Abstract: A multiplexing system combines a plurality of electromagnetic signals to propagate along a common path, preferably a square waveguide which can be connected to an antenna feed horn of square cross section which can support both circularly and linearly polarized electromagnetic waves. The system is operative with a plurality of sets of signal channels including a first set of A-channel signals and a second set of B-channel signals. A circular polarizer connects with a first end of the waveguide. All of the A-channel signals are fed into an input port of the polarizer. The B-channel signals are coupled into the waveguide by a plurality of couplers located at positions arranged serially along the waveguide, individual one of the couplers operating at different ones of the B-channel frequencies for selectively coupling respective ones of said B-channel signals into the waveguide to propagate toward the second end of the waveguide.

Abstract: Disclosed is a directional coupler on a mirror elbow for a microwave transmission line sized to convey very high power. The coupler consists of a main guide with a mirror elbow and at least one secondary guide. The secondary guide is joined by one of its walls to the external surface of the mirror, and the interior of the secondary guide is joined to the interior of the mirror elbow by coupling holes.

Abstract: A waveguide coupler wherein the coupling of power from one waveguide arm to an adjacent waveguide arm through an aperture in a common wall may be switched on and off at very high speed or controlled from zero to a maximum level by appropriately controlling how bias potential is applied to a reflective/absorptive element disposed in the aperture in the common wall.

Abstract: A microwave power sensor is disclosed which is capable of using diodes above their resonant frequency to sense the power of input microwaves. The power sensor includes a sensing diode, a conditioning means, and a tapered waveguide. For input waves having frequencies near and above the resonant frequency of the sensing diode, the output of the diode begins to be frequency dependent. That is, the diode outputs different DC signals for waves having different frequencies even though the power of the waves is the same. The conditioning apparatus is adapted to offset the frequency dependence of the diode by varying the fraction of the input wave that is transmitted to the diode so as to cause the output of the diode to be relatively constant for waves having equal power but different frequencies. The conditioning apparatus also provides a load impedance which matches the characteristic impedance of the input wave to minimize the reflection of the input wave.

Abstract: An n-way waveguide power divider wherein microwave power entering a first waveguide section is directionally coupled simultaneously into a plurality of parallel waveguide sections that share a longitudinal portion of their broad walls with a different longitudinal portion of the broad walls of the first waveguide section. The power is coupled through an individual pair of elongated axially-aligned coupling members in each of the shared broad wall longitudinal portions. The coupling members may have a variety of shapes including square, rectangular, circular, cross, or dog bone shapes.

Abstract: A single constant voltage power supply concurrently supplies a plurality of independent loads each with an independently selectable constant current load without interaction between the loads (currents) by employing a plurality of parallel connected circuits of electrical lengths equal to (2n-1)90.degree. each connected between the constant voltage source and a different one of said loads.

Abstract: A waveguide coupling network for the output or input network of a shared power amplification module comprises a plurality of waveguides interconnected by side or top wall coupling to make up a network in which the phase and amplitude coherence of the network is substantially preserved.

Abstract: An array antenna which includes a first waveguide 12 coupled to a second waveguide 20 by an L-shaped coupling slot 30. The slot 30 has a first portion 32 orthogonal to a second portion 34 thereof thereby providing the unique L-shape. In a specific embodiment, the slot 30 is located with the first portion 32 along the centerline and longitudinal axis of the first waveguide 12 and the second portion 34 along the centerline and longitudinal axis of the second waveguide 20. The folded short, as well as the tapered section of prior designs can be eliminated by use of the L-shaped coupling slot of the present invention in the first and last positions of the coupling slot because a short can be placed at the L-shaped slot. Hence, the L-shaped coupling slot of the present invention provides a more compact planar antenna than that afforded by conventional designs.

Abstract: Apparatus for generating high power microwaves and for radiating the microwave power in the HE.sub.1,1 mode into a confined plasma is disclosed. The apparatus includes a microwave generator and mode converters to convert the generated microwave power into the rectangular HE.sub.1,1 mode. A hermetically sealed rectangular HE.sub.1,1 mode power coupler is used between the plasma and a main waveguide run to seal the main waveguide run and the generator from the plasma. The power coupler comprises an input rectangular HE.sub.1,1 mode waveguide, an output rectangular HE.sub.1,1 mode waveguide and a plurality of dielectric sealed apertures through a common wall between the input and output waveguides. Power absorbed by the power coupler is removed by cooling fluid which is circulated through the common wall between the apertures.

Abstract: A waveguide hybrid includes a generally rectangular superstructure defined by first and second conductive broad walls and first and second conductive narrow walls, and an intermediate, conductive narrow wall bifurcating the superstructure into first and second generally rectangular waveguides, with each of the waveguides being provided with a central, longitudinally extending land or ridge, preferably having a generally rectangular, cross-sectional profile. A coupling window is provided in a central portion of the intermediate narrow wall, which is shared in common by the first and second waveguides. Further, a capacitive button, which preferably takes the form of a square peg, is provided on the floor of the superstructure between the lateral surfaces of the common narrow wall which define the coupling window. In operation, RF energy, such as a microwave excitation signal, is injected into the input port of the first or primary waveguide, thereby launching a TE.sub.

Abstract: A directional coupler for coupling r.f. energy in a waveguide system from a main channel waveguide to a subsidiary channel waveguide, the coupling being in the range between about -3 dB to -15 dB. The coupler comprises a single coupling slot at the junction between the main channel waveguide and the subsidiary channel waveguide with an arrangement for decoupling the slot to yield the desired coupling, the arrangement including first and second posts in the plane of the junction. A further provision involves inductively loading the junction, the loading being provided at the plane of the junction. The provision for inductively loading the junction is an "inverted" button, in the form of capped-off holes, the depth of the holes being adjusted to vary the directivity of the coupler.

Abstract: During multipath fading in a terrestrial digital radio system, off-axis arrival of signals excites higher-order modes in a horn reflector antenna. In the disclosed system specified ones of these higher-order modes and the fundamental mode are allowed to propagate in a main waveguide connected to the antenna. At least one of the higher-order modes is abstracted from the main waveguide and fed to a standby receiver while the fundamental mode is propagated intact to a main receiver.Error occurrences in the fundamental and higher-order modes due to multipath fading are substantially uncorrelated. Hence, upon detecting an error in the signals delivered to the main receiver, the system switches to the standby receiver thereby to provide in a single-antenna a significant improvement in performance against multipath fading.

Abstract: A transducer adapted to couple radio frequency (R.F.) energy from a section of waveguide to a section of stripline is shown to comprise a section of stripline supporting a series of probes projecting inside the waveguide with a shaped length of a dielectric material disposed around the probes within the waveguide to match the velocity of propagation of the R.F. energy in the waveguide to the velocity of propagation in the stripline, thereby achieving tight coupling and improved directivity.

Abstract: A method of creating an access to a waveguide arrangement in order to couple measuring signals into and/or out of the waveguide arrangement includes providing a cover for covering an opening in a waveguide wall of the waveguide arrangement at a location suitable as a measuring signal access, removing the cover, and replacing the cover with another cover equipped with a coupling device.

Abstract: An improved corporate feed network for distributing radio frequency energy to elements of an antenna array is shown. The corporate feed network comprises an improved feed coupler, including a quadrature hybrid junction for dividing radio frequency (R.F.) energy from an input port into the two waveguides and a plurality of secondary waveguides disposed orthogonally to the first and second waveguides, each of the secondary waveguides having narrow walls common to broad walls of the first and second waveguides with apertures formed through common sections of such walls, the common sections being offset to impart directional characteristics to the corporate feed network.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for identifying the path/time relationships of a projectile within a weapon barrel, even upon live firing, includes a coupling element having at least two openings in a sidewall thereof through which a generated electromagnetic wave is divided and then introduced into the barrel. The divided wave includes wave parts that propagate toward and away from the barrel, the parts propagating toward the barrel adding up and being introduced into the barrel while the parts propagating away from the barrel cancel each other out. The wave reflects off from the projectile and is then received after undergoing an inverse division.

Abstract: The invention is a low loss multiple pole multiple throw microwave switch having a transmission line for each of a plurality of outputs. A phase shifting device is provided in each transmission line operable between first and second states to shift the phase of a microwave signal transmitted therethrough. A matrix of signal dividers and cross-over networks cooperate with the phase shifting devices to produce additive and substractive vertical signal components such that all of the components at one output are additive and the signal components at all the other outputs have a vector sum of zero.

Abstract: A waveguide coupler for coupling energy from one waveguide to another, using a finline mode coupler. The coupler use a mode converter which changes the propagation mode in a waveguide from waveguide mode to finline mode. Finline mode waves are coupled into an adjacent waveguide via a slot in a wall, common to both waveguides wherein lies a finline coupler. After the finline mode waves are coupled into the adjacent waveguide, the finline mode converter reconverts the finline mode propagation to waveguide mode.

Abstract: A short slot waveguide hybrid coupler is disclosed wherein the coupling factor is switchable over a predetermined range of discrete coupling factors. A coupling slot formed in the common dividing wall between the contiguous first and second waveguides of the coupler allows coupling of electromagnetic energy between the two waveguides in accordance with a first coupling factor. A plurality of conductive pins are arranged for selective insertion into the coupling slot to effectively shorten the slot and thereby progressively reduce the coupling factor as more pins are inserted into the coupling slot.

Abstract: An assembly of waveguides and coupling apertures located within walls separating the waveguides is formed within a planar configuration. The coupling apertures are arranged either singly or in pairs, with one coupling aperture behind the other coupling aperture, to provide for a division of power between waveguides and to provide for a crossing over of power from one waveguide to another waveguide. The waveguide assembly is reciprocal in operation so that the single coupling apertures may be employed for a distribution as well as for a combination of electromagnetic waves. Phase shifters may also be included to provide a desired phase relationship among waves outputted by various ones of the waveguides. The waveguides, the walls separating the waveguides, the coupling apertures and the phase shifters may all be fabricated in a parallel array within a common metallic plate by automated milling machines for facile, accurate, and reproducible manufacture of the wavguide assembly.

Abstract: A loop directional RF coupler between a waveguide and coaxial line maintains a high degree of directivity while providing substantially improved coupling values. A conductive loop assembly terminating the coaxial line is accepted into an aperture means defining an aperture in one wall of the waveguide section of the coupler. The aperture is greater in diameter than the largest transverse dimension of the loop, or of the loop assembly. A capacitive or inductive conductive obstacle is affixed to an interior wall of the waveguide section adjacent the aperture. A second conductive obstacle is positioned downstream of the first obstacle to compensate any mismatch.

Abstract: A reduced size waveguide directional coupler assembly includes a first rectangular waveguide which is adapted to receive signal at an input port. A conductive septum parallel with a broad wall of the rectangular waveguide divides the signal into two portions flowing in first and second channels within the first waveguide. The septum may be centered between the broad walls, in which case the two signal portions and channel dimensions are the same, or the septum may be off-center, resulting in dissimilar amplitudes of the two signal portions. The coupler also includes a second waveguide. Branch waveguides or other coupling apertures open from the first channel into the second waveguide. That energy not flowing to the second waveguide from the first channel may be routed to an independent output port, or may be recombined with the energy flowing in the second channel and routed to a combined output port.

Abstract: A directional coupler is provided which has an appropriately dimensioned principle waveguide with a frequency dependent reactive boundary interior surface such that the principle waveguide is suitable to simultaneously: (i) support, without depolarization, effective propagation of first signals in a high frequency band at a HE11 mode with greater concentration of energy near the axis of the principle waveguide than near the interior surface and no effective propagation of first signals at any unwanted mode, and (ii) support, without depolarization, effective propagation of second signals in a lower frequency band at a EH11 mode having a greater concentration of energy near the interior surface of the principle waveguide than near the axis and no effective propagation of second signals at any unwanted mode.

Abstract: A waveguide power divider (10) for splitting electromagnetic microwave power and directionally coupling the divided power includes an input waveguide (21) and reduced height output waveguides (23) interconnected by axial slots (22) and matched loads (25) and (26) positioned at the unused ends of input and output guides (21) and (23) respectively. The axial slots are of a length such that the wave in the input waveguide (21) is directionally coupled to the output waveguides (23). The widths of input guide (21) and output guides (23) are equal and the width of axial slots (22) is one half of the width of the input guide (21).

Abstract: A waveguide switch operable at microwave frequencies is formed of two waveguides of rectangular cross section with a longer wall and a shorter wall, the two waveguides sharing a common shorter wall. Two coupling windows are disposed within the common wall for coupling electromagnetic energy between the two waveguides, each coupling window introducing a 90.degree. phase shift. Each window couples one-half the power of an electromagnetic wave from a first of the guides to a second of the guides. The common wall is parallel to the electric field of the coupled wave, with each wave being a TE wave. A 90.degree. phase shift is introduced by each coupling with the result that utilization of both windows produces a summation of the two waves in the second of the waveguides and a cancellation of the two waves in the first of the waveguides.

Abstract: A transmission line comprising a multi-layer dielectric slab structure including: a dielectric substrate layer (30) having a thickness d.sub.s and permittivity .epsilon..sub.s ; a conductive ground plane (31) on the bottom surface of the dielectric substrate layer (30); a dielectric guiding layer (32) having a thickness h and permittivity .epsilon..sub.g, where .epsilon..sub.g >.epsilon..sub.s, attached to the top surface of dielectric substrate layer (30); at least one elongated and relatively narrow dielectric loading strip layer (33) having a width W, thickness d.sub.1, and permittivity .epsilon..sub.1, where .epsilon..sub.g >.epsilon..sub.1, attached to the top surface of the dielectric guiding layer (32); and a conductive coating (34) on the top surface of the dielectric loading strip layer (32). Such a structure permits single mode propagation over a relatively wide band.

Abstract: A phase compensated waveguide hybrid coupler is formed with a pair of waveguides of rectangular cross section and sharing a common short wall. An aperture in the short wall provides for the coupling of electromagnetic energy between a first of the waveguides and a second of the waveguides. Such coupling introduces a 90.degree. phase shift. An input terminal is located at an end of the first waveguide. Phase compensation is introduced by a set of capacitive irises located in the first waveguide and by a set of inductive irises located in the second waveguide. The capacitive and inductive irises are located on a side of said coupling aperture away from said input terminal.

Abstract: A waveguide hybrid coupler is formed with a pair of waveguides of rectangular cross section and sharing a common sidewall. An aperture in the sidewall provides for the coupling of electromagnetic energy between a first of the waveguides and a second of the waveguides. An input terminal is located at an end of the first waveguide. A pair of stepped, multi-tiered abutments are disposed on the outer sidewalls of the waveguides opposite the coupling aperture. The dimensions of the abutment steps are selected to stagger-tune the frequency response of the coupler to achieve wideband operation.

Abstract: A family of waveguide branch directional couplers having various coupling values is adapted for using the same housing dimensions for all members of the family. The housing includes a conductive block defining first and second spaced-apart parallel rectangular through waveguides. The block also defines a chamber extending between the through waveguides. One or more further conductive blocks in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds are fastened within the chamber and dimensioned to coact with the chamber dimensions to define at least two rectangular branch waveguides extending between the through waveguides. The dimensions of the further blocks are selected to adjust the branch waveguide dimensions to provide the various coupling values.

Abstract: A waveguide branch directional coupler having a pair of parallel main waveguides defining four ports and a plurality of branch waveguides interconnecting the two main waveguides to establish a predetermined amount of coupling between the ports has the coupling between ports adjusted by mechanically changing the height dimension of the main waveguides.

Abstract: Machined planar array serpentines and transmission lines. The waveguide is fabricated in two parts. In cross section, one part is U-shaped having two side walls and a bottom wall machined out of one piece of aluminum. A plate rests upon and is arc welded to the upper edges of the side walls to provide a fourth wall.

Abstract: A six-port reflectometer includes first, second and third forward directional couplers to transmit power from a source for reflection at a measurement port. The couplers also divert incident and reflected wave samples for subsequent measurements. A fourth forward directional coupler receives samples of incident and reflected waves from the second coupler, the reflected waves being received directly and the incident waves via a waveguide appropriate to equalize wave path lengths. The first coupler is connected to a matched load and the third coupler to a short circuit. The first coupler may be a 6 dB device and the second, third and fourth couplers 3 dB devices. Power detectors are connected to the first, third and fourth couplers. The reflectometer has the band-width of its components.

Abstract: A microwave coupler for coupling microwave energy from a first waveguide to a second waveguide disposed side by side along a propagation length includes a common coupling means, and specifically, orifices along the propagation length wherein the coupling orifices are sized to promote coupling of a favored field mode of electromagnetic energy according to a Bessel function distribution of energy along the length of the waveguide. The Bessel function distribution provides for wideband, low-loss coupling of the favored field mode and maximal isolation from non-favored field modes. The invention is particularly useful for extracting a type TE.sub.21 circular mode signal from a signal containing TE.sub.11 and TE.sub.21 circular modes wherein the TE.sub.21 mode signals are used for generating elevational and azimuthal tracking signals.

Abstract: A new class of low cost microwave/millimeter wave dielectric couplers are sclosed. In one embodiment, the waveguides to be coupled are formed of bundles of dielectric fibers and coupling is achieved by having a certain percentage of the dielectric fibers crossover between the waveguide bundles. In a second embodiment, the waveguides are formed of stacked longitudinal dielectric lamination sheets and coupling is achieved by crossing over a certain number of the laminate sheets from one waveguide stack to the other waveguide stack.

Abstract: A circuit component for separating and/or combining two pairs of high-frequency signal waves lying in different frequency bands, the waves of each pair having the same frequency but mutually orthogonal planes of polarization, comprises two mutually identical and aligned 3dB couplers bracketing a filtering assembly between them. Each 3dB coupler has a central guide of square cross-section surrounded by four collateral guides, each connected with the central guide by a coupling guide letting only the waves polarized in one plane--regardless of frequency--pass therebetween. The filtering assembly has sets of baffles in line with the central and collateral guides of both couplers, these baffles defining slots giving passage to only the waves of one of the two bands while reflecting the others.

Abstract: A method of heating objects by microwave energy by supplying microwave energy from a generator to a first waveguide. A second waveguide is located, separated from the first waveguide except for at least one parallel and adjacent coupling distance at a common wall between the waveguides. A coupling of microwave energy distributed in the wave propogation direction of the waveguides takes place at the coupling distance so that microwave energy passes from one waveguide to the other one. The second waveguide is dimensioned, so that action of load (objects being heated) conducts microwave energy in the second waveguide with the same wave phase constant as the first waveguide. Objects to be heated are fed only into and out of said second waveguide. A uniform field is fed-in only into the first waveguide. A uniform field distribution and heating profile is obtained and leakage of microwave energy from the open ended second waveguide is avoided.

Abstract: Coupling devices for SAW's, which permit switching of SAW power between cnels. Channel waveguides are laid down on or in the surface of a substrate. The waveguides have a coupling region in which they are close to each other. The input waveguide is formed from a material whose acoustic wave velocity characteristic can be changed by an external means. Various means for altering the velocity of the SAW, such as electric or optical fields, are employed by applying them to the coupling region of the input waveguide.

Abstract: A 3dB waveguide directional coupler for coupling two rectangular waveguides of the same dimensions and having parallel longitudinal axes is disclosed. The waveguides to be coupled are joined so that one of the wider side walls of the first waveguide adjoins one of the wider side walls of the second waveguide. The interiors of the two waveguides communicate via an aperture in the adjoining side walls. When energy is input from one end of the first waveguide toward the aperture, virtually all of it is transmitted to the second wave guide, part of the transmitted energy traveling away from the aperture in each direction along the longitudinal axis of the second waveguide. This is preferably achieved by providing a waveguide system in the aperture oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the first and second waveguides.

Abstract: Two main rectangular wave guides e.g. for telecommunications in GHz frequency bands are coupled by arms inclined for example at 60.degree.. This simultaneously simplifies machining of the coupler in the form of two symmetrical shells and also improves the electrical characteristics of the coupler.

Abstract: A continuous, self-supporting microwave transmission line along which ultra short pulses of microwave signals may propagate over distances of several hundred feet with minimum pulse distortion and signal attenuation. Propagation along the line is accomplished by an electromagnetic field thereabout that is sensitive to objects positioned in the proximity of the transmission line, a characteristic that may be utilized in short pulse reflectometer systems for monitoring and control of vehicles on a prescribed course.

Abstract: A doppler radar module consisting of transmitting and receiving diodes disposed within adjacent sections of waveguide with the transmitter diode disposed a half wavelength away from a shorting end of the transmitter section of waveguide and a receiver diode disposed a quarter wave from a shorting end of the receiver portion of the waveguide. The receiver section and the transmitter section of the waveguide being separated by a common wall; a coupling aperture disposed in the common wall for coupling a small portion of transmitter energy into the receiver portion of the waveguide and for coupling a maximum of reflected energy into the receiver of waveguide section.

Abstract: A microwave circular polarizer having two matched waveguide arms with a first arm having a twist in a first rotational sense and with a second arm having a twist in a second (reverse) rotational sense, and a hybrid coupler receiving radiation signals from the two arms. A left-hand 45.degree. twist in one arm and a right-hand 45.degree. twist in the other arm ensure that orthogonal linearly polarized components of an incident radiation field are combined in the hybrid coupler so as to direct a right circularly polarized signal out of one of the remaining ports of the hybrid coupler, and to direct a left circularly polarized signal from the other remaining port of the hybrid coupler.