Abstract: A wheel comprising a rim carrying a tire that co-operates with the rim to define an inside volume, the wheel comprising a pressure measurement device comprising an electronic control circuit that is connected to a pressure sensor, to an absence-of-movement sensor for sensing that the wheel is not moving and to an electronic circuit for wireless communication, the pressure measurement device being arranged to cause pressure to be measured while the wheel is detected as not moving. A pressure measurement device and an associated measurement method.

Abstract: An integrated tire sensor and reader system includes at least one sensor unit mounted a tire or a wheel. A reader is disposed remotely from the sensor unit. The sensor unit includes at least one sensor for measuring a parameter of the tire or wheel and an antenna for communicating with the reader. The sensor unit is configured to receive a radio frequency power signal from the reader and to transmit data to the reader. The reader includes an antenna for transmitting the radio frequency power signal to the sensor unit to actuate the one sensor unit. Upon actuation of the sensor unit, the sensor measures the parameter of the tire or wheel, and data from the sensor is transmitted from the sensor unit to the reader.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for monitoring a tire pressure of a vehicle are provided. The apparatus for monitoring a tire pressure of a vehicle according to the present disclosure includes a first sensor configured for measuring a tire pressure of one of first to fourth wheels of the vehicle, a plurality of second sensors configured for respectively measuring wheel speeds of the first to fourth wheels, an analysis device configured for analyzing tire pressures of the first to fourth wheels based on a measured value from the first sensor and measured values from the second sensors, and a controller configured for determining a tire in a low-pressure state based on the tire pressure analysis results of the first to fourth wheels.

Abstract: A system and method which uses pattern recognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status and/or an operator's driving behavior. A vehicle, for use by an operator or driver, can be equipped with a data collection and assessment system. The system can comprise one or more data collection devices, e.g., accelerometers, which can be used to capture data and information, or otherwise measure vehicle actions. A pattern recognition module is configured with one or more defined operating patterns, each of which operating patterns reflects either a known change in vehicle status corresponding to, e.g., when a passenger has embarked or disembarked the vehicle, or a known vehicle operating or driving behavior. Information collected as events describing a current vehicle status or a current driving behavior can be compared with the known operating patterns.

Abstract: A flexible display device, providing an instrument cluster for a motor vehicle, is repositioned by a repositioning device from a stowed position into a use position by bending the display device.

Abstract: A method for identifying at least one emitter for monitoring the tire pressure of a motor vehicle by association with one of the wheels of the motor vehicle. The method includes: for each emitter monitoring tire pressure, reconstructing an intermediate-frequency signal from the radiofrequency signal and a reference signal, determining the FFT of the intermediate-frequency signal, determining whether there is a frequency deviation of the intermediate-frequency signal, determining the side of the vehicle on which the emitter monitoring the pressure of a tire is placed, acquiring a signal from the anti-lock braking system for at least one of the wheels on the side on which it was determined that the emitter for monitoring the pressure of a tire is placed, and determining the position of the emitter for monitoring the pressure of a tire depending on the deviation and on the at least one signal from the anti-lock braking system.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for launching a vehicle from rest in order to maximize performance for the vehicle launch event. In one example, a method comprises, in preparation of a launch of the vehicle driven by an engine from a resting state, rotating a set of vehicle tires via a controller by adjusting a torque of the engine while vehicle brakes are applied for a duration that is a function of real-time pressure sensor readings of the set of tires. In this way, tire temperature may be determined based on the real-time pressure sensor readings in order to control tire temperature to an optimal tire temperature for the launch event, where the optimal tire temperature is based on a coefficient of friction of the road surface the vehicle is launching from, and where the optimal tire temperature provides for optimal grip for the vehicle launch.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft, the method including: taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.

Abstract: A method for the determination of lifetime of a filter of an electric discharge machine the electrical discharge machine in consideration of a maximum allowable filter pressure, wherein the time measuring unit counts the machining time ts during which an electric discharge machining process is running, a filter pressure sensor measures the filter pressure p(k), preferably with a predetermined sampling interval, the pressure measurement p(k) and the respective sampling time t(k) are stored, and the sampled measurements p(k) and the respective sampling times t(k) are used to determine the parameters of an exponential function which best fits to the plurality of sampled measurements regression analysis. The determined parameters include the filter lifetime tf, which serves to determine the residual time to the filter replacement tr and/or the calendar deadline of filter expiration.

Abstract: A vehicle is provided and includes a first tire, a second tire, and a detector that is configured to detect an air pressure of the first tire. A vibration generator is configured to generate vibration in the second tire. A controller is configured to operate the vibration generator to cause the second tire vibrate when the air pressure of the first tire satisfies a predetermined normal condition.

Abstract: A tire parameter monitoring system comprising at least two RF repeaters, wherein each of the at least two RF repeaters is dedicated to an individual sensor unit of at least two sensor units.

Abstract: A sensor is configured to attach to a main body and includes a sensor body, a transducer, a transmitter, and a power source. The sensor body is configured to provide a smooth transition with a surface of the main body. The transducer is positioned within the sensor body and is configured to provide a sensed output. The transmitter is positioned within the sensor body and is configured to transmit the sensed output. The power source is positioned within the sensor body and is configured to provide electrical power to the transducer and the transmitter.

Abstract: A method, device, and system for managing a fleet of vehicles is disclosed. The method includes providing a telematics device for an electric vehicle of the fleet of vehicles, the telematics device being capable of obtaining data from the electric vehicle; using the telematics device to identify the electric vehicle based on the data obtained from the electric vehicle; providing a data definition set for the electric vehicle to the telematics device; and using the telematics device and the data definition set to determine whether the electric vehicle is in a vehicle mode based on the data obtained from the electric vehicle and the data definition set. The vehicle mode of the electric vehicle can be at least one of a charging mode, a driving mode, and a parked mode.

Abstract: A method of localizing a TPMS sensor module includes transmitting, by the TPMS sensor module, a TPMS signal; and localizing, by a localization module, the TPMS sensor module based on receiving the TPMS signal at a phase array antenna including a plurality of reception antennas each configured to receive the TPMS signal at a different phase, where the plurality of reception antennas include a reference reception antenna and at least one additional reception antenna. Localizing the TPMS sensor module includes measuring a reference phase of the TPMS signal received at the reference reception antenna, measuring a respective shifted phase of the TPMS signal received at each of the at least one additional reception antenna, determining a respective phase shift between the reference phase and each respective shifted phase, and determining a location of the TPMS sensor module based on each determined respective phase shift corresponding to the TPMS signal.

Abstract: An electronic unit that is intended to be mounted on the valve of a vehicle wheel fitted with a tire, incorporating electronics for monitoring at least one operating parameter of the wheel and a rechargeable power supply for supplying power to the electronics, including a device for charging the rechargeable power supply, the device for charging including: a movable element, at least a portion of which is magnetized, that is capable of being set in motion by an air flow for inflating the tire that passes through the valve and cooperating with a coil so as to produce variations in the magnetic field and electromagnetic induction; and a device for managing the charging of the rechargeable power supply.

Abstract: In a tire-mounted sensor attached to a tire, the rotation direction of which is predetermined with respect to the direction of forward movement, a left/right determination as to which of a right wheel or a left wheel has the tire-mounted sensor attached thereto is made on the basis of a detection signal of an acceleration sensor. The result of left/right determination is transmitted to a receiver. In this way, without requesting an operator's manual operation or equipment for bidirectional communication, which of the right wheel or the left wheel has the tire-mounted sensor attached thereto can be determined.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for external vehicle illumination management are disclosed herein. An example method includes receiving, at a first processor of a mobile device, vehicle data. The vehicle data is to be transmitted to the first processor from a second processor of a vehicle. The example method includes analyzing the vehicle data and mobile device data generated by the mobile device. The example method includes generating an alert for headlamp usage of the vehicle based on the analysis and presenting the alert via the mobile device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for associating tire sensor modules (6.i) with a trailer vehicle (3), having at least the following steps: capturing data messages (S1) from tire sensor modules (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) in a monitoring region (8); associating the captured data messages (S1) with a tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i); ascertaining a number of captured data messages (S1) for each detected tire sensor module; rating the captured data messages (S1) to establish whether the tire sensor modules (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) received in total up to then belong to the driver's own trailer vehicle (3) or to the adjacent trailer vehicle (103, 203); accepting the tire sensor modules (6.i) detected in the rating as affiliated to the driver's own trailer vehicle (3). According to the invention, each tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) detects a wheel position associated with the respective tire sensor module (6.i, 106.i, 206.i) and a trailer axle configuration, so that for an accepted tire sensor module (6.

Abstract: A pressure measuring device for a bicycle has a housing that includes a pressure chamber. The pressure chamber has a valve disposed in a first opening and a second opening into or out of a tire assembly volume of a tire assembly. A sense element is in pressure communication with the pressure chamber along a flow path between the first and second openings.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods, systems and computer readable storage medium for a method for detection and notification of a tire leak is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by a tire leak detection system, sensor data from one or more tires. The method further includes determining, by the tire leak detection system, an occurrence of a leak anomaly in at least one of the one or more tires based on the sensor data. The method further includes predicting, by the tire leak detection system, a time and/or distance the at least one of the one or more tires will function ineffectively. The method further includes outputting, by the tire leak detection system, a code to a user or server indicating a leak type associated with the leak anomaly.

Abstract: A method for ascertaining a wheel circumference of a driven wheel of a vehicle includes measuring a rotational speed of the driven wheel during a predefined time span, measuring an acceleration of the vehicle in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the vehicle during a predefined time span, determining a distance traveled by the vehicle based on the measured acceleration, and determining the wheel circumference of the driven wheel based on the measured rotational speed and the ascertained distance traveled.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for estimating useful life of a seal in a process control device are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a body including an inlet and an outlet; a stem to move a plug within the body to control a flow of fluid between the inlet and the outlet; a seal to deter fluid from exiting the body along the stem; and a positioner including a processor, the processor to estimate a total amount of useful life of the seal consumed based on 1) a number of operational cycles that the seal is exposed to; and 2) stresses experienced by the seal during the respective operational cycles.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring unit includes a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, a transmitter for wireless transmission of pressure and temperature data HF signals, a receiver for receiving wireless control LF signals, a microcontroller containing a program memory and a data storage device containing a library of control programs to control the measurement and transmission activity of the tire pressure monitoring unit. The microcontroller selects from this library, on the basis of control signals that are received, a control program and then writing it into its program memory. When a loading program is activated by a control signal, it causes the microcontroller to transfer into the data storage device an additional control program that is received by the receiver. A method includes adding, to a library of control programs in a data storage device connected to a microcontroller of a tire pressure monitoring unit, an additional control program.

Abstract: Systems and methods are directed to recording data at a plurality of in-service vehicles operating within a plurality of predetermined regions for which users of a plurality of mobile devices are responsible, analyzing, at the vehicles, the recorded data for violation of one of a plurality of predetermined safety parameters by the vehicles, and transmitting, to a central server, data associated with a safety parameter violation by a vehicle in violation of one of the predetermined safety parameters. A safety event alert is generated at the central server for the vehicle in violation in response to receiving the transmitted data, and the safety event alert is communicated from the central office to a mobile device authorized by the central office to receive the safety event alert for the predetermined region within which the violation occurred.

Abstract: Provided is a tire pressure detection system that can be operated stably for a long period of time by using, as a power source, a secondary battery having little characteristic deterioration under a high temperature environment, e.g. in a situation in which the battery is maintained for a long period of time in a fully charged state under a high temperature environment, while having excellent low temperature characteristics. A tire pressure detection system 1 includes: an air pressure detection device 10 that detects an air pressure inside a tire; and a secondary battery 20 that supplies power to the air pressure detection device 10. The secondary battery 20 is a lithium secondary battery that includes a negative electrode containing a lithium alloy as an active material and a positive electrode.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitor system allows for customized configurations and a variety of intelligent alerts to increase usability and reliability over existing tire pressure monitor systems. A central receiver determines the alerts, rather than individual receivers, so that the tires can be monitored as a system rather than as individual tires. For instance, a Cross-Axle Alert is triggered when the pressure in a tire on one side of an axle is significantly greater than the pressure in a tire on an opposite side of the axle. Additional features include the use of Dynamic Reference Pressures, as opposed to static reference pressures, so that the alert parameters can be adjusted according to the current driving conditions. A robust user interface provides a user with a variety of views and screens and enables an administrator to adjust alert parameters while preventing a driver from adjusting the same parameters.

Abstract: A parking assistance device includes: a sensor configured to search for a parking space around a vehicle; a tire pressure monitoring system configured to measure and monitor a tire pressure of the vehicle; and an electronic control unit configured to calculate a moving distance of the vehicle moving to the parking space according to the tire pressure, to estimate a position of the vehicle by using the calculated moving distance, and to generate a parking command. The moving distance of the vehicle is calculated by using a moving distance per revolution of a tire measured and is set according to a tire pressure range to which the tire pressure of the vehicle belongs, a wheel pulse of the tire of the vehicle, and a reference wheel pulse per revolution of the tire.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed to facilitate TPMS broadcast mode selection. An example vehicle comprises sensors, a processor, and memory. The processor is in communication with the memory and with the sensors. The processor is configured to: receive an unencrypted signal indicating an abnormal tire pressure, enter an encrypted mode with the sensors, receive an encrypted follow up tire pressure status from the sensors, and determine whether the unencrypted signal is authentic based on the encrypted follow up tire pressure status.

Abstract: An approach to facilitating in-vehicle services through attendant devices, user-provided devices, and/or an in-vehicle computer system is provided. In one implementation, one or more communication sessions with the in-vehicle computer system may be facilitated by an attendant device. Passenger information relating to one or more passengers of a vehicle and service information relating to one or more services to be provided to the one or more passengers may be obtained by the attendant device from the in-vehicle computer system via the one or more communication sessions. The passenger information and the service information may be provided by the attendant device. An indication that at least one service is in progress or is complete is received by the attendant device.

Abstract: A method of building vehicle data in a tire pressure diagnosis tool includes: building owner information in the tire pressure diagnosis tool; entering a vehicle identification number and a tire identification number; and obtaining a tire pressure sensor identification number and a tire environment parameter value, wherein complete linking data pertaining to every owner identity and vehicle status are built in a tire pressure diagnosis tool to not only enable automobile manufacturers and automobile repair shops to effectuate vehicle maintenance and management conveniently, but also provide vehicle identification numbers and tire identification numbers to a competent authority timely and as needed.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for controlling vehicle TPMS sensor localization. An example vehicle includes a plurality of tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) sensors, a communication module, and a controller. The controller is to detect an initiation event associated with the vehicle, and, in response to detecting the initiation event, determine whether first localization information is valid based on information associated with the TPMS sensors. The controller is also to initiate, via the communication module, a localization procedure at the TPMS sensors when the first localization information is not valid.

Abstract: A process and a device of control and regulation of the pressure of tyres apt to ensure the adaptation of the footprint of a tyre to changes in the load applied thereto. The process includes the following steps: measuring the pressure of the tyre, measuring the footprint or the deflection of the tyre, determining a calculated value of footprint or of deflection in function of said optimum value of pressure, said calculated value of footprint or of deflection being determined by means of a correlation, based on experimental data, of values of pressure, footprint or deflection and applied load, if said calculated value of footprint or of deflection is different from respectively said measured value of footprint or of deflection: modifying the pressure of the tyre to reduce the difference between said measured value of pressure and said optimum value of pressure.

Abstract: Method and apparatus are disclosed for localizing vehicle TPMS sensors. An example vehicle includes a plurality of TPMS sensors, a communication module, and a processor. The processor is configured for receiving, from a mobile device communicatively coupled to the communication module, a localization request comprising a tire location. The processor is also configured for transmitting wakeup requests to the plurality of TPMS sensors. And the processor is further configured for, responsive to determining signal strength values between each of the plurality of TPMS sensors and the mobile device, associating a selected TPMS sensor with the tire location.

Abstract: Each of transmitters attached to respective wheel assemblies transmits transmission data when the wheel assembly reaches any of specific angles set at equal angular intervals. A receiver mounted in the vehicle obtains the rotation angles of the wheel assemblies from a rotation angle detecting section upon reception of the transmission data and obtains specific rotation angles by correcting the obtained rotation angles by using the value of the angle difference between the specific angles. The specific rotation angles are values that can be regarded as rotation angles that are obtained upon reception of the transmission data transmitted at the same specific angle. The receiver identifies the correspondence between ID codes included in the transmission data and the wheel assemblies by using the specific rotation angles.

Abstract: All tire systems, including tire systems that include self-inflating devices, need to have the ability to regularly and reliably monitor and report vehicle and tire conditions for safety reasons. For a self-inflating tire, this can be accomplished by monitoring the operation of the self-inflation system, and assessing if it is consistent with a tire in good condition.

Abstract: Examples of systems and methods for providing alternating magnetic field therapy are provided. One example method includes the steps of positioning a target proximate to a first end of an alternating magnetic field (AMF) head, the AMF head comprising an electrical coil and a ferromagnetic core, the electrical coil having a substantially circular cross-section that is substantially centered on a first axis, the AMF head having the first end corresponding to a first end of the coil and a second end corresponding to a second end of the coil; generating and transmitting an alternating current (AC) signal to the AMF head; determining a temperature of the target based on a sensor signal from a temperature sensor; in response to determining the temperature, modifying the AC signal based on a difference between the temperature and a predetermined target temperature.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) technology which overcomes a cross-reading problem by using visible light recognition and identification values. An RFID reader terminal includes a visible light transmitter configured to transmit a visible light signal including an identification value of the RFID reader terminal, a radio frequency (RF) receiver configured to receive an RF signal including an identification value of an RFID tag terminal and information of the RFID tag terminal from the RFID tag terminal, and a reader controller configured to determine whether the identification value of the RFID reader terminal is identical to the identification value of the RFID tag terminal. In addition, there is provided an RFID tag terminal corresponding to the RFID reader terminal.

Abstract: A reception control section obtains a rotation angle of each wheel assembly when a reception circuit receives transmission data. The reception control section calculates the absolute value of the difference between the obtained rotation angle and a previously obtained rotation angle. The reception control section determines whether the absolute value of the difference is included in a reference range or a specific range. The reference range includes 0. The specific range includes the angle difference between specific angles.

Abstract: Sensor and method for determining operating states associated with one or more tires. The operating state of the tire can be determined based on one or more measures environmental conditions of the tire(s). For example, a controller can be configured to determine a change in one or more environmental conditions, including determining, for example, a rate-of-change value, a variance value, a standard deviation, or the like. The rate-of-change, variance, and/or standard deviation values can be compared to one or more threshold values to determine the operating state(s) associated with the tire(s). The environmental condition can include, for example, acceleration of the tire, pressure of the tire, and/or temperature of the tire. The operating state can be, for example, a filling state indicative of the tire being inflating, and/or a drive state indicative of the tire rotating about its axle.

Abstract: A tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) includes a plurality of beacon transmitters each provided at different locations and each configured to transmit a plurality of beacons; a first TPMS sensor module configured to receive the plurality of beacons from each of the plurality of beacon transmitters, measure a signal strength of each of the plurality of beacons from each of the plurality of beacon transmitters, and transmit a signal including a first signal strength value for each of the plurality of beacon transmitters, each first signal strength value being representative of the measured signal strength of one or more of the plurality of beacons from a corresponding beacon transmitter of the plurality of beacon transmitters; and a control unit configured to receive the signal and determine a location of the first TPMS sensor module based on the first signal strength value for each of the plurality of beacon transmitters.

Abstract: Pairing information signals are transmitted for a selected period of time after the transceiver powers up. Generally identical heartbeat signals are transmitted by the transceiver for a longer period of time than the pairing information signals. When the monitor receives the pairing information, it will connect to the transceiver; however, if the monitor does not receive a selected number, e.g. 3, of heartbeat signals, it will disconnect from the transceiver and enter a standby mode, whereupon if the required heartbeats are received, the monitor will connect to the transceiver emitting them. Once connected in this manner, the monitor is able to process the tire sensor data relayed by the transceiver.

Abstract: An electronic monitor displays a tire position for each of a plurality of tires on a motor vehicle and provides a warning if a pressure reading received from any of the tires is outside a selected range of the baseline tire pressure value established for that tire position. The tire position and baseline tire pressure value are established by using navigation keys and a pair of control keys on the monitor. In an earlier method of establishing one or more baseline tire pressure values, the baseline value was entered on a tire-by-tire basis. The present improvement enables the operator to enter a baseline value globally for all tire positions. First a tire selection mode is entered, and a tire position is selected. Next, a baseline tire pressure selection mode is entered and a baseline tire pressure value is selected. The baseline tire pressure value is then assigned and saved to all of the tire positions by simultaneously engaging the pair of control keys.

Abstract: A tire condition telematics system. The system includes a vehicle having an onboard computer and one or more wheel assemblies with one or more tires with a tire tread. A prediction as to when said tire tread will fall below a minimum tread depth in performed. The prediction is based on an amount of distance said wheel assemblies experience said wheel slip condition, a distance said wheel assemblies drive over said one or more road materials, a distance said wheel assemblies drive in rain and snow, a distance one or more loads are on said vehicle.

Abstract: For the purpose, a physical quantity regarding a bearing body is detected by a detection sensor provided in the bearing body, and detection information of the detection sensor is transmitted by a wireless transmitting unit provided in the bearing body via wireless communication. At this time, the detection information is transmitted at a first transmission interval when the detection information is smaller than a threshold value and is a normal value, and the detection information is transmitted at a second transmission interval that is shorter than the first transmission interval when the detection information is the threshold value or larger and is an abnormal value.

Abstract: A method for geo-location services is described. In one embodiment, the method includes tracking incidents that occur within a predetermined geographic area in relation to a subscription service, upon receiving a request for a list of incidents in relation to the predetermined geographic area, generating a notification comprising the requested list of incidents, and sending the notification to one or more subscribers within the predetermined geographic area.

Abstract: A system for determining a tire contact area parameter includes a sensor module on the tire. The sensor module has a sensor that receives a sensor signal which is dependent on a mechanical tire load at a predetermined measuring point on the tire. A first evaluation device evaluates the sensor signal and provides data based on the sensor signal. The data contain a data element which indicates a time point in the sensor signal. The time point characterizes a passage of the measuring point through the tire contact area. A second evaluation device calculates the tire contact area parameter by evaluating the data provided by the first evaluation device. The first evaluation device analyzes the sensor signal based on a predetermined evaluation criterion with respect to the signal quality of the sensor signal to provide signal quality information of the sensor signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for monitoring a tire pressure considering a low pressure situation. Provided is a tire pressure monitoring apparatus considering a low pressure situation including: a radius analyzing unit which calculates a radius analysis value using a relative velocity difference and an average velocity calculated from wheel velocities of the wheels mounted on the vehicle; a critical value setting unit which compares the calculated radius analysis value with a predetermined determination reference value and sets different critical values in accordance with the comparison result; and a low pressure determining unit which determines a low pressure of a tire mounted on a vehicle using the set critical value.

Abstract: A device for detecting tire parameters of transiting vehicles, comprising an electronic unit for processing radio signals that carry measurements of at least one parameter of at least one tire of a vehicle, such as the pressure, and further comprising a detector of the transit of vehicles for the activation of the processing of the radio signals.

Abstract: Provided is a replacement necessity determination device for a snap-in valve having an inner end to which an air pressure detection device including an air pressure sensor and an acceleration sensor is coupled. A control device of the replacement necessity determination device is configured to predict an angle change amount of the snap-in valve and the air pressure detection device with respect to a wheel caused by a centrifugal force based on a rotational speed of the wheel and an acceleration detected by the acceleration sensor, calculate a degradation indication value of an elastic body of the snap-in valve based on a maximum value of the angle change amount during a period set in advance, and determine necessity of replacement of the snap-in valve based on an integrated value of the degradation indication value.

Abstract: A system for monitoring an area includes a processor and an electromagnetic radiation source in communication with the processor. The electromagnetic radiation source is configured to emit radiation to heat a metallic object that is in or carried by a target. The system also includes an array of temperature sensors in communication with the processor, where the array of temperature sensors is configured to detect a first temperature associated with the target and a second temperature associated with the target. The first temperature is detected prior to emission of the radiation and the second temperature is detected subsequent to emission of the radiation. The processor is also configured to determine whether to trigger an alert based at least in part on a difference between the first temperature and the second temperature.