Abstract: The object of the invention is to provide technique and an apparatus for precisely measuring high frequency current that flows in a transmission line of a small impedance load circuit. A current waveform can be measured in wide bandwidth (at high-time resolution) and at high sensitivity without processing DUT (nondestructive) and without having an effect of the impedance of the apparatus (noninvasive) by installing a magnetooptical device in a magnetic field generated based upon current that flows in the transmission line, applying a bias magnetic field to the magnetooptical device by a magnetic field generator, making polarized light incident under the control of a position so that detection sensitivity is maximum and detecting the variation of polarization included in reflected light from the magnetooptical device.

Abstract: A light beam output from a magneto-optical current transducer using the Faraday effect is divided into two output light beams. A first output light beam is applied, via an output polarizer, to a first optical input of a processing unit. A second output light beam is applied to a second optical input of the processing unit. The processing unit converts the two beams into electrical signals U1 and U2, then computes a first quantity R=U1/U2, determines the AC component (RAC) and the DC component (RDC) of the first quantity and deduces therefrom a second quantity S=RAC/RDC enabling the electric current to be measured to be determined.

Abstract: An electro-optic sampling probe is provided, capable of irradiating a plurality of excitation light beams on a plurality of light receiving portions mounted on an IC wafer which is an object for measurement.

Abstract: Harmonic incident radiation is obtained from a silicon nanoparticle microcrystal or microcrystal film. The preferred film comprises silicon nanoparticles, dimensioned on the order of one nanometer, reconstituted into a device quality crystalline film. The microcrystal film emits the second harmonic of incident radiation for excitations in the range of about 600-1000 nm. A preferred device according to the invention includes a silicon nanoparticle microcrystal film formed on a substrate, such as silicon or glass. Crystals of the silicon nanoparticles, due to the harmonic response, also demonstrate the capability to serve as piezoelectric material and as an improved biological marker. Since the emission response of the silicon nanoparticle crystals will be influenced by surrounding electric fields, the microcrystals also provide for electrochromatic mapping of electric field distribution in general and in electronic devices.

Abstract: An electro-optic sampling probe is provided, capable of irradiating a plurality of excitation light beams on a plurality of light receiving portions mounted on an IC wafer which is an object for measurement. The electro-optic sampling probe comprises a plurality of excitation optical system modules which commonly uses an objective lens for condensing the excitation light beams on the IC wafer and a detachable portion for attaching and detaching the excitation optical system module, a second probe body for covering the optical path of a light beam emitted from the excitation optical system module is provided at the rear side of the IC wafer, and at least one of the plurality of excitation optical system modules have an optical axis which differs from those of other modules; thereby at least two excitation light beams can be irradiated on the light receiving portions on the IC wafer surface.

Abstract: Signal losses in an optical cross-connect having steerable switching elements for routing optical signals are substantially reduced by controllably and selectively training the steerable switching elements as a function of measured input and output power of a cross-connected optical signal. More specifically, adjustments to the alignment of one or more steerable switching elements associated with a particular cross-connection are performed in a non-intrusive manner to increase the optical signal power in an optical signal while maintaining an active cross-connection of the optical signal. In one illustrative embodiment, optical monitoring arrangements monitor the optical signal power of optical signals coupled to the cross-connect inputs and outputs. The cross-connect includes a switching fabric comprising a plurality of steerable MEMS mirror elements used as switching elements for controllably and selectively directing the light beams within the cross-connect.

Abstract: An oscilloscope probe with a fiber optic sensor for measuring floating electrical signals, the probe modulating a light energy signal with stable intensity in response to an applied input signal. The modulated signal is sent over a fiber optic cable with the electrical signal by means of a voltage-controlled integrated optical interferometer device, using an electro-optical active crystal. No auxiliary electrical power supply is needed for the sensor head. An analog light signal is produced at the output of the sensor head, and transmitted to a receiver unit over this fiber optic cable. The receiver converts the light into an equivalent electrical signal, and transfers it to an oscilloscope. All components of the sensor head are housed in a sealed metallic, shielded package.

Abstract: There is described a direct current meter with passive input and galvanic insulation, particularly for high voltage. The direct current meter is made up of a passive input part and of an active output part that is optically coupled to the passive part and electrically insulated from it. In this way the high voltage present at the input only affects the passive part of the meter, whereas the active part can be supplied with a low voltage and can be made capable to provide an output signal proportional to the current to be measured and substantially independent from the working temperature.

Abstract: A portion of a torsion bar (6) for axially supporting a movable plate (5) of a planar electromagnetic actuator, is made conducting by diffusing boron therein in a high concentration. An external power source can thus be electrically connected to a planar coil (7) via the torsion bar (6) itself. As a result, the possibility of disconnection faults in the electrical wiring due to back and forth twisting movement of the torsion bar is eliminated, thus improving the durability and reliability of the electromagnetic actuator.

Abstract: A noncontacting power transfer apparatus, a noncontacting signal transfer apparatus, to be referred to below as a power coupler and a signal coupler, respectively, and a separate machine apparatus that uses these couplers are disclosed. The power coupler is composed of a primary side and a secondary side that are fixed to a static unit and rotatable unit of the machine apparatus, respectively, such that its output does not vary with arbitrary rotation by the rotatable unit. The signal coupler is composed of receiving side portion having a electric-to-light conversion device that converts an electric signal to an optical signal of rotational symmetry relative to the axis of rotation of the rotatable unit and a photoelectric conversion device that converts an optical signal to an electric signal. Accordingly, the rotatable unit can be supplied with power from the static unit even while rotating, and moreover, can communicate with the static unit.

Abstract: A noncontacting power transfer apparatus, a noncontacting signal transfer apparatus and a separate machine apparatus that uses these couplers are disclosed. The power coupler is composed of a primary side and a secondary side that are fixed to a static unit and rotatable unit of the machine apparatus, respectively, such that its output does not vary with arbitrary rotation by the rotatable unit. The signal coupler is composed of receiving side portion having a electric-to-light conversion device that converts an electric signal to an optical signal of rotational symmetry relative to the axis of rotation of the rotatable unit and a photoelectric conversion device that converts an optical signal to an electric signal. Accordingly, the rotatable unit can be supplied with power from the static unit even while rotating, and moreover, can communicate with the static unit. Further, the rotatable unit can be easily attached to the static unit and can be removed from the static unit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a slim-type small size mirror galvanometer wherein the mirror displacement angle can be detected, made using semiconductor manufacturing techniques. Using semiconductor manufacturing techniques, a movable plate 5 and a torsion bar 6 for axially supporting the movable plate 5 are formed integrally on a silicon substrate 2, with a planar coil 7 and a total reflecting mirror 8 formed on an upper face of the movable plate 5, and permanent magnets 10A, 10B and 11A, 11B fixedly located so as to produce a magnetic field at the planar coil 7. The direction and quantity of current flowing in the planar coil 7 is controlled to variably control the swing angle of the movable plate 5 depending on the balance between the generated magnetic force and the torsion force in the torsion bar 6. Moreover, detection coils 12A, 12B are provided beneath the movable plate 5, and a detection current is superimposed on the drive current in the planar coil 7.

Abstract: A fiber optics sensor (10) and method for attaining accurate measurement are provided. A polarization maintaining optic fiber (22) forms a linear optical path. An optical element (24) is used to convert linearly polarized light waves to circularly polarized light waves which propagate along the optical path and pass through a sensing medium (24). Because of external stresses and disturbances, the optical element (24) introduces light of the wrong state of polarization into the optical path. The result is a scale factor error in the measurement and an extra incoherent D.C. light detected at the detector (36). The presence and magnitude of the extra incoherent D.C. light is used to provide a normalizing factor to compensate for the scale factor error.

Abstract: A noncontacting power transfer apparatus, a noncontacting signal transfer apparatus, and a separate machine apparatus that uses these couplers are disclosed. The power coupler is composed of a primary side and a secondary side that are fixed to a static unit and rotatable unit of the machine apparatus, respectively, such that its output does not vary with arbitrary rotation by the rotatable unit. The signal coupler is composed of receiving side portion having a electric-to-light conversion device that converts an electric signal to an optical signal of rotational symmetry relative to the axis of rotation of the rotatable unit and a photoelectric conversion device that converts an optical signal to an electric signal. Accordingly, the rotatable unit can be supplied with power from the static unit even while rotating, and moreover, can communicate with the static unit. Further, the rotatable unit can be easily attached to the static unit and can be removed from the static unit.

Abstract: An integrated galvanometer scanning device controllably deflects a beam of light. The device has a planar silicon wafer substrate with front and rear surfaces, first and second longitudinal slots extending from the front surface to the rear surface, and top and bottom grooves extending between the first and second longitudinal slots. The slots and grooves define a central portion of the wafer. A magnet is attached to the rear surface on the central portion of the wafer and a magnetic circuit is attached to the rear surface. A reflective surface is formed on the front surface on the central portion of the wafer. A strain gage on the wafer detects deflection of the reflective surface, and thus beam deflection. The components are integrated into the wafer or formed or mounted on the wafer forming an integrated unitary structure.

Abstract: A detector of ferromagnetic materials having a permanent magnet floating in a contaier and restrained under the influence of a soft ferrite mass spaced below it to rotatable movement about a vertical axis centrally of the container. The magnet has a normal at rest position from which it is rotatable when a ferromagnetic material moves through its magnetic field. The magnet carries a curved mirror onto the concaved face of which a light beam is focused, and which beam in an at rest normal position of the magnet is reflected by the mirror onto a zero point of an observer's readout scale. When the magnet is caused to rotate from its at rest position by a ferromagnetic material moving through its magnetic field, the light beam is caused to move away from the zero point; and when the ferromagnetic material has moved out of the magnetic field, the magnet and light beam return to their normal positions but with some oscillation before doing so.

Abstract: A single mode optical fiber is used to detect electrical currents or magnetic fields from a source to a high degree of accuracy. Phase modulation of an optical beam is used to determine the changes of physical properties of a magnetostrictive material which jackets the fiber or around which the fiber is wound. An electromagnetic field, such as that emanating from a high intensity field wire, is measured by the device which acts as a current transformer and meters peak-to-peak electric currents of approximately 10,000 amperes or more with accuracy exceeding 0.1%. The invention structure of the device provides advantages such as operation safety, EMI immune leads, low cost, light weight, and dielectric construction among others.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device with a winding and pivoting elements, of the galvanometric or logometric type. According to the invention the display device comprises, rigid with its case, a support of electrically insulating material, which carries on the one hand at least one integrated circuit chip serving as a control circuit for the device, and on the other hand a series of strips of electrically conductive material, adapted for connecting the integrated circuit chip and at least one winding of the device and for receiving electrical control signals generated by external circuits.

Abstract: A metal mount of a galvanometer is secured to a plate made of an electrically conductive material via a thin insulating layer in electrically insulated relation to the plate. The thin insulating layer has a thickness within the range of about 10 .mu.m to about 500 .mu.m. The metal mount and the thin insulating layer are cylindrical and are secured to a cylindrical through hole formed in the plate. Or, the metal mount has an L-shaped cross-section. One section of the L-shaped metal mount is secured to the plate by use of bolts, and the other section thereof is secured to the galvanometer by use of screws. In this case, an insulation sheet is positioned between the one section of the L-shaped metal mount and the plate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a laser recording arrangement including a pivotable mirror for redirecting the laser beam in a controlled scan mode plus an associated electro-optical position monitor for monitoring mirror orientation, these being housed in a unitary casting with a particular torsional form of pivot suspension.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a mechanical vibrating element which can be used as a resonator made operative to resonate in a predetermined frequency, a filter having a frequency selecting property or an optical deflector adapted to be mechanically dislocated in accordance with an input signal for deflecting an optical beam. The mechanical vibrating element according to the present invention is characterized in that a single insulating substrate constructs a frame and a moving portion supported by the frame, in that the moving portion is formed with a conductive pattern or a coil, and in that an electric current is fed to the conductor or the coil, while appling a magnetic field in the same direction as the plane direction of the insulating substrate, so that the moving portions may be mechanically vibrated.

Abstract: Switch means having a predetermined number of switch positions normally applies any selected one of the same predetermined number of separate control signals to a galvanometer in accordance with the switch position to which the switch means is operated. However, in response to each operation of the switch means between switch positions, a reference signal is applied to the galvanometer for a given time. This overcomes the degrading effect of hysteresis on galvanometer accuracy.

Abstract: A vibrating coil assembly for mirror galavanometers, light-beam oscillographs and the like having a mirror and a moving coil suspended by taut wires or ribbons. The ends of the wires nearest the moving coil are provided with eyes and a mounting wire is brought through the eyes and a window in the moving coil to form a figure 8 and clamp the moving coil within it. A stiffening tube for receiving the mirror is pushed over a section of the wire adjacent to one eye. The stiffening tube is cast together with the moving coil and the mounting wire by means of a setting compound.

Abstract: An optical null detector design achieves exceptional efficiency of light utilization with a minimum of components providing (1) extremely sharp null recognition, (2) superior long term stability, (3) extremely low power requirement, and (4) minimal size and weight as well as several other desirable properties.The device involves the use of an inherently directional light emitting pattern (DLEP) of optimized geometry, generating nearly all usable light and eliminating several components functionally necessary, though performance limiting in conventional devices. It is particularly suited, though not restricted, to measurement and control applications by means of feedback techniques when high resolution, large dynamic range, and space economy are required simultaneously with sustained effectiveness over long periods of time.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for linearizing the response of a mirror galvanometer or the like to a reference driving signal. An optical assembly transmits through a transmission grating a scanned light beam deflected from a reference signal driven galvanometer mirror. The beam passing through the grating is modulated thereby and received by a photocell. The transmission grating modulates the scanned beam in accordance with the velocity of scan of the light beam and the photocell produces an output signal having a freqency content corresponding to the velocity of the beam. An electrical circuit, in response to the frequency content of the photocell output signal, produces a control signal which is combined with the reference driving signal and applied to the galvanometer to deflect the galvanometer mirror in a manner linearly related to the reference driving signal.

Abstract: An opto-electronic pulse initiator for producing meter data pulses from a meter having a rotating movement. A directionally oriented pattern containing at least two reflective surfaces is driven by the meter movement to sequentially activate first and second optical sensors. The sensors are activated in opposite sequences in response to opposite rotations of the meter movement. A solid state pulse initiating circuit is utilized and includes low power digital integrated circuit elements, including a clocked bistable logic circuit. The optical sensors are connected to the inputs of the bistable logic circuit to produce predetermined mutually opposite binary logic states at the outputs of the bistable circuit, with the logic states corresponding to a given direction of meter movement. Data pulse output channels are controlled by the bistable logic circuit to selectively produce meter data pulses for a predetermined direction of rotation of the meter movement.

Abstract: A deflection apparatus deflects a light beam in accordance with the characteristics of energizing signals to provide a trace of those signal characteristics on a display medium. The assembly includes a plurality of suspension galvanometers each having a coil responsive to an associated one of the signals to deflect a mirror positioned in the path of the light beam which in turn deflects the light beam. The galvanometers are suspended on a rigid supporting structure which is self-aligning. Pole pieces have a plurality of teeth which define secondary air gaps and provide a substantially constant, concentrated flux field for each of the coils. A printed circuit board cooperates with cover members to form a dust free enclosure.

Abstract: A mirror is mounted on a torsion fiber and at right angles to the axis of a light emitting semi-conductor (diode) with front lens. Two silicon photo-detectors are symmetrically positioned to the axis, right next to the lens, but in spaced apart relation for leaving a gap between them through which passes the light. Detectors and diode are mounted in a metal block.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring small angular displacement of any object having an attached light reflective surface. A reflecting mirror is attached to the test object for receiving a light beam from a light source and for reflecting the beam toward an angular excursion amplifier. A beam position detector is included in the angular excursion amplifier together with adjustable means for directing the beam toward the beam position sensor. A second beam is directed toward the angular excursion amplifier for impingement upon a reflector mounted upon the adjustable means in the angular excursion amplifier. The reflected second beam is directed toward a scale having a linear gradient calibrated in terms of angular excursion of the test object. In this fashion minute excursion angles of the test object are presented at the scale as amplified linear sweeps of the reflected second beam.

Abstract: A voltage measuring device for use with an encapsulated, high-voltage switching installation including an inner conductor within a grounded metallic outer tube. The measuring device includes means for widening the outer tube, thereby providing a space for locating certain portions of the measuring device. Positioned in the space formed by the widening means is an auxiliary electrode means, insulated from the outer tube, which forms a capacitor with the inner conductor. Measuring means and servo-indicating means are connected in various ways to the capacitor formed by the auxiliary electrode means and the inner conductor. These measuring means respond to variations in the electrical characteristics of the capacitor thus formed to thereby give an indication of the voltage of the inner conductor.

Abstract: A voltage measuring device is described which is suitable for application to encapsulated, high-voltage switching installations which include an inner conductor surrounded by a grounded metallic outer tube. The device utilizes the fact that an electric field exists between the inner conductor and metallic outer tube. It includes means for widening a portion of the outer tube to thereby form a space for locating certain portions of the measuring device. The device itself includes an electro-optical component, such as a Kerr or Pockels cell which is positioned in the space defined by the widening means, at a distance from the inner conductor which is approximately equal to the distance that the outer tube is located from said inner conductor. A metal layer is positioned on that side of the electro-optical component which is away from the inner conductor. The metal layer is electrically connected to the grounded, metallic outer tube.

Abstract: A deflection apparatus deflects a light beam in accordance with the characteristics of energizing signals to provide a trace of those signal characteristics on a display medium. The assembly includes a plurality of suspension galvanometers each having a coil responsive to an associated one of the signals to deflect a mirror positioned in the path of the light beam which in turn deflects the light beam. The galvanometers are suspended on a rigid supporting structure which is self-aligning. Pole pieces have a plurality of teeth which define secondary air gaps and provide a substantially constant, concentrated flux field for each of the coils. A printed circuit board cooperates with cover members to form a dust free enclosure.