Abstract: A guide assembly to be mounted on a machine-tool or a measuring machine and including a guide rail mountable in the machine-tool or the measuring machine as an independent structural element, and a linear encoder mountable on the guide rail as a separate unit before mounting of the guide rail in the machine-tool or the measuring machine.

Abstract: A linear measuring device comprising a scale fixed on a supporting structure along which a slide can slide. A transducer connected to the slide permits, in cooperation with the scale, determination of at least one coordinate of a point connected to the slide in a system of coordinates connected to the supporting structure. The transducer is fixed to the slide at three points by a mounting device having at each point a screw engaged in a partially threaded opening of a column and a spring. In acting on one of the screws at each of the said points, the spacing can be changed between the detection device and the slide. The spring keeps the spacing as large as the engagement of the screw in the said opening permits. The detection device is of the capacitive or electro-optical type and is mounted on a transducer support. The slide slides by means of rollers, part of the rollers rolling on guide surfaces belonging to the same plane as the surface of the supporting structure to which the scale is fixed.

Abstract: A position measuring device for measuring the relative position of a first object and a second object. The position measuring device having a support body having a measuring representation, wherein the support body is attached to the first object by a translatory seating. A scanning device that scans the measuring representation along a measuring direction X, wherein the scanning device is attached to the second object. The translatory seating having an elastic adhesive layer extending in the measuring direction (X) and positioned between the support body and the first object so that a translatory distance compensation between the support body and the first object is made possible.

Abstract: A position measuring system in which a scale has a reference mark track with two different sequences of reference marks are provided adjacent to an incremental division track. A first sequence of reference marks are disposed at successively different intervals and a second sequence of reference marks are disposed at equal intervals. Two modes of operation are available where either the absolute position is determined by scanning either the first sequence of reference marks or the second sequence of reference marks.

Abstract: An encoder including a measuring standard, a scanner for scanning the grating of the measuring standard, a measuring standard carrier having a groove for receiving the measuring standard, a relatively thin glue layer provided between one of the opposite surfaces of the groove and the measuring standard, and at least one spring element provided between another of the opposite surfaces of the groove and the measuring standard.

Abstract: In the position-measuring arrangement having a groove formed in a housing for the fastening of a measurement embodiment. So that different expansion coefficients of the housing and of the measurement embodiment will cause no measurement errors, the measurement embodiment is fastened longitudinally slidable with respect to the housing in the groove. This is achieved by providing in the zone in which the measurement embodiment is held in the groove a sealing compound. A separating layer is provided between measurement embodiment and sealing compound to provide longitudinal movement.

Abstract: A length measuring system having a scale with a first portion and a second portion separated by a gap, wherein the first and second portions each have incremental graduations. The system further includes a scanner unit for scanning the incremental graduations of the first and second portions, wherein the scanner unit has two groups of scanner elements spaced apart by a greater than the width of the gap. The system has at least one control track parallel to and next to the incremental graduations of the first and second portions. A further scanner element is provided to scan the at least one control track and produce an output signal, wherein the output signal is a function of the absolute position of the first and second portions and controls a switchover from one group of scanner elements to the other group of scanner elements.

Abstract: The housing of a position measuring arrangement is fastened over length balancing elements to a first object such as a slide of a machine tool. A measurement embodiment is mounted over a highly elastic adhesive layer on an inner surface of the housing and is scanned by a scanning arrangement. In order to achieve a low-vibration fastening of the housing, it is supported in supporting zones formed between side surfaces of the housing and the exterior surface of the slide. The free length expansion between the housing and the slide is ensured by providing an elastic adhesive layer in the supporting zone.

Abstract: A location scale and an optical reading sensor for reading the location scale. The location scale comprises bars with a first edge and a second edge, wherein either the first edges or the second edges are located at regular intervals to form an incremental scale. To provide both incremental data and absolute data on the same scale, the bars are of at least two different widths, and any n successive bars on the scale form a unique individual code indicating the absolute location of those n bars on the scale.

Abstract: A scale plate arrangement is adapted to be attached to a machine tool for detecting, for example, position and velocity of an object. The scale plate arrangement includes a scale-plate base and a scale plate which has a scale thereon. The scale plate is welded to the scale-plate base. With this, it is not necessary to use an adhesive or a fixing member to attach the scale plate to the scale-plate base. In case that the scale plate has a magnetic scale and that the scale-plate base is made of a magnetic material, the scale-plate base is formed with a recess which is positioned under the magnetic scale. With this, magnetic influence of the scale-plate base on the magnetic scale can be prevented.

Abstract: An encapsulated measuring apparatus for determining the relative position of two objects is disclosed which comprises a measurement embodiment, a probing means, a hollow member, a seal, an entrainment member, an installation pedestal and at least one additional seal, wherein the measurement embodiment, together with the probing component probing same, is placed into the hollow member, which is closed by means of the seal through which passes the entrainment member which connects the probing component with an object to be measured. The entrainment member is connected, with the installation pedestal. A space between the hollow member and the installation pedestal is shielded against harmful effects from the surroundings by the at least one additional seal. The at least one additional seal is effective outside of a region where the entrainment member passes through its corresponding seal.

Abstract: Scalable measuring apparatus for use by an operator with a laser beam from a laser-level transmitter comprising a vertically disposed grade pole having lower and upper extremities. A laser-level receiver is provided for detecting the laser level beam. A controller is mounted on the grade pole and carries the laser-level receiver. At least a portion of the controller is capable of ascending and descending the grade pole. An indicator is electrically coupled to the laser-level receiver for giving a response perceptible to the operator when the laser beam is detected by the laser-level receiver. The controller has a brake for retaining the controller at a predetermined elevation with respect to the grade pole. The controller is capable of ascending and descending the grade pole which is free of markings.

Abstract: Described is a method of determining the position of a position-control element relative to a reference body, the position-control element or the reference body carrying a first scale with graduations placed at constant intervals, and the reference body or position-control element having a first scanner which, from an analysis of the graduations and from the angles subtended by the distances between the first scanner location and three graduations on the scale, calculates the coordinates of the first scanner location trigonometrically. In order to make it possible to calculate other coordinates and angles of inclination, the method calls for at least one additional scanner mounted a certain distance from the first scanner. All the coordinates of the scanner locations are processed together, allowing for the distance separating the scanners.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring displacement by determining the relative speed between a scale and a scanning plate from reading out a first track twice at different times. From this, correction values for the other tracks are calculated, which represent values from those tracks that would have been read out if all those tracks had been read out at the same time the first track was read out instead of sequentially.

Abstract: A capacitance-type measuring device for absolute measurement of positions is disclosed, which comprises a displacement sensor having a fixed element and a movable element, the movable element being capacitance-coupled to the fixed element and relatively movable against the fixed element, the displacement sensor being adapted to output signals corresponding to relative positions of the movable element against the fixed element, a signal processing circuit for processing the output signals of the displacement sensor and outputting an absolute measurement value corresponding to displacement of the movable element against the fixed element, a control circuit for controlling the operations of the displacement sensor and the signal processing circuit, and a power supply for supplying electric power to the displacement sensor, the signal processing circuit, and the control circuit, wherein the control circuit activates the signal processing circuit at a suitable interval so as to perform an intermittent measurement

Abstract: A tape measure device includes a belt tape member made of a flexible material. A cursor is slidably supported for movement on and along the belt tape member. The cursor includes a housing and an encoder which includes a relative displacement sensor for detecting a relative displacement value between the belt tape member and the cursor. The displacement sensor includes a first electrode made of a conductive ink and printed at predetermined and spaced intervals on and along the belt tape member. The conductive ink first electrode printed on the belt tape member is protectively coated by an electrically nonconductive insulative membrane. A second electrode is provided on the cursor and opposes the first electrode and the insulation membrane. A circuit is provided for creating an electrical capacitance value between the first and second electrodes and for issuing signals in response to a change of electrical capacitance between the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A position measuring instrument for measuring the relative position of two objects movable relative to one another. The position measuring instrument comprises a periodic measurement scale division having a period t and a scanner unit, wherein the scanner unit and the periodic measurement scale division move relative to one another in a measuring direction. In addition, the scanner unit comprises four groups (A-D) each comprising at least four magnetoresistive elements (A.sub.n -D.sub.n) (n=1, 2, 3, 4, . . .), which are interconnected in the form of a series-parallel circuit to form a half bridge circuit having an upper branch and a lower branch. The upper branch comprises a magnetoresistive element from each group (A-D) and the lower branch comprises a corresponding magnetoresistive element from each group (A-D). Furthermore, the magnetoresistive elements of the upper branch are offset from the corresponding magnetoresistive elements of the lower branch by t/2.

Abstract: A measuring carriage for a linear measuring system comprises a measurement sensing entrainment block arranged outside a tubular protective housing defining an interior chamber and a slot sealed by sealing lips in one side thereof. The block comprises a tongue projecting into the interior housing chamber through the slot. Support parts for carrier plates in the interior housing chamber are connected to the entrainment block by the tongue, and the carrier plates hold terminals generating electrical signals derived from sensing a measuring scale by the entrainment block. A connecting cable is attached to, and leads from, the entrainment block, and wires connect the signal generating terminals to the connecting cable, the wires passing from the signal generating terminals to the entrainment block and the connecting cable through a recess in the tongue. The tongue comprises complementary halves which may be fitted together to define the recess therebetween.

Abstract: A scale system for absolute measurement includes at least one scale (1') which extends along a measuring length, and at least one measuring slide which is movable in relation to the scale. The system includes a fine sensor which functions to measure the absolute values within each of the intervals lying along the scale (1'), and further includes a rough sensor which functions to measure the absolute values with regard to the interval in which the fine sensor is located at that time. The scale system further includes at least one rough scale (2', 3') whose scale electrodes (2a, b, 3a, b) define a predetermined angle to the direction in which a measuring slide is moved along the scale, wherein the measuring electrodes of the measuring slide also define a preferably corresponding angle (.alpha.

Abstract: A rotary displacement measuring apparatus includes an axle whose rotary displacement is to be determined, with the axle being mounted to rotate about its long axis. An emitter is mounted on the axle to define a plurality of concentric tracks circumscribing the axle to rotate as the axle rotates, with each of the tracks being segmented to define a plurality of spaced-apart, conductive sections for producing electric fields when energized. Also included is a voltage source for energizing the conductive sections. A detector is disposed adjacent to the tracks of the emitter and includes a plurality of sensors, each positioned adjacent a respective track to detect the electric fields of the respective track as the axle and tracks are rotated. The detector produces signals representing the variation in the electric fields as the emitter is rotated, and these signals provide an indication of the rotary displacement of the tracks and thus of the axle.

Abstract: A distance or position detecting device has a movable member forming a measuring ruler and a detector in the form of a primary coil and a plurality of secondary coils forming together a stationary member. The measuring ruler is movable coaxially inside a hollow core of the primary coil. The measuring ruler is made of a plurality of sections alternating with one another along the length of the ruler, whereby these sections have different discernible characteristics, for example, magnetic characteristics and nonmagnetic characteristics. The individual ruler sections are assembled along the length of the ruler in such a manner that a respective limited number of neighboring ruler sections are arranged in an encoded form so that the encoding provides an absolute position indication. Such a structure is simple and hence cost effective in any of its operational states. An accurate and absolute position indication is thus possible.

Abstract: The measuring device (1) comprises a scale graduation element (3) provided with a number of tracks (9, 13), a pick-up device (5) which comprises a number of sensing elements (4, 6) provided with sensors, which number corresponds to the number of tracks (9, 13), and also comprises a signal processing system (7). The tracks (9, 13) include an incremental track (9) and an absolute track (13). Both tracks are formed as a succession of strip-shaped parts (11, 15), each of which has a property which can be detected by the sensors of the sensing elements (4, 6). This property is dependent on the location on the scale graduation element (3). This property is preferably bivalent. In the signal processing system (7) signals originating from the sensing element (4) associated with the incremental track (9) and signals originating from the sensing element (6) associated with the absolute track (13) are combined.

Abstract: A proboscis and method of use that automatically detects whether or not a disposable tip has been properly picked up. The proboscis features a probe supported on a base movable within a driven housing, a sensing flag with multiple signalling stations being fixed to the base. These allow the sensor cooperating with the flag to be fixed to the frame of an analyzer using this proboscis, rather than to be adjustably attached, so that no adjustment is needed of the sensor's position for recalibration.

Abstract: A tubular protective carrier housing for a length measuring system encased in the carrier housing, the housing having a longitudinal axis and comprising two end parts extending from respective sides of a center part, and fastening devices at the center and end parts for affixing the carrier housing to an object, the housing and the object being subject to thermal expansion. To simplify the structure, the carrier housing itself comprises a length equalizing element at the center part for compensating for differences in the thermal expansion of the housing and object.

Abstract: A combined optical and capacitive absolute positioning encoding system uses a plurality of metallized strips deposited onto a glass scale substrate. A movable transceiver is positioned adjacent to the scale. The transceiver generates interrogating electrical an optical signals which interact with the scale. The movable transceiver also carries with it receiver mechanisms for receiving the signals after interaction with the scale. Signal processing electronics are provided to determine the relative positions of the scale and transceiver by comparing the transmitted, interrogating signals with the received signals. The system is able to determine the relative positions of the scale and transceiver even if power to the system is interrupted, or if the scale and transceiver are moved relative to one another very rapidly.

Abstract: A tape rule or other displacement measuring apparatus comprises a reader means and a member that are relatively movable. The member carries a position track defined by a sequence of alternative markings made in succession along the member. The alternative markings record different values in a pseudo-random sequence which is the result of repetitive operations on a seed consisting of a small number of elements. The sequence has the property that a group of successive markings of length at least equal to that of the seed occurs at a single position in the sequence so that a succession of markings read from the track and of length at least equal to the seed defines an absolute position of the reading means and the member.

Abstract: A length measuring apparatus comprises a measuring device for detecting the position of a marker along a measuring path. The measuring device and the marker are encapsulated in a hermetically sealed housing. A follow-up device is provided for moving the marker to a predetermined position of registration relative to a detectable point, which is disposed outside the housing and is movable along a path which is parallel to and laterally aligned with the measuring path. The follow-up device comprises a device for establishing a non-contacting link between the detectable point and the marker. To provide such an apparatus which has a relatively simple design and a low susceptibility to disturbance and can achieve a high accuracy of measurement. The apparatus comprises a strip that is trained around reversing end pulleys and has a course that extends along the measuring path. The marker is carried by the course.

Abstract: A method and an electronic slide caliper serve for measuring a length. The slide caliper comprises a rule and a slide which is arranged on the rule for longitudinal displacement and which is provided with two sensors which are offset relative to each other in the longitudinal direction in such a way that the zero passages of the signals generated by the sensors will not coincide. In order to be able to measure the lengths even in the presence of considerable drifts, the zero passages (ND) of the signals are determined by determining first maximum values (MX) and minimum values (MN) of the signal values (U) and deriving thereafter the zero passages (ND) as arithmetic mean value. By taking the average of a larger number of zero passages one then determines the respective zero level (U.sub.N).

Abstract: In a capacitive-type linear displacement measuring device, a pick-off body is resiliently biased into sliding contact with a scale. The pick-off body is supported by a flat spring and resiliently biased towards the scale by a leaf spring. The front surface of the scale slides in abutting contact with the front surface of the pick-off body. The flat spring restrains non-axial movement of the pick-off body but permits movement normal to the axial movement so that the pick-off body accurately tracks and remains in abutting contact with the scale as it slides in an axial direction. Changes in capacitance caused by axial displacement of the scale are accurately sensed and changes in capacitance caused by non-axial motion are avoided.

Abstract: A position measuring device for measuring the relative positions of two objects. A scanning unit for scanning a graduation carrier is mounted on a bed of a processing machine through a coupling which is stiff in measuring direction. The coupling includes a first coupling part in the form of a plate fastened to the scanning unit and a second coupling part in the form of a pin having a spherical end face. The pin is fastened to an engagement member mounted on the bed of the processing machine. A sliding layer is provided between the two coupling parts in order to eliminate wear between the two coupling parts and to eliminate measuring inaccuracies.

Abstract: An incremental length measuring system comprises a scale member, which is provided with a measuring scale, a scanning unit having scanning elements for scanning the scale and for generating measured-value signals in response to the scanning of the scale, and an analyzing unit for analyzing the measured-value signals. The scale member comprises a reference track, which is parallel to the measuring scale and provided with a plurality of selectable reference marks associated with respective reference points. The scanning unit comprises a plurality of scanning elements associated with respective ones of the reference marks. A selector switch is provided, which is movable in unison with the scanning unit and is operable by permanent magnet devices, which are associated with any of the reference marks when it has been selected and are contained in a protective housing that contains the scale member and the scanning unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a measurement system magnetic coupler. The system comprises reader head apparatus for establishing a measurement related to the location of a physical structure moveable along a predetermined path. The system also includes a magnet for coupling the reader head apparatus to the physical structure by magnetic attraction between the magnet, the reader head apparatus, and the physical structure.

Abstract: An optical metrological scale produced by a rolling method, to give a profiled upper scale surface which is imparted by an embossing roller. To prevent uneven strains, which could affect the pitch of the scale, the support roller has a similar embossing profile, so that the lower side of the scale is also given a profiled surface. The embossing roller is freely rotatable, while the support roller is driven.

Abstract: An absolute measuring scale system comprising a scale which extends along a measuring length, and a measuring head which is movable relative to the scale. The system further includes a fine-measurement sensor which is intended to measure the absolute values within each of a multiple of intervals lying sequentially along the scale, and a coarse-measurement sensor intended to measure the absolute values with regard to the interval within which the fine-measurement sensor is located at that moment. The invention is characterized in that the scale (2) comprises a carrier made of a transparent and form-stable material, preferably glass, which has provided on its surface an outer coating or layer which forms an opaque pattern (3, 4). The pattern formed along the length of the scale (2) forms transparent, mutually parallel binary code tracks (12), preferably in accordance with the so-called Grey-code.

Abstract: A securing device composed of a plurality of components for a measuring apparatus used for determining the positions of two structural members which are movable relative to each other. The measuring apparatus includes a graduation, a carrier member carrying the graduation and a scanning device for scanning the graduation. The scanning device is guided at a constant distance from the graduation. The scanning device is fastened to one of the movable structural members by means of an assembly base. Spacer members are used for maintaining the securing device in an intended position relative to the carrier member. Each component of the securing device is a unit which can be separately attached to the carrier member. The components include interacting elements for connecting the components in a securing position.

Abstract: An arrangement for measuring the distance between the axles or wheels of a vehicle. A roadway with at least one sensing sill. A sensing section along the roadway with one end a maximum length from the sill corresponding to the smallest spacing between axles to be measured and another end a minimum length from the sill corresponding to the largest spacing between axles to be measured. A first wheel on a first axle of the vehicle being located at the sensing sill and a second wheel on a second axle on the vehicle being located on the sensing section when measuring the distance between the two axles by using the distance measured between the second wheel and the sensing sill.

Abstract: A scale arrangement is designed for monitoring relative displacement between first and second members. The scale arrangement comprises an elongated scale having end portions at both ends thereof, a pair of receptacles respectively receiving the end portions, a hollow member receiving the scale therein, the hollow member being formed into essentially quadrate cross section, a head slidingly mounted on the scale for axial movement therealong for reading scale to generate a read scale indicative signal, a head slider associated with the head for axial movement with the head, the end portions, the receptacles and the head sliders being positioned on respectively associated one of first and second members with respect to the end portions, position of the head slider being determined with respect to a reference plane set on the outer peripheral plane on the hollow member in relation to the end portion.

Abstract: A scale member is provided with a scale, which can be optoelectronically scanned. In association with that scale, a scanning unit is provided, which comprises scanning sets for generating measured-value signals, and an evaluating unit is provided for deriving digital countable signals from said measured-value signals. A reference track comprising a plurality of reference marks is provided on the scale member and is parallel to the scale and the scanning unit comprises scanning sets for scanning the reference track. A control circuit is provided, which permits a generation or delivery of reference pulses only in response to the scanning of selected ones of the reference marks. To permit such selection, the scale member is provided with a control track, which can be scanned by the same method as the scale and the reference marks and which has a signal-generating characteristic which varies along the scale so that a signals have different levels are generated by an associated scanning set.

Abstract: The incremental measuring system comprises a scale member with an incremental scale and a scanning unit comprising scanning sets for generating analog measured-value signals in response to the scanning of the scale. The system also comprises an evaluating unit for deriving digital countable signals from the analog measured-value signals and for generating a reference pulse. At least one pair of reference marks are spaced along the scale on a carrier releasably fixed to the scale member. The scanning unit comprises a reference mark scanning set to scan the reference marks and connected to the evaluating unit. A reference point which registers with a selected increment of the scale is disposed on the carrier between the reference marks of the pair and can be defined by the distances from the reference point to the reference marks, and these distances are stored in a memory.

Abstract: The invention is related to a system of identification of the location of a matrix-like sample tray on a plane (2) in an equipment for the treatment of the samples. The sample tray is placed in a frame having an L-shaped electrically conductive piece (8). The equipment for the treatment comprises a number, corresponding to the number of vertical lines of the tray, electrically conductive strips (9), a number, corresponding to the number of horizontal lines, electrically conductive strips (10), and means for transmitting an electric signal to the strips of the vertical line and for receiving from the strips of the horizontal lines.

Abstract: An incremental measuring system comprises a scale member provided in one track with a measuring scale, and an optoelectronic scanning unit for generating measured-valve signals in response to a scanning of the scale. The scale member is provided in an additional track with two or more reference marks and the scanning unit is operable to scan the reference marks and to generate reference signals in response to the scanning of the additional track at one or more selectable reference points provided with such reference marks. The scale member and the scanning unit are encapsulated in an enclosure, which is formed with a slot, which is covered by a seal. An actuating member for the scanning unit extends through the slot past the seal. Covers for covering at least part of the reference marks are provided and are adapted to be inserted and/or removed into and from the enclosure or shifted along the tracks by a positioning member, which extend through apertures formed in the enclosure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a measurement system having multiple display orientations. The measurement system comprises a reader head having a reader element, and a display module. The reader element is configured for lateral movement with respect to a calibrated reference member for making a measurement relative to a reference position on the calibrated reference member. The display module is for displaying a measurement and includes coupling hardware for connecting the display module to the reader head so that the display module can be read horizontally independent of whether the reader head is oriented horizontally, vertically, or in some other direction.

Abstract: The length measuring system comprises a scale member provided with a scale and a scanning unit, which is movable along the scale and is guided by the scale member or by separate tracks, which are parallel to the scale and is coupled to an actuating member by a backlashless coupling. The two coupling elements of the coupling cross each other and are in point contact with each other and having engaging surfaces which are centered on axes which are normal to the longitudinal direction of the scale member. A backlash of the coupling is prevented by a permanent magnetic biasing set, which comprises parts which are respectively connected to the actuating member and to the scanning unit and consist of two permanent magnets or of a permanent magnet and an armature.

Abstract: Disclosed is a measurement system having reader element standoff. The system comprises a calibrated reference member for use with a reader head in making a measurement. The system also includes a reader head comprising a reader element configured to move laterally with respect to the calibrated reference member for making the measurement relative to a reference position on the calibrated reference member. Also, standoff structure is provided for establishing a variable standoff distance between the reader element and the calibrated reference member while substantially invariably maintaining a fixed lateral position of the reader element within the reader head.

Abstract: A position measuring device including an adjusting device for a sensing device of a graduation. The sensing device is adjustable relative to the graduation by the adjusting device. For the adjustment, the sensing device has three oblong holes whose longitudinal axes extend perpendicularly to each other. A cylindrical pin fixed in the adjusting device engages in one of the oblong holes. Two adjusting screws which have eccentric portions and engage in the oblong holes are used for adjusting the adjusting device in radial and tangential directions, so that the sensing device can be adjusted exactly relative to the graduation of the position measuring device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a measurement system for providing a direct reading of a position on either side of a reference position. The system comprises a reader head including a reader element configured to move laterally with respect to a calibrated reference member for making a measurement relative to a reference position. The measurement system also includes mode display apparatus for increasing or decreasing the measurement which is displayed as the reader element moves away from or toward a selected side of the reference position.

Abstract: A position measuring device for measuring the relative position of two objects (01, 02) comprising a graduation (Ta) in a graduation plane (TFa) of the graduation carrier (TTa) which is connected to one of the objects (01). The object (01) is scanned by a scanning unit (A) which is connected to the other object (02) by means of a carrier (MT). Between the carrier (MT) and the scanning unit (A), a coupling link (K), preferably in the form of a leaf spring, is aligned in the direction of measurement X. This spring has only one rotational degree of freedom in a direction perpendicular to the graduation surface (TFa) of the graduation carrier (TTa). A guide mechanism (F) comprises a guide element (FE) which guides the scanning unit (A) in a direction parallel to the direction of measurement X on a guide surface (FFa) of the graduation carrier (TTa). The guide surface (FFa) is perpendicular to the graduation surface (TFa) of the graduation carrier (TTa).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for obtaining an actual measurement in feet and inches of the distance between two points which appear on a scaled drawing by adjusting a first and second indicator to locate on the drawing a first and second point, and generating a voltage signal corresponding to the distance between the two points. A converter then converts the voltage signal to a frequency signal which is received by a first counter which generates a first binary count in response thereto. Logic gates couple the first counter to a second counter which generates a second binary count which is incremented by the first counter when the first counter reaches twelve. The first and second binary counts represent the feet and inches, respectively, portion of the measurement, and the actual measurement in feet and inches is displayed on liquid crystal displays mounted in the housing of the apparatus.

Abstract: A method of mountng a measuring device for measuring the relative positions of two objects, such as, the bed and the carriage of the machine, wherein a graduation of an embodiment of measure is scanned without contact by a scanning device. The embodiment of measure is initially aligned and mounted on the first of two objects. The scanning device is mounted on an auxiliary device and is exactly calibrated relative to the graduation of the embodiment of measure. The scanning device is displaced guided on the embodiment of measure by means of the auxiliary device until a stop surface of the second object is reached. The scanning device is fastened with the intermediate arrangement of an attachment device on the stop surface of the second object in such a way that the calibration of the scanning device relative to the graduation is maintained. The auxiliary device is then loosened and removed from the scanning device.

Abstract: A method and an electronic slide caliper serve for measuring a length. The slide caliper comprises a rule and a slide which is arranged on the rule for longitudinal displacement and which is provided with two sensors which are offset relative to each other in the longitudinal direction in such a way that the zero passages of the signals generated by the sensors will not coincide. In order to be able to measure the lengths even in the presence of considerable drifts, the zero passages (ND) of the signals are determined by determining first maximum values (MX) and minimum values (MN) of the signal values (U) and deriving thereafter the zero passages (ND) as arithmetic mean value. By taking the average of a larger number of zero passages one then determines the respective zero level (U.sub.N).