor threshold circuit that makes available a hysteresis width that is not dependent on the change in a threshold point. Since a bias current IB is generated by a threshold current IT and a threshold adjusting current ICONT, the threshold point is given by a coefficient A and a coefficient K and the hysteresis width |BH| is given by the coefficient K. Accordingly, when the coefficient K is determined, the hysteresis width |BH| is not dependent on the coefficient A and keeps a constant value. In addition, since the coefficient A depends on the resistance ratio, the threshold point is variable by changing a single resistor. Further, when the coefficient K is determined, the hysteresis width |BH| is also determined to be a single value with no variations in its value, no changes according to temperature, and no changes over time.

Abstract: A method of providing an image of an interior of a structure containing regions having different conductivities or admittivities. In one embodiment a series of electrical signal sets is applied to a series of electrodes, each signal set generating a rotating electric field. A measured set of electrical signals obtained from the electrodes are used to calculate a conductivity or admittivity distribution representative of the interior of the structure in a region about which the electrodes are positioned. The process of calculating the distribution includes defining a cost function, e.g., the energy function based on the distribution, and a forward model expressing the measured set of electrical signals as a function of the change in voltage values with respect to conductivity or admittivity and requiring that the partial derivative of the difference between the energy function and a function based on the forward model equal zero.

Abstract: A method enables adjustment of a current sense voltage for accurate measurement of an operating temperature for an electrical motor. The method includes identifying a DC input voltage to a motor winding and a duty cycle corresponding to the DC input voltage, the duty cycle being identified with reference to a linear relationship between two inverter loss factors established for different DC input voltages within a range of voltages for the DC input voltage. A voltage across the motor winding is identified with reference to the identified duty cycle, the identified voltage not including voltage dropped across an inverter used to apply the DC input voltage to the motor winding. The identified voltage across the motor winding is used to identify a resistance change for the motor winding.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the voltage transmitted through a pair of electrical connector devices is provided. The pair of electrical connector devices include a source connector coupled to a power supply and a load connector coupled to a load, the source connector being coupled to the load connector. The method includes determining the voltage utilized by the load, determining the voltage generated by the power supply, and determining an electrical resistance of the pair of electrical connectors using the determined voltage utilized by the load and the voltage generated by the power supply. A connector monitoring circuit and a portable X-ray detector including the connector monitoring circuit is also provided.

Abstract: A method for characterizing dielectric loss tangent of a dielectric material. The method includes: introducing an incident wave in a mismatched transmission line; measuring a first insertion loss from a first resulting standing wave, at a given frequency; augmenting the mismatched transmission line with the dielectric material; introducing the incident wave in the transmission line augmented with the dielectric material; measuring a second insertion loss from a second resulting standing wave, at the given frequency; and calculating the dielectric loss tangent based on the differences between the first and second measured insertion losses.

Abstract: Current sensing circuitry for sensing a current through a load comprises an adaptive-resistance sensor component arranged to be operably coupled in series with the load, and control logic for controlling a resistance of the adaptive-resistance sensor component. The control logic is arranged to receive a signal representative of a voltage across the adaptive-resistance sensor component, compare the received signal to a reference value that is representative of a determined voltage, and in response to the comparison control the resistance of the adaptive-resistance sensor component, such that the voltage across the adaptive-resistance sensor component substantially tracks the determined voltage value.

Abstract: A circuit and method for monitoring current flow to an integrated circuit (IC), alone or mounted on a substrate, in a temperature-compensated manner. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, a plurality of resistances having substantially equal temperature coefficients establishes a ratio of an output voltage and an internally measured voltage, with the output voltage corresponding to a voltage drop across an inherent resistance within the IC or on the substrate.

Abstract: A voltage detector circuit of the present invention includes a power supply voltage monitor that generates a monitored voltage resulting from dividing a power supply voltage, which is supplied from a first terminal, based on a resistance ratio between first and second resistors coupled between first and second terminals, a power supply voltage rising ramp detector that generates a boost signal which is enabled, if the power supply voltage rises faster than a preset rapidity to trigger operation switching, a resistance switching circuit that makes a third resistor coupled in parallel with the first resistor and a fourth resistor coupled in parallel with the second resistor active during a period when the boost signal is enabled, and a comparator that compares the monitored voltage with a reference voltage, and that outputs a voltage detection signal.

Abstract: An occupant detection system includes an electrode provided in a vehicle seat for detecting the capacitance derived from a human body, an oscillator circuit that supplies a sinusoidal signal S0 to the electrode via a resistive element, a first comparator circuit that digitizes the signal S0 using a threshold corresponding to a given phase so as to produce a phase signal D0, a second comparator circuit that detects the potential of the electrode as an electrode signal S1, and digitizes the electrode signal S1 using a threshold corresponding to a phase that is substantially the same as the given phase of the signal S0 so as to produce an electrode phase signal D1, and a control circuit that measures delay times of the electrode phase signal D1 relative to those of the phase signal D0, so as to determine the presence of a seated occupant based on the delay times.

Abstract: Control of delivery of current through one or more discharge lamps. Methods include alternately switching on and off switching elements that control a fluorescent lamp, in response to receiving input, until the brightness of the lamp decreases to a threshold. Further, methods include providing control signals at complementary duty cycles to further decrease the brightness and alternating the duty cycles of the signals applied to the filaments of the fluorescent lamp.

Abstract: A resistive pinch sensor utilizing electrically conductive wires encapsulated in a resiliently deformable casing. A pinch is detected when one of the wires, which is normally separated by an air gap within the casing, contacts another wire lowering the electrical resistance therebetween. The described pinch sensors have wide activation ranges or angles. Tri-lobed designs provide wide activation range by incorporating at least three electrically-conductive conduits that are substantially equidistantly spaced circumferentially along the inner wall of a tubular casing. One of the conduits, or optionally an axially arranged electrically-conductive core may function as the reference element. Coaxial designs provide wide activation range by incorporating a central electrically-conductive core and a coaxial electrically-conductive tubular outer sheath that are normally spaced apart by at least one non-conductive spacer.

Abstract: There are disclosed a method and an equipment for monitoring the current drained by the grounding electrode in an electric impedance tomography system, the said grounding electrode (16) and the set of electrodes (11) being simultaneously applied to a patient (12) in an electric impedance tomography apparatus (14, 15), comprising the conversion of the said current into a voltage signal (41) and the amplification, demodulation and filtering thereof, in order to recover its almost continuous component (44, 45, 46, 47, 48) and the comparison of the value of the latter with limit/threshold values (v1, v3, v4, v6) proportional to the intensity of the excitation current applied to the said set of electrodes.

Abstract: A seating sensing device embedded in a seat includes: a variable resistance unit generating resistance values corresponding to the circumference of the seat through a plurality of conductive threads installed in the seat; and a signal analysis unit analyzing variable quantities of the resistance values to acquire activity information on one or more of whether a user is seated or not, a seating posture, and a seating posture change.

Abstract: A universal resistance testing device is provided and includes a bridge circuit, a metering circuit, a comparator circuit, and an output circuit. The universal resistance testing device is incorporated into a control circuit and is used to verify a resistive value of a variable resistance device. The universal resistance testing device includes multiple replaceable resistors to thereby allow the universal resistance testing device to be used in the same control circuit to test different variable resistance devices having a different resistive value.

Abstract: A metal identifying device precisely identifies a metal material in a metal member having a plurality of through-hole portions penetrating through the metal member. The metal identifying device of the present invention includes a measurement unit that obtains a measurement value by measuring an electrical property and/or optical property of a test object, a threshold value determination unit that determines a threshold value with use of a reference value obtained by measuring the property of a metal member having a metal composition to be identified and information indicating a ratio of the through-hole portions to a measurement area in the test object and/or information indicating a configuration of the through-hole portion, and a comparison/identification unit that identifies a metal composition of the test object by comparing the measurement value and the threshold value.

Abstract: A power delivery circuit comprising power delivery components and a load (ZT) terminal, detectors for measuring voltages at two or more measuring nodes (V1, V3) of the power delivery circuit, and an estimation circuit for using the measurements to estimate current, voltage, or power delivered to a load by the power delivery circuit. The detectors may measure voltages at nodes of transistor switches of the power delivery circuit, particularly at the gates. The power delivery circuit may have a plurality of switches in series, and the detectors measure voltages at nodes of only a subset of the switches. The detectors in one example measure switch voltages and the estimation circuit estimates power delivered to the load according to a switch voltage and impedance between two nodes of the switch. The switch impedance may be provided during calibration using a reference load. The estimation circuit may be a simple analogue circuit such as an amplifier (AMP1) and a multiplexer (MX1).

Abstract: In an embodiment, the invention includes a measurement system for measuring induced currents within an implantable medical device undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. The measurement system can include a resistor connected in series with a conductive loop and electronic circuitry configured to generate a signal representative of a voltage differential across the resistor. In some embodiments, the measurement system includes a fiber optic cable configured to transmit the signal away from the area subject to magnetic resonance imaging. In some embodiments, the measurement system includes a transmitter to wirelessly transmit the signal away from the area subject to magnetic resonance imaging. In an embodiment, the invention can include an implantable medical device including a measurement system for measuring induced currents. In an embodiment, the invention can include a method of measuring an induced current in an implantable medical device undergoing magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract: In a current measuring device for measuring an electric current flowing through between a terminal of a battery and a wire, a resistance member has a length and first and second ends in a direction of the length. The first end is to be secured electrically to the terminal of the battery. The second end is to be secured electrically to the wire. The resistance member constitutes a current flow path between the terminal of the battery and the wire. The resistance member has a turned portion through which the current flow path extends. The current measuring device includes a circuit board in which a current measuring circuit is installed. The current measuring circuit measures an electric current flowing through the resistance member based on a potential difference between two different points defined on the resistance member.

Abstract: According to an aspect of an embodiment, a high-sensitive resistance measuring device of solder bumps comprises a resistance variation detection unit which detects a differential voltage (?V=V1?V2), which is obtained by subtracting a second voltage (V2) generated in a reference bump connection unit by a constant current (I) from a second constant current source from a first voltage (V1) generated in a monitored bump connection unit by the constant current I from a first constant current source, as a resistance variation voltage representing a resistance variation (?R) of the monitored bump connection unit.

Abstract: A detection membrane (11) is joined to a first surface (10a) of an electrolyte membrane (10), and hydrogen gas is supplied to a second surface (10b) thereof. If the electrolyte membrane has a defect (10c), hydrogen gas leaks to the first surface, resulting in a change in electric resistance of the detection membrane near the defect. The defect is recognized by this change. FA hydrogen electrode (14) is joined to the second surface, and an electric circuit (17) is connected between the detection membrane and the hydrogen electrode. Hydrogen gas supplied to a space facing the hydrogen electrode is ionized at the hydrogen electrode, and hydrogen ions permeates through the electrolyte membrane and hydrogenates the detection membrane. Whether or not hydrogen ion conductivity is uniform is examined by measuring electric resistance of the detection membrane, which varies depending on the amount of hydrogen ions, for each of regions.

Abstract: A selector switch is provided which always connects a receiving side electrode to one of a positive electrode input terminal and a negative electrode input terminal of a differential amplifier section. This selector switch is controlled so as to form a positive electrode region in which a plurality of electrode elements connected to the positive electrode input terminal are arranged, a negative electrode region in which a plurality of electrode elements connected to the negative electrode input terminal are arranged, and an insensitive region in which electrode elements are alternately connected to the positive electrode input terminal and the negative electrode input terminal.

Abstract: Disposable, pre-sterilized, and pre-calibrated, pre-validated conductivity sensors are provided. These sensors are designed to store sensor-specific information, such as calibration and production information, in a non-volatile memory chip on the sensor. The sensors are calibrated using 0.100 molar potassium chloride (KCl) solutions at 25 degrees Celsius. These sensors may be utilize with in-line systems, closed fluid circuits, bioprocessing systems, or systems which require an aseptic environment while avoiding or reducing cleaning procedures and quality assurance variances.

Abstract: A method for testing a reservoir warning apparatus of a fluid reservoir for a hydraulic motor vehicle brake system, with the reservoir warning apparatus comprising a switching unit with at least one reed contact as the switching element. In order to find all possible faults in the reed contact, a dynamic contact resistance and a transient response of the reed contact are measured at the preassembled switching unit.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for detecting a discontinuity or irregularity in a neutral return line of an electrical power distribution network including the neutral return line, an active line and an earth return. The apparatus includes means for measuring a voltage change associated with a deliberate switching of a known impedance in the electrical network wherein the voltage change is due to a discontinuity or impedance irregularity in the neutral return line and means for implementing an algorithm for identifying the discontinuity or impedance irregularity in presence of allowable variations in nominal supply voltage to the electrical network including voltage changes resulting from network operations that mimic or hide a discontinuity or impedance irregularity in the neutral return line. The apparatus also includes means for comparing a result of the measuring with a reference to provide an indication of the discontinuity or impedance irregularity.

Abstract: A urea concentration identification device comprising a concentration identification sensor unit (2) and a support unit (4) attached at the bottom end thereof with this sensor unit and provided at the top end thereof with a mounting unit (4a) to a urea solution tank opening. The concentration identification sensor unit (2) has an indirectly-heated concentration detector and liquid temperature detector provided with metal fins (21c),(22c), respectively, for heat-exchanging with urea solution. The concentration identification sensor unit (2) is provided with a cover member (2d) that forms an opposite-ends-opened urea solution induction passage so as to surround the metal fins (21c),(22c), and an enclosure (2e) that forms communication holes (26),(27) in the top and bottom end plate thereof (2e1),(2e2).

Abstract: A current measuring system and a method thereof adapted for measuring a current of a current driving module/circuit are provided. When the current measuring system and the method thereof are used for measuring the current, the current measuring system is not required to be well matched with the current driving module/circuit, and the component ratio or the ideal current ratio of the current driving module/circuit would not be concerned. Further, in the IC layout of the current measuring system, the current measuring system is not required to be distributed adjacent to the current driving module/circuit, or they can be configured in same or different IC chips. When the current measuring system and the method thereof are used for measuring the current flowing through the current driving module/circuit, the current can be measured by determining an output point voltage or a difference between an external voltage and the output point voltage.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a chip having a power supply terminal, a ground terminal, an input terminal, and an internal circuit formed therein. The chip comprises: a unidirectional device disposed between the input terminal and the ground terminal and directed from the ground terminal to the input terminal; and a ground open detection circuit including a first transistor having the gate connected to the input terminal and the source and the drain connected between the power supply terminal and the ground terminal, a second transistor having the gate connected to the ground terminal and the source and the drain connected between the power supply terminal and the ground terminal, and a comparator for comparing potentials of nodes respectively between drains of the first and second transistors and the power supply terminal, and for outputting a ground open detection signal.

Abstract: A circuit for detecting variation of a resistance value of a resistor with respect to a reference value includes a first resistor; a second resistor; a first current source circuit for supplying current to the first resistor; a second current source circuit for supplying current to the second resistor; a voltage comparator circuit for comparing a voltage across the first resistor and a voltage across the second resistor; and a control circuit for digitally adjusting the supply current of at least one of the first or second current source circuit. A ratio of resistance values of the first and second resistors can be obtained from an adjustment value from the control circuit and result of comparison from the voltage comparator circuit.

Abstract: Semiconductor device with a patterned pad metal layer and a patterned under-bump metallization layer being mutually electrically connected in a common contact area 22. The semiconductor device includes a first test structure 11 for determining a contact resistance between the patterned metallization layer and the patterned pad metal layer in the common contact areas 22. The first test structure includes a pad metal layer portion 24 and a metallization layer portion 18 being in electrical communication with the pad metal layer portion 24 through the common contact area 22. The first test structure 11 further includes connection areas 14, 16 that are electrically connected with each other substantially via the common contact area 22. Upon application of a current between the connection areas 14, 16 a voltage drop occurs that is representative for a voltage drop over the common contact area 22.

Abstract: An integrated receiver with channel selection and image rejection substantially implemented on a single CMOS integrated circuit is described. A receiver front end provides programmable attenuation and a programmable gain low noise amplifier. Frequency conversion circuitry advantageously uses LC filters integrated onto the substrate in conjunction with image reject mixers to provide sufficient image frequency rejection. Filter tuning and inductor Q compensation over temperature are performed on chip. The filters utilize multi track spiral inductors. The filters are tuned using local oscillators to tune a substitute filter, and frequency scaling during filter component values to those of the filter being tuned. In conjunction with filtering, frequency planning provides additional image rejection. The advantageous choice of local oscillator signal generation methods on chip is by PLL out of band local oscillation and by direct synthesis for in band local oscillator.

Abstract: A sensor apparatus for detecting a positional relationship includes a first electrode, an applying unit applying a charging signal with a first cycle period to the first electrode, a second electrode, a selecting unit selecting the first or second cycle period which have overlapped segment periods, an output unit outputting electrical signals supplied from the second electrode with the first cycle period, if the first cycle period is selected, and parts of the electrical signals during the segment periods, if the second cycle period is selected, a comparator comparing an amplitude of the electrical signals with a threshold value and generating a first or second comparison signal and a controller generating a proximity and non-proximity signal in response to the first and second comparison signal, respectively, so that the selecting unit selects the first and second cycle period in response to the proximity and non-proximity signal, respectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and device for monitoring and detecting coating defects (6) in a defined section of a coated underground or underwater pipeline (1) which is provided with a monitoring unit (2) fixedly mounted by sections and at the ends of the respective section. The inventive method consists in applying an alternating current signal in a clock manner on the pipeline, in recording the waveform thereof in the monitoring units of the two ends of the respective monitorable section for determining the distance-dependent damping rate, in converting a time-dependent signal into a frequency-dependent signal, in determining the amplitude of a frequency corresponding to the alternating current signal frequency, in determining the damping rate of the frequency amplitudes in the pipeline monitorable section and in comparing with predetermined comparison values in the monitoring units of the two ends.

Abstract: A detection membrane is joined to a first surface of an electrolyte membrane. After the detection membrane is hydrogenated, oxygen is supplied to a space facing a second surface of the electrolyte membrane. If the electrolyte membrane has a defect, oxygen leaks to the first surface, resulting in a change in resistance of the detection membrane owing to dehydrogenation of the detection membrane. The defect is recognized by this change. An air electrode is joined to the second surface, and an electric circuit is connected between the detection membrane and the air electrode. After hydrogenating the detection membrane and ionizing oxygen supplied to a space facing the air electrode, oxygen ions permeate through the electrolyte membrane and dehydrogenate the detection membrane. Uniformity of the oxygen ion conductivity is examined by measuring resistance of the detection membrane, which varies depending on the amount of oxygen ions, for each region.

Abstract: A method of controlling a pre-charge process of a data line (21, 22) in an integrated circuit (100) comprises the step of monitoring a rate of change of a voltage applied to the data line (21, 22) for enhancing the security. Further a respective integrated circuit (100) is disclosed.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a comparator, an internal voltage generator, a control signal generator, and a selector. The comparator may compare a reference voltage to an internal voltage and output a comparison signal. The internal voltage generator may generate and output the internal voltage in response to the comparison signal. The control signal generator may generate a control signal. The selector may receive first and second target voltages, and select and output one of the first and second target voltages as the reference voltage in response to the control signal.

Abstract: An automated method is provided for testing an electrical circuit using a system tester. Load leads and sense leads of the tester are connectable to any two points of an electrical circuit, such as in a vehicle system, for displaying in real time the impedance between the tested circuit points. A controller is responsive to various sensed signals to calculate impedance, admittance or conductance, and related parameters, such as available cranking current, and provide results for read out or display. A load may be connected across the circuit points under test, the sensed signals derived from a current sense amplifier, a DC voltage amplifier, a ripple amplifier, and an AC amplifier.

Abstract: There is provided a state detecting method adopted to an insulation resistance detector including the steps of: calculating a difference between the output of the filter when a pulse signal having a first pulse width is applied to the series circuit, and the output of the filter when a pulse signal having a second pulse width shorter than the first pulse width is applied to the series circuit; and detecting the state of the insulation resistance detector based on the calculated difference.

Abstract: A leak in a membrane on top of a horizontal roof deck is located by applying conductive wires on the membrane underneath the aggregate in a grid pattern. A measuring and switching circuit generates voltage having a positive attached to the roof deck and a negative attached to the wires. The circuit has a relay for each wire which can be switched between a current sensor system and the negative potential. The sensor system is arranged to sense at each of the wires in turn the current flowing from the roof deck through any leak in the membrane to the wire. A micro-processor operates the relays in turn to connect all the other wires to the negative as a shield while each wire is sensed. From the output of the grid the changes in current in the x and y directions are analyzed to locate the leak in the membrane.

Abstract: A method of testing a fuse element for a memory device is provided. A first test probe is electrically connected to a program terminal of the memory device. A second test probe is electrically connected to a ground terminal. The fuse element is on an electrical circuit path between the program terminal and the ground terminal. The first and second test probes are electrically connected to a testing device. A first voltage is applied with the testing device between the program terminal and the ground terminal. At least part of a first current of the first voltage flows across the fuse element. The first voltage and the at least part of the first current that flows across the fuse element is not large enough to change the conductivity state of the fuse element. The first current is measured and used to evaluated the conductive state of the fuse element.

Abstract: This invention generally relates to saturation detection circuits, in embodiments for substantially lossless detection of saturation of power switches in power integrated circuits. We describe a saturation detection circuit for detecting saturation of a power semiconductor device, the circuit including a said power semiconductor device having an input terminal and an output terminal, a second semiconductor device connected across said input and output terminals of the power semiconductor device, and a circuit responsive to a current flowing through the second semiconductor device to detect the saturation of the power semiconductor device.