Abstract: The present invention discloses a highly charged Nickel ion optical clock and its implementation method. It uses Ni12+ ions as the clock's reference system, which provides superior anti-interference capabilities and measurement precision compared to conventional low-charge-state ion optical clocks. The Ni12+ ions possess two transition spectral lines at 498 nm and 511 nm that can serve as clock transitions. Utilizing both 498 nm and 511 nm lasers enables a single ion reference system to output two clock signals, allowing for mutual verification. Frequency calibration using these two laser frequencies facilitates the timely detection of operational issues through abrupt changes in their frequency ratio. This approach avoids the problem inherent in a single optical frequency clock, where losing synchronization with the time reference can result in immediately undetectable, erroneous clock signal outputs, thereby significantly enhancing the overall stability of the optical clock.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to systems and methods for use in the implementation and/or operation of quantum information processing (QIP) systems, and more particularly, to provide stabilization of a position of an ion trap via displacement of one or more piezoelectric elements.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a chip-scale atomic beam system comprising an atomic vapor source, a plurality of channels, and a propagation chamber. The atomic vapor source chamber can comprise an atomic vapor source configured to emit an atomic vapor. The plurality of channels can have first ends and second ends. The first ends can be in fluid communication with the atomic vapor source chamber. The plurality of channels can be configured to collimate the atomic vapor as it moves through the plurality of channels from the first ends to the second ends. The propagation chamber can be in fluid communication with the second ends of the plurality of channels. The propagation chamber can have an internal pressure less than an internal pressure of the atomic vapor source chamber to enable the collimated atomic vapor to propagate through the propagation chamber.

Abstract: A computer-assisted method for the dimensioning of a magnetron cavity for an atomic clock, in particular for a hydrogen maser, the cavity being substantially cylindrical and including at least two curved electrodes disposed along a circular arc and delimiting a substantially cylindrical space of predetermined radius r, the cavity also including a substantially cylindrical storage bulb of radius rB disposed in said space such that there is a radial interstice ei between the at least two electrodes and the storage bulb.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a chip-scale atomic beam system comprising an atomic vapor source, a plurality of channels, and a propagation chamber. The atomic vapor source chamber can comprise an atomic vapor source configured to emit an atomic vapor. The plurality of channels can have first ends and second ends. The first ends can be in fluid communication with the atomic vapor source chamber. The plurality of channels can be configured to collimate the atomic vapor as it moves through the plurality of channels from the first ends to the second ends. The propagation chamber can be in fluid communication with the second ends of the plurality of channels. The propagation chamber can have an internal pressure less than an internal pressure of the atomic vapor source chamber to enable the collimated atomic vapor to propagate through the propagation chamber.

Abstract: A mounting apparatus for suspending an intercalated compound includes spring connectors that couple to an intercalated complex that comprises the intercalated compound in an enclosure. The spring connectors exert spring forces on the intercalated complex that cause it to be suspended between the spring connectors during operation. In doing so, the intercalated compound is thermally isolated relative to the exterior of the enclosure it is disposed in. The mounting apparatus can be used as part of an atomic clock sensor.

Abstract: In a general aspect, a quantum spectrum sensing system is presented. In some implementations, a system includes a laser system, a vapor cell sensor, an optical detector, and a signal processing system. The laser system includes a first laser that generates a first laser signal; a comb generator that produces a frequency comb signal based on the first laser signal; and a second laser generates a second laser signal. The vapor cell sensor includes a vapor and receives input optical signals based on the frequency comb signal and the second laser signal. The vapor cell sensor produces output optical signals based on interactions of the vapor with the input optical signals and electromagnetic radiation. The signal processing system processes the output optical signals to identifying signals in the electromagnetic radiation that are off resonance with a transition frequency between Rydberg states of the vapor.

Abstract: An evaluation method evaluates characteristics of laser light in an optical apparatus. The optical apparatus includes a laser light source that emits laser light, a detector that detects laser light, and an optical shutter that switches between irradiation of the detector with laser light and cut-off of laser light to the detector. The evaluation method includes transmitting to the optical shutter, an instruction to switch between irradiation and cut-off, obtaining temporal change in quantity of light detected by the detector during a period from transmission of the instruction until completion of switching, and evaluating characteristics of laser light based on the obtained temporal change.

Abstract: A silicon-based atomic clock for use in an electronic device structured to employ spin-dependent recombination in the silicon crystal. In at last one implementation, a source of energy configured to excite the impurity atoms within the silicon crystal includes a source of thermal energy but not a source of light or a source of broadband light that is not matched to said energy level transition of the impurity atoms.

Abstract: Ovens for atomic clocks may include a body including a cavity within the body. A plurality of heating elements may be distributed around the body, each heating element of the plurality including coils of electrically resistive material. An arrangement of the plurality of heating elements may be such that far fields of magnetic fields having opposite polarities induced by respective coils of the heating elements overlap.

Abstract: A method for controlling an atomic clock is described. The method includes receiving, at a processor, a request including an operational mode of multiple operational modes for the atomic clock. The atomic clock includes a local oscillator, a vapor cell, a detector, and a local oscillator controller. The vapor cell includes atoms and receives from the local oscillator a signal having a frequency. The signal causes transitions of the atoms between atomic energy states. The detector detects the transitions and provides to the local oscillator controller an error signal based on the transitions. The error signal indicates a difference between the frequency and a target frequency. The local oscillator controller controls the local oscillator based on the error signal. The processor determines, based on the operational mode, values for control parameters for the atomic clock. The atomic clock is controlled using the values of the parameters.

Abstract: A quantum interference device according to the present invention includes a light generating unit configured to generate an excitation light having at least two frequency components, an alkali metal atom cell to which the excitation lights are emitted, a light detecting unit configured to detect a transmitted light from the alkali metal atom cell, and a control unit configured to execute a frequency determination process to determine a resonance frequency in a quantum interference state to be a reference based on the transmitted light. Then, the control unit is configured to detect resonance frequencies in at least two quantum interference states from the transmitted light, and control the frequency determination process based on the detected resonance frequencies in the at least two quantum interference states and magnetic field information representing preset variation amounts of the resonance frequencies in the at least two quantum interference states with respect to a magnetic field.

Abstract: A method for implementing an atomic clock based on NV-15N coupling spin system in diamond and a device are provided. The method includes: applying a pulse sequence to jointly initialize NV electron spins and 15N nuclear spins; performing a Ramsey interferometry to compare a RF frequency and a 15N hyperfine coupling; entangling the NV electron spin and the nuclear spin, reading out a state of nuclear spins by collecting a fluorescence signal; calculating a frequency difference between the RF frequency and the 15N hyperfine coupling according to the fluorescence signal, thereby locking the RF frequency to the 15N hyperfine coupling; and outputting the RF frequency as a frequency standard.

Abstract: An atomic clock is provided. An output of a tunable LO is coupled to a user output of the atomic clock. A charge pump adjusts the tunable LO with a LO tuning voltage. A follower circuit sets an output frequency of the atomic clock to a frequency of an external reference signal coupled to an external reference input. An atom referenced circuit sets the output frequency of the atomic clock to a frequency based on stored operating settings. A controller stores then current operating settings generated based on a then current external reference signal coupled to the external reference input. The controller is further configured to apply the stored then current operating settings to the atom referenced circuit when the then current external reference signal is removed from the external reference input to maintain the output frequency of the atomic clock at the output frequency set by the follower circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to (1) a MASER (microwave or molecular amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) that can operate effectively in environments as warm as (but not limited to) typical room temperature and pressure, comprised of (i) pump to provide energy through electricity or electromagnetic waves, (ii) a resonator cavity, (iii) an output coupler, (iv) supporting structural material, and (v) a gain medium of guest and host molecules selected and configured so as to allow for emission in desired frequencies such as those widely recognized for wireless communication (between 3 MHz and 300 GHz) and those desired for wireless power transmission (including but not limited to 2.45 GHz and 5.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator of the present invention includes: a light generator that generates a first excitation light having a designed single wavelength, and also generates a second excitation light containing two frequency components by performing frequency modulation at a designated frequency modulation power; an alkali metal atom gas cell to which the second excitation light containing the two frequency components is emitted while a frequency difference between the two frequency components is changed; a measuring unit that measures a transmitted light amount through the alkali metal atom gas cell; and a calculating unit that calculates the frequency modulation power based on a distribution of the transmitted light amount with respect to the frequency difference between the two frequency components of the second excitation light measured every time the wavelength of the first excitation light and the frequency modulation power are changed by the light generator.

Abstract: In a described example, an apparatus includes a package substrate having a device side surface and a board side surface opposite the device side surface, a physics cell mounted on the device side surface having a first end and a second end, a first opening extending through the package substrate and lined with a conductor, aligned with the first end, a second opening extending through the package substrate and lined with the conductor, aligned with the second end, a millimeter wave transmitter module on the board side, having a millimeter wave transfer structure including a transmission line coupled to an antenna aligned with the first opening, and a millimeter wave receiver module mounted on the board side surface of the package substrate and having a millimeter wave transfer structure including a transmission line coupled to an antenna for receiving millimeter wave signals, aligned with the second opening.

Abstract: According to some aspects of the present disclosure, an atomic clock and methods of forming and/or using an atomic clock are disclosed. In one embodiment, an atomic clock includes: a light source configured to illuminate a resonance vapor cell; a narrowband optical filter disposed between the light source and the resonance vapor cell and arranged such that light emitted from the light source passes through the narrowband optical filter and illuminates the resonance vapor cell. The resonance vapor cell is configured to emit a signal corresponding to a hyperfine transition frequency in response to illumination from the light source, and a filter cell is disposed between the light source and the resonance vapor cell and configured to generate optical pumping. An optical detector is configured to detect the emitted signal corresponding to the hyperfine transition frequency.

Abstract: An atom trap integrated platform (ATIP) comprises a substrate, a membrane, and a suspended waveguide. The substrate has an opening formed therein. The membrane extends across a portion of the substrate opening. The suspended waveguide is formed on the membrane such that the suspended waveguide extends from a first edge of the substrate to a second edge. A magneto-optical trap (MOT) is formed around the suspended waveguide by emitting a plurality of cooling beams and a repump through the substrate opening. Evanescent fields are established above the suspended waveguide by coupling two trapping beams through the suspended waveguide, which trapping beams are red-detuned and blue-detuned with respect to the resonant optical transition of the atoms. By forming the MOT within the evanescent fields, an evanescent field optical trap (EFOT) is formed.

Abstract: In a clock apparatus, a signal waveguide includes: a gas cell having a sealed interior; and a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior. A first apparatus is configured to provide a first electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a first direction. A second apparatus is configured to provide a second electromagnetic wave through the sealed interior along a second direction, in which the second direction is opposite the first direction. Also, the clock apparatus includes receiving apparatus coupled to the signal waveguide and configured to detect an amount of energy in the second electromagnetic wave passing through the dipolar gas.

Abstract: A system for a Rydberg atom based quantum communications transceiver is provided. The system may include a laser source for generating a photon. The system may also include one or more optical elements to create a pair of entangled photons from a generated photon, wherein the pair of entangled photons comprises a first entangled photon and a second entangled photon. The system may further include a radio-frequency (RF) based element to generate a quantum communication path from the pair of entangled photons by creating two Rydberg atom vapor cells (RAVC) that are entangled such that entangled photons may transfer or communicate their entangled state to Rydberg atoms within the Rydberg atom vapor cells (RAVCs) and form at least one entangled link with the other, the communication path comprising the least one entangled link. The system may also include one or more photon receivers, which may use at least one translation technique, to translate entangled state of each of the Rydberg atom vapor cells (RAVC).

Abstract: Methods of using vapor cells may involve providing a vapor cell including a body defining a cavity within the body. At least a portion of at least one surface of the vapor cell within the cavity may include at least one pore having an average dimension of about 500 microns or less, as measured in a direction parallel to the at least one surface. A vapor pressure of a subject material within the cavity may be controlled utilizing the at least one pore by inducing an exposed surface of a subject material in a liquid state within the at least one pore to have a shape different than a shape the exposed surface of the subject material in a liquid state would have on a flat, nonporous surface.

Abstract: This atomic resonator for causing a resonance frequency by CPT resonance includes: a gas cell having alkali metal atoms enclosed; a photodetector configured to detect light having passed through the gas cell and convert the light to an electric signal; a high-frequency oscillator configured to receive the electric signal and output the signal after a frequency thereof is divided by two; and a laser light source configured to modulate and introduce, into the gas cell, light based on the signal output from the high-frequency oscillator. The high-frequency oscillator has an injection-locked frequency divider circuit including an acoustic resonator as an oscillation element.

Abstract: Some variations provide an atomic vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured with vapor-cell walls for containing an atomic vapor; and a coating disposed on at least some interior surfaces of the walls, wherein the coating comprises magnesium oxide, a rare earth metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The atomic vapor-cell system may be configured to allow at least one optical path through the vapor-cell region. In some embodiments, the coating comprises or consists essentially of magnesium oxide and/or a rare earth metal oxide. When the coating contains a rare earth metal oxide, it may be a lanthanoid oxide, such as lanthanum oxide. The atomic vapor-cell system preferably further comprises a device to adjust vapor pressure of the atomic vapor within the vapor-cell region. Preferably, the device is a solid-state electrochemical device configured to convey the atomic vapor into or out of the vapor-cell region.

Abstract: In a described example, an apparatus includes a package substrate having a device side surface and a board side surface opposite the device side surface, a physics cell mounted on the device side surface having a first end and a second end, a first opening extending through the package substrate and lined with a conductor, aligned with the first end, a second opening extending through the package substrate and lined with the conductor, aligned with the second end, a millimeter wave transmitter module on the board side, having a millimeter wave transfer structure including a transmission line coupled to an antenna aligned with the first opening, and a millimeter wave receiver module mounted on the board side surface of the package substrate and having a millimeter wave transfer structure including a transmission line coupled to an antenna for receiving millimeter wave signals, aligned with the second opening.

Abstract: Exemplary methods, apparatuses, and systems include a media temperature manager receiving operating temperature measurements for a memory subsystem. The media temperature manager generates an average temperature using the operating temperature measurements. The media temperature manager determines that the average temperature satisfies a first value for a dynamic temperature threshold. The dynamic temperature threshold indicates a temperature at which the memory subsystem throttles media operations. The media temperature manager increases the dynamic temperature threshold to a second value in response to the average temperature satisfying the first value for the dynamic temperature threshold.

Abstract: The invention is related to a novel atomic clock developed by taking into basis Quantum mechanics and the spin-spin status of the electrodes that have been trapped. The disadvantages such as radioactivity perceived in atomic clocks, half life and shelf life are prevented by means of the invention.

Abstract: A physics package for an atomic clock is provided herein. The atomic clock may include a resonance cell storing alkali vapor having first and second hyperfine ground states and an excited state, a light source to transmit light through the resonance cell at a frequency corresponding to electronic decay from the excited state to the first ground state, and a photodetector to receive light from the light source. The physics package may include a laser, and controller circuitry to, at a first time, allow light from the laser to optically pump the alkali vapor from the first hyperfine ground state to the excited state; and at a second time, allow the photodetector to receive light source light from the resonance cell while inhibiting light from the laser from optically pumping the alkali vapor in the resonance cell.

Abstract: A clock generator includes a hermetically sealed cavity and clock generation circuitry. A dipolar molecule in the hermetically sealed cavity has a quantum rotational state transition at a fixed frequency. The clock generation circuitry generates an output clock signal based on the fixed frequency of the dipolar molecule. The clock generation circuitry includes a detection circuit, a reference oscillator, and control circuitry. The detection circuit generates a first detection signal and a second detection signal representative of amplitude of signal at an output of the hermetically sealed cavity responsive to a first sweep signal and a second sweep signal input to the hermetically sealed cavity. The control circuitry sets a frequency of the reference oscillator based on a difference in time of identification of the fixed frequency of the dipolar molecule in the first detection signal and the second detection signal.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a molecular clock includes a waveguide gas cell containing gas molecules having a rotational spectral line with a first frequency a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a clock signal, a transmitter referenced to the clock signal to generate a probing signal for transmission through the waveguide gas cell, and a receiver to receive the probing signal transmitted through the waveguide gas cell and interacting with gas molecules. The receiver can include a filter circuit configured to filter out even harmonic components from the received signal and can further include a lock-in detector to generate an error signal indicating an offset between the first frequency and the second frequency. The error signal is fed back to control generation of the VCO clock signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods providing non-contact confinement and vibration isolation of electromagnetic resonators are provided herein. In certain embodiments, a device includes an electromagnetic resonator body. The device further includes a frame enclosing a volume, wherein the electromagnetic resonator is located within the volume. Additionally, the device includes a plurality of body electrodes mounted on the electromagnetic resonator body. Also, the device includes a plurality of frame electrodes mounted on the frame. Moreover, the device includes an electrode controller, wherein the electrode controller drives the plurality of frame electrodes to isolate the electromagnetic resonator body from vibrations to the frame by allowing a rattle space between external surfaces of the electromagnetic resonator body and internal surfaces of the frame to approach but be greater than zero.

Abstract: A quantum interference device includes a light emitting element; and an atomic cell on which light from the light emitting element is incident. The atomic cell accommodates alkali metal atoms therein, and a coating film containing a polydiyne compound or a polydiene compound is disposed on an inner wall of the atomic cell.

Abstract: A clock generator includes a hermetically sealed cavity and clock generation circuitry. A dipolar molecule that exhibits a quantum rotational state transition at a fixed frequency is disposed in the cavity. The clock generation circuitry is configured to generate an output clock signal based on the fixed frequency of the dipolar molecule. The clock generation circuitry includes a detector circuit, a multiplier, and reference oscillator control circuitry. The detector circuit is coupled to the cavity, and is configured to generate a detection signal representative of an amplitude of a signal at an output of the cavity. The multiplier is coupled to the detector circuit, and is configured to multiply the detection signal with a mixing signal to produce a derivative of the detection signal. The reference oscillator control circuitry is configured to set a frequency of a reference oscillator based on the derivative of the detection signal.

Abstract: A gas cell includes a cell having a principal chamber having a coating material film formed on an inside wall, a reservoir arranged with the principal chamber along the longitudinal direction and communicating with to the principal chamber, a reinforcement section extending from the reservoir side of the principal chamber in an X-axis direction along the reservoir, an opening section disposed on an opposite side of the reservoir to the principal chamber, and a sealing section adapted to block the opening section, and an alkali metal gas encapsulated in the principal chamber, and the reinforcement section is provided with one of at least one hole and at least one groove.

Abstract: In described examples, a physics cell includes: a laser source configured to emit light towards an atomic chamber containing an atomic gas; a photodetector configured to receive emissions from the atomic chamber; and a field coil for generating a magnetic field in the atomic chamber. An electronics circuit includes: a controller circuit coupled to the photodetector output and having control outputs to a digital to analog converter circuit; the digital to analog converter circuit having a coil current output to adjust the magnetic field, a modulation control output to control a modulation of the light, and having an output to control a voltage controlled oscillator; and a radio-frequency output circuit having a voltage controlled oscillator coupled to the output of the digital to analog converter circuit outputting a radio frequency signal to the laser source in the physics cell.

Abstract: A multi-frequency laser system comprises a master oscillator to generate a master beam and an arm splitter to split the master beam into a first beam and a second beam. The first beam is provided to a primary mode arm for generation of a primary mode beam and the second beam is provided to a sideband mode arm for generation of a sideband mode beam. The sideband beam arm comprises a modulator to modulate the second beam to generate a beam comprising sidebands; a filter to select a particular sideband mode from the beam comprising sidebands; an amplifier cavity to amplify the particular sideband mode and suppress other residual modes; and an acousto-optical modulator to shift the frequency of each mode of an amplified selected sideband beam to generate a sideband mode beam. The primary and sideband mode beams are provided in a coordinated manner to enact a quantum gate.

Abstract: A millimeter wave apparatus, with a substrate, a transceiver in a first fixed position relative to the substrate, and a gas cell in a second fixed position relative to the substrate. The clock apparatus also comprises at least four waveguides.

Abstract: Some variations provide an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal vapor cell with a solid ionic conductor and intercalable-compound electrodes. The intercalable-compound electrodes are used as efficient sources and/or as sinks for alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atoms, thus enabling electrical control over metal atom content in the vapor cell. Some variations provide a vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured to allow a vapor-cell optical path into a vapor-cell vapor phase; a first electrode; a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode, wherein the second electrode contains an intercalable compound intercalated by an element selected from Rb, Cs, Na, K, or Sr; and an ion-conducting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The ion-conducting layer is ionically conductive for at least one ionic species selected from Rb+, Cs+, Na+, K+, or Sr2+. The intercalable compound is preferably a carbonaceous material, such as graphite.

Abstract: Some variations provide an atomic vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured with vapor-cell walls for containing an atomic vapor; and a coating disposed on at least some interior surfaces of the walls, wherein the coating comprises magnesium oxide, a rare earth metal oxide, or a combination thereof. The atomic vapor-cell system may be configured to allow at least one optical path through the vapor-cell region. In some embodiments, the coating comprises or consists essentially of magnesium oxide and/or a rare earth metal oxide. When the coating contains a rare earth metal oxide, it may be a lanthanoid oxide, such as lanthanum oxide. The atomic vapor-cell system preferably further comprises a device to adjust vapor pressure of the atomic vapor within the vapor-cell region. Preferably, the device is a solid-state electrochemical device configured to convey the atomic vapor into or out of the vapor-cell region.

Abstract: A timing signal generation device includes a GPS receiver, an atomic oscillator, a phase comparator, a frequency abnormality determination unit, a sensor unit, and a determination unit. The GPS receiver outputs 1 PPS. The atomic oscillator 30 outputs a clock signal for synchronization with 1 PPS. The phase comparator compares 1 PPS and the clock signal in phase. The frequency abnormality determination unit determines whether or not the frequency of the clock signal is abnormal, by using a comparison result of the phase comparator, and outputs frequency abnormality information including a determination result. The sensor unit detects environment information which has an influence on the comparison result. The determination unit determines a cause of the abnormality by using the frequency abnormality information and the environment information.

Abstract: An alkali-metal vapor cell atomic clock system, including a first atomic vapor cell and a second atomic vapor cell. A digital signal processor outputs a first time sequence to control a first laser signal, and the digital signal processor outputs a second time sequence to control a second laser signal. Thereby, the first atomic vapor cell and the second atomic vapor cell can alternately lock a crystal oscillator. A Dick effect is reduced by alternately locking the crystal oscillator, which enables the alkali-metal vapor cell atomic clock system to have more stable frequency output. Because the crystal oscillator has low costs, the alkali-metal vapor cell atomic clock system has advantages of low costs and high stability.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator includes an atom cell that accommodates an alkali metal atom, a container that accommodates the atom cell, a heating device that is disposed in the container and heats the atom cell, a substrate on which the container is disposed, and a positioning member that is disposed on the substrate and positions the container. The atom cell is pressed against the container toward the heating device. The heating device is pressed against the container toward the atom cell, and the container is in turn pressed against the positioning member.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator includes: an atomic cell in which alkali metal atoms are sealed; a light source that radiates first light and second light with different frequencies to the atomic cell; a light detector that detects the first light and the second light transmitted through the atomic cell and outputs a detection signal according to a detection intensity; a signal generator that generates a microwave signal according to a transition frequency between two ground levels of the alkali metal atoms based on a result obtained by detecting the detection signal for each first period; and a light source adjuster that adjusts the frequencies of the first light and the second light for each second period, the second period being longer than the first period.

Abstract: Some variations provide an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal vapor cell with a solid ionic conductor and intercalable-compound electrodes. The intercalable-compound electrodes are used as efficient sources and/or as sinks for alkali metal or alkaline earth metal atoms, thus enabling electrical control over metal atom content in the vapor cell. Some variations provide a vapor-cell system comprising: a vapor-cell region configured to allow a vapor-cell optical path into a vapor-cell vapor phase; a first electrode containing an intercalable compound capable of being intercalated by at least one element selected from Rb, Cs, Na, K, or Sr; a second electrode electrically isolated from the first electrode; and an ion-conducting layer between the first electrode and the second electrode. The ion-conducting layer is ionically conductive for at least one ionic species selected from Rb+, Cs+, Na+, K+, or Sr2+. The first intercalable compound is preferably a carbonaceous material, such as graphite.

Abstract: In described examples, an apparatus includes a physics cell and an electronic circuit. The physics cell includes an atomic chamber, a laser source, a modulator, a photodetector and a field coil. The electronic circuit includes a frequency synthesizer, a controller and a digital to analog converter.

Abstract: A quantum interference device includes a base having a mounting surface, an atom cell in which alkali metal atoms are encapsulated, a light source adapted to emit light adapted to excite the alkali metal atoms, a photodetector adapted to detect the light having been transmitted through the atom cell, and a support adapted to support the atom cell, the light source, and the photodetector in a lump with respect to the mounting surface in a state in which the atom cell, the light source, and the photodetector are arranged in a direction along the mounting surface.

Abstract: In a general aspect, fields of electromagnetic radiation are imaged. In some aspects, an imaging method includes receiving electromagnetic radiation at a vapor-cell sensor. The method also includes passing beams of light through the vapor-cell sensor, one or more of the beams of light reflecting off a dielectric mirror of the vapor-cell sensor. The method additionally includes receiving at least one of the beams of light at an optical imaging system. The optical imaging system is configured to measure spatial properties of a beam of light. The method also includes determining one or both of an amplitude and a phase of the electromagnetic radiation based on spatial properties of the at least one received beam of light. Systems for imaging fields of electromagnetic radiation are also presented.

Abstract: A magnetometer includes a diamond sensor, an excitation light source, a diamond sensor case, and a photodiode. The excitation light source irradiates the diamond sensor case with excitation light. In the diamond sensor case, a reflection film which reflects excitation light is formed on either a front surface or an inner surface, and the diamond sensor is stored. The photodiode detects intensity of fluorescence generated from the diamond sensor. The diamond sensor case includes a fluorescence output window and an excitation-light reception window. Fluorescence generated by the diamond sensor is output through the fluorescence output window. Excitation light emitted by the excitation light source is received through the excitation-light reception window. The photodiode is provided on a side of a second surface opposite to a first surface which is a magnetism measurement surface of the diamond sensor.

Abstract: A tunable laser system includes a tunable laser to be scanned over a range of frequencies and an interferometer having a plurality of interferometer outputs. At least two interferometer outputs of the plurality of interferometer outputs have a phase difference. A wavelength reference has a spectral feature within the range of frequencies, and the spectral feature does not change in an expected operating environment of the tunable laser. Processing circuitry uses the spectral feature and the plurality of interferometer outputs to produce an absolute measurement of a wavelength of the tunable laser and controls the tunable laser based on a comparison of the absolute measurement of the wavelength of the tunable laser with a setpoint wavelength.

Abstract: A fluid testing system comprises controlling hardware that serves to control an electric sensor on a fluid testing cassette. In one implementation, the controlling hardware is part of a cassette interface. In another implementation, the controlling hardware is part of the portable electronic device. In one implementation, the fluid testing system applies two different frequencies of alternating current are applied to two different electric sensors.