Abstract: A fifth transmission line is connected between points at each of which a difference between a length from the point to one side of one antenna element in a first transmission line or a second transmission line and a length from the point to one side of the other antenna element is equal to the half of the wavelength. A sixth transmission line is connected between points at each of which a difference between a length from the point to one side of one antenna element in a third transmission line or a fourth transmission line and a length from the point to one side of the other antenna element is equal to the half of the wavelength. A voltage based on a vertically polarized wave is outputted from an intermediate point of the fifth transmission line and a voltage based on a horizontally polarized wave is outputted from an intermediate point of the sixth transmission line.

Abstract: A C-shaped dielectric substrate having a folded configuration includes opposite first and second spaced apart portions joined at respective adjacent end portions by a third portion. A continuous trace of conductive material, which serves as a radiating element, is disposed on the outer surfaces of the dielectric substrate first, second and third portions. The portion of the continuous radiating element disposed on the dielectric substrate first portion is configured to electrically couple with the portion of the continuous radiating element disposed on the dielectric substrate second portion such that at least two separate and distinct frequency bands are created.

Abstract: A patch and a ground conductor are shortcircuited with two shortcircuit portions that are composed of conductive plates and that pass through a dielectric substrate. The shortcircuit portions are connected to the inner periphery of the patch and have large widths therealong. A first shortcircuit portion is disposed on a first line that connects a microstrip feeder line and the center point of the patch. A second shortcircuit portion is disposed on a second line that passes through the center point. The inner angle of the first line and the second line is in the range from 80 degrees to 110 degrees.

Abstract: A dual-frequency array antenna having an essentially planar structure with electronic beam steering capability in both a low and high frequency band independently of each other, constructed, in a layered formation, from a top planar array antenna unit operating in the low frequency band and a bottom planar array antenna unit operating in the high frequency band. The top planar array antenna is transparent to frequencies in the high frequency band.

Abstract: A quarter-wave antenna includes a patch and a ground respectively formed on the two surfaces of a substrate and mutually connected by a short-circuit. A coupling strip enters the patch via said short-circuit. It extends in the patch between two lateral slots and is connected thereto at an internal point to enable resonance of the antenna to be excited. According to the invention, the lateral slots are sufficiently narrow for a lateral coupling effect to contribute to excitation of the antenna from the edges of the strip. The invention applies in particular to mobile telephones.

Abstract: A communication system for transferring data through the air over a relatively short fixed distance comprising a transmitting antenna which comprises a leaky coaxial cable for radiating electromagnetic energy modulated with data to be transferred; and a plurality of non-linear fixed beam array antennas for receiving the modulated electromagnetic energy from the leaky coaxial cable. The plurality of fixed beam array antennas are juxtaposed with the transmitting antenna such that the transmitting antenna extends at least partially through the near-field regions of the plurality of fixed beam array antennas. The communication system also comprises a selection means which determines which radio frequency output from the plurality of non-linear fixed beam array antennas exhibits the greatest radio frequency power and outputs that particular radio frequency output to a receiver.

Abstract: A microstrip antenna (300) includes a substrate (302) having an inner ground plane layer (322) around which a radiator element is folded so as to form first and second radiator patches (310, 312) on either side of the ground plane.

Abstract: An automobile roof antenna shelf positioned below a vehicle window, such as a vehicle windshield or vehicle rear window, that provides a mounting structure for mounting a plurality of high frequency antennas. The vehicle window includes an extended portion that extends into the vehicle roof over the shelf, and defines a gap therebetween. The plurality of antenna are mounted on the shelf within the gap.

Abstract: A radio frequency antenna arrangement comprising an array of radiating elements, such as radiating antenna patches, which are co-located in a circuit, such as a microstrip circuit, with feeder elements which couple electromagnetic radiation to the radiating elements. The antenna arrangement has an electrically conductive backplate located behind the circuit, which acts as a groundplane and which is separated from the circuit by a dielectric layer. To reduce electromagnetic interference from the feeder elements which could disrupt the antenna pattern an electrically conductive screen is located directly in front of the feeder elements of the circuit but selectively exposes the array of radiating elements. The screen is spaced from the feeder elements and is not electrically connected to the backplate so that the screen, feeder elements and backplate do not form a triplate structure.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) transponder (tag) includes a spiral over ground plane antenna. The RFID tag includes a RFID circuitry that may be implemented as an RFID tag integrated circuit and may be mounted on one surface of a substrate such as a printed circuit board. The RFID tag circuitry may be electrically connected to an impedance matching circuit printed on the same side of printed circuit board. The matching circuit is electrically connected to a spiral antenna that may be mounted on same side of the printed circuit board as the tag circuit and matching circuit. The spiral antenna is held a prescribed distance from the ground plane in order to maximize the gain of the RFID tag and to thereby maximize the range of the RFID tag.

Abstract: A broadband phased antenna is comprised of multiple patches which are dirly feed. The multiple patches provide the broadband patch antenna having overlapping narrow frequency bands and comprise a ground-plane element, multiple antenna elements, multiple dielectric layers, an RF feed line, and a feed arrangement. The ground-plane element has predetermined length and width dimensions and an aperture therein at a predetermined location near its center. The multiple antenna elements have an uppermost antenna element. The multiple dielectric layers are respectively interposed between and separate the multiple antenna elements into a stacked arrangement having odd and even numbered antenna elements.

Abstract: An earth configuration achieving easy installment without deteriorating performance of an antenna device. The antenna device has a balanced antenna element, a shield plate arranged between the balanced antenna element and a conductor of a car, and a supporting member, and the shield plate blocks electrical coupling of the conductor from the balanced antenna element when the antenna device is mounted on the body of the car.

Abstract: A planar, low-profile, very wide frequency bandwidth, wide-scan, dual-linear or circular-polarized phased array antenna using integrated stacked-disc radiator tiles. The stacked-disc radiator configuration comprises a lower active radiator fed by a pair of probes for each polarization state, and a parasitic radiator separated from the active radiator by dielectric material. The stacked-disc radiator is integrated with its multi-layer feed circuits in a very compact package. The feed circuits include 90.degree. hybrid coupler circuits and 180.degree. hybrid coupler circuits that couple dual linear or dual circular polarized energy to and from the disk radiators.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna unit (101) capable of operating in a satellite communication mode. The antenna unit (101) comprises interleaved circular patches for transmitting (102) and receiving (103) radio signals periodical arranged in a first and a second layer. The patches for transmitting (102) in the first layer are arranged in a first lattice (104) and the patches for receiving (103) in the second layer are arranged in a second lattice (105). The first lattice (104) is interleaved with the second lattice (105). Every other patch for transmitting (102) in the first layer has a corresponding patch for receiving (103) in the second layer, where each of the patches for receiving (103) are arranged in such a way that a center axis of the patches for receiving (103) coincide with a center axis of the corresponding patch for transmitting (102).

Abstract: An increased bandwidth patch antenna which includes first and second arms spaced by an air gap. The first and second arms are electrically connected by a bridge. A ground plane, which is approximately parallel to the first and second arms, is separated from the first and second arms by a dielectric substrate. In one embodiment of the present invention, the first arm is a radiating arm and the second arm is a tuning arm. By varying the length of the tuning arm, the bandwidth of the antenna is increased. The second arm, which also acts as a parasitic arm of the first arm, increases the gain of the antenna. A signal unit is electrically coupled to the bridge. The signal unit transmits and/or receives signals having a selected frequency band. The antenna resonates at the selected frequency band.

Abstract: The invention comprises an antenna structure particularly suited for mobile stations. The antenna comprises a radiating element (100) which is of a conductor form. The antenna conductor comprises a basic conductor and as an extension to this a conductor (115, 116) which at least partly is located relatively close to the basic conductor. As the conductors are close to each other that causes an electromagnetic coupling, which again causes a second resonance frequency for the antenna. The bandwidth of the antenna can be widened when the second resonance frequency is arranged close to the first one. The antenna can be made as a two-band antenna when the second resonance frequency is arranged relatively far from the first one. The bands can be made relatively wide, so that the antenna operates satisfactorily in different positions and in the neighbourhood of objects. It can be fastened to the back wall of a mobile station, whereby the distance to the user's head is made as large as possible.

Abstract: The invention relates to an antenna, and in particular to an antenna for receiving and/or transmitting electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies, and to an antenna assembly. The antenna is suitable for frequencies in the range of around 450 MHz to around 1800 MHz, typically as used in mobile communications systems. There is provided an antenna (2; 102) for a mobile communications system which includes a symmetrical substantially planar element (4; 104) comprising two substantially planar portions (6, 8; 106, 108), the portions each being electrically conductive, characterized in that the portions have a thickness of no more than 0.1 cm and in that the element to a non-conducting base (12; 112). There is also provided an antenna assembly comprising at least two antennas connected by a phasing harness.

Abstract: An antenna and method of manufacturing thereof. The antenna includes an integral antenna element, support and base, all manufactured from a flexible circuit material. A stiffener material is added to the flexible circuit material where needed to provide rigidity. When the antenna is mounted in an antenna system, foam is injected around the antenna to enhance stability. The antenna is made from flexible circuit material using printed circuit board manufacturing techniques and thus manufacturing can be highly automated with excellent repeatability.

Abstract: Sensors positioned in power transmission systems with tubular enclosures have radio interrogation capabilities. The radio antenna assigned to a sensor is a planar antenna with a radiating element and a conductive baseplate, with the radiating element being designed as a reed that is provided in a self-supporting manner in a recess in the baseplate and is short-circuited to the baseplate at one end. This forms a quarter-wave antenna which can be tuned by using a metal resonating member with a U-shaped cross-section and can be combined with a surface-wave sensor.

Abstract: The invention provides a chip antenna comprising: a substrate made by laminating a plurality of sheet layers made of ceramic; a radiating conductor having substantially planar shape and provided on said substrate; a grounding conductor having substantially planar shape and provided so as to oppose said radiating conductor with said sheet layers interposed in between; a capacitor conductor having substantially planar shape and provided so as to oppose said radiating conductor and said grounding conductor with said sheet layers interposed in between; a first shorting conductor which connects said radiating conductor and said grounding conductor; a second shorting conductor which connects said grounding conductor and said capacitor conductor; a feed terminal connected to said radiating conductor or said capacitor conductor; and a ground terminal connected to said grounding conductor. According to the above a chip antenna, the resonance frequency can be adjusted readily with compact size can be achieved.

Abstract: To simplify designing and fabrication of a shaped beam array antenna for generating a cosecant square beam, slots having the same size are arranged with the same separation on a wall of a wave guide. The slots yield an excitation amplitude distribution wherein the excitation amplitude distribution attenuates exponentially from a feeder side of the wave guide to the terminal side of the wave guide where a terminal dummy is provided. The excitation phase distribution is linear with a slight variation. The first slot nearest to the feeder side is modified to produce an excitation phase difference between the first and the second slot.

Abstract: The dual polarized antenna element includes a planar radiating element (2) arranged in a first plane; a metallic surface (4) arranged in a second plane and provided with slots (5,6; 5,6.1,6.2) extending under the radiating element (2); a supply conductor structure (7,8) arranged in a third plane so as to be coupled with the slots (5,6; 5,6.1,6.2) in the second plane, which is located above the third plane. One slot (5) extends on a line of symmetry (11) of the radiating element (2) and the other slot (6; 6.1,6.2) runs perpendicularly to and mirror symmetric to the line of symmetry (11). In order to provide the highest possible decoupling of both polarizations, the other slots (6; 6.1,6.

Abstract: A small antenna comprising an unequal current density center-fed dipole employing a conductive trace and a ground plane counterpoise positioned substantially perpendicular to each other. According to one embodiment, a conductive trace is etched onto a dielectric substrate to form a printed circuit. According to a further embodiment, the conductive trace has two sets of orthogonal components; one set of components captures the desired electric field polarization and the second set of components cancels out the undesired cross polarization. A portion of a signal received on the first set of components adds together to produce a desired resultant vector and a portion of the signal received on the second set of components adds together to cancel out the undesired vector.

Abstract: A device for antennas, in particular dual-polarized microwave antennas with single-polarized patches, for which antennas reduced cross-polarization and reduced cross-coupling can be achieved without impairing the bandwidth of the antenna or increasing the occurrence of grating lobes. A modification of the traditionally rectangular geometry of the single-polarized patches is carried out. The modification is symmetrical in relation to the plane in which the linear-polarized signal lies for the respective patch. The modification involves the patches narrowing towards the ends along the respective polarization axis in such a manner that side edges which face side edges of adjacent patches are formed. In this way, the coupling between adjacent patches and also the cross-polarization in the respective patch are reduced.

Abstract: An antenna device for receiving and/or transmitting dual polarized electromagnetic waves, comprising at least one antenna element (7). There are disposed parasitic elements (8, 9) of an electrically conductive material in a region, which surrounds the antenna element and includes the space between and including two parallel planes (2, 1) being defined by a ground plane layer (2) and the antenna element (7), respectively. Each parasitic element (8, 9) comprises at least one elongated, longitudinal portion, extending along an associated lateral side of the antenna element.

Abstract: An antenna, particularly adapted to produce a scanning beam usable for radar and communication applications, includes a frame. Attached to the frame is a reciprocating device that is operatively connected to a reflecting conductor. Spaced by a uniform gap from the conductor is an elongated dielectric waveguide carried on a conductive layer of a laminate supported by the frame on an input side of the antenna. The waveguide covers a set of spaced apart apertures in the laminate conductive layer. Joined to the laminate conductive layer on an opposite output side of the antenna is a dielectric layer. On an outer surface of the laminate dielectric layer is a set of spaced apart conductive patches that align with the laminate conductive layer apertures. During operation of the antennas an electromagnetic wave is transmitted through the waveguide to pass through the laminate apertures and energizes the patches.

Abstract: An antenna for utilization in a fuse of an artillery shell or the like. The antenna includes a dielectric disk having upper and lower surfaces, a radiator disposed on the upper surface of the dielectric disk, a ground plane disposed on the lower surface of said dielectric disk, and a plurality of spaced apart apertures radially disposed through the dielectric disk for coupling the radiator to the ground plane.

Abstract: A surface mount antenna, comprising: a base, comprising an insulator having a first main face, a second main face and end faces extending between said first main face and second main face, a ground electrode provided on the first main face of said base, first and second radiation electrodes, provided on the second main face of said base, and a first connection electrode, a second connection electrode and a feed electrode, provided on end faces of said base, said first and second radiation electrodes facing each other with a slit in between, said slit being provided at a diagonal to all sides of the second main face of said base, the slit having first and second ends extending to end portions of the second main face, an end of said first radiation electrode which is near to the first end of said slit connecting to said ground electrode via said first connection electrode, said feed electrode being provided near to an end portion of the first radiation electrode, with a gap provided between the feed electrode a

Abstract: An antenna structure including a ground plane that provides a good front to back ratio while maintaing a small size and which can mechanically be made to fit into tight areas. The antenna structure may be a GPS patch antenna, or any other antenna adapted to receive broadcast signals. The ground plane is made from radar absorbing material (RAM) in electrical contract with conductive radials. The RAM inherently acts to suppress surface currents on the ground plane, which in turn reduces back signals. Although RAM has some resistance, it is low enough such that the electrical effect of the radials is extended through the RAM, essentially simulating a "solid" conductive disk. Both the RAM and radials may be made from light and flexible material, and consequently may be adapted for use in a variety of applications.

Abstract: A dual band slot antenna for cellular telephone and GPS frequency bands. The antenna is a slot antenna formed in a conductive layer laminated to a layer of a windshield or other transparency. The slot is formed along two adjoining arcs of a circle extending oppositely from a feedpoint, with a portion of the conductive layer interposed between the ends of the slots. The two slot legs have different lengths so the slot is tuned to exhibit at least two resonant peaks, such as one at the cellular telephone frequency band and the other at the GPS frequency band. The slot is fed by strip line transmission lines or capacitive coupling, using additional conductive film patches spaced by one or more layers of the window, with the window layer forming a dielectric.

Abstract: This invention is directed to an apparatus for transmitting an electromagnetic wave. The apparatus includes a dielectric material with a permittivity that decreases with increasing frequency over an operating frequency bandwidth that includes the frequency of the electromagnetic wave. With this behavior, the electrical or phase length of the dielectric material remains relatively constant and independent of frequency over the operating band, a feature that is highly advantageous for many important applications including circuit boards, radomes, and antennas. In addition, the dielectric material can be engineered to exhibit this behavior at a desired frequency, including frequencies in the millimeter, microwave, VHF and UHF frequency ranges. In a preferred embodiment, the dielectric material is an artificial dielectric manufactured by mixing conductive particulate into a host dielectric material.

Abstract: A substrate antenna that includes one or more conductive traces supported on a dielectric substrate having a predetermined thickness. Appropriate dimensions are selected for the lengths and widths of traces, based on the wavelength of interest, connecting elements, and space allocated. The supporting substrate is mounted offset from and generally perpendicular to the ground plane associate with the device with which the antenna is being used. The trace is electrically connected to a conductive pad on one end. A signal feed for the antenna is coupled to the conductive pad. The substrate antenna employs a very thin and compact structure to which provides appropriate bandwidth. Antenna compactness and a greater variety of useful shapes allow the substrate antenna to be used very efficiently as an internal antenna for wireless devices.

Abstract: A meander line phased array antenna element is disclosed. The phased array antenna element has a dielectric plate, a transceiver medium component formed on the dielectric plate by a printed-circuit method and a microstrip line having a strip line for electrical connection with the transceiver medium component and a ground formed on the back of the dielectric plate. Since the phased array antenna element is planar, it can be mounted on any surface, such that the quality of the transmitted and/or received signal is able to be enhanced without any influence on the size of the product using this technique.

Abstract: A traveling array antenna which operates at microwave/millimeter frequencies is disclosed in which a like number of radiator elements are arranged in two mirror image branches, an RF signal feed is fed through a 180 degree compensating power splitter to each branch of the antenna array, each of the radiator elements includes an impedance matching transformer connected at its input side and in which a radiator terminating patch is connected to the end of each of the two mirror image branches.

Abstract: A feed device for a radiating element operating in dual polarization, for use especially in the field of space transmission, comprises a first feed line penetrating into a first cavity located beneath said radiating element, and a second feed line disposed in a configuration orthogonal to the first line and penetrating into a second cavity located in line with the first, a conductive part forming a coupling slot between the two cavities.

Abstract: A flat antenna device is constructed such that circular patches are provided on one surface of a dielectric film, a metallic grounding conductor film is fitted to one surface of a dielectric film, a dielectric member is sandwiched between the dielectric film and the dielectric film, and an extending mechanism is provided to the periphery of the device so as to maintain the dielectric film and the dielectric film in a fully extended state. A circular microstrip patch antenna is formed by the metallic grounding conductor film and each of the circular patches.

Abstract: A patch having a circular shape for instance is formed on the main surface of a substrate in the shape of, for example, an equilateral triangle. The center of the main surface of the patch is at a position different from the center of the substrate. A grounding conductor is disposed on the backside of the substrate. Power is supplied to the patch through, for example, a microstrip line, triplate line, coplanar waveguide, slot line or the like. An antenna configured as described above has the center of the patch at a position different from the center of the triangle substrate, so that beams can be tilted in a desired direction by a single patch and a single feeder circuit.

Abstract: A radar module has an antenna assembly, a plurality of transmitting and receiving assemblies, and a plurality of circulators all mounted on a dielectric substrate. The antenna assembly has a plurality of transmitting and receiving channels including respective planar array antenna elements each composed of a plurality of patches connected to and spaced along a linear distal end portion of a feeder line. The planar array antenna elements are arrayed in a direction substantially perpendicular to the linear distal end portion of the feeder line. The transmitting and receiving assemblies, implemented as monolithic microwave integrated circuits, selectively transmit high-frequency signals to the planar array antenna elements and selectively receive echo signals from the planar array antenna elements.

Abstract: A conductive micro-strip line, a feeding line in contact with the micro-strip, and a radiation element connected to the feeding line are provided on a dielectric or semiconductor substrate, and a ground conductor is provided on the side of the substrate opposite to the micro-strip line to establish a diversification antenna and an array antenna. In accordance with another aspect, a plurality of antennas, each comprising a dielectric or semiconductor substrate, a conductive film provided on one side of the substrate for constituting a radiation element and a micro-strip line including a feeding line leading to the radiation element, and a ground conductor film provided on the other side of the substrate, are arranged. A coaxial feeding line leading to one of the antennas is provided along the ground plane, of another antenna, on which the ground conductor film is provided. This construction inhibits the influence of the coaxial feeding line on the radiation and impedance characteristics of another antenna.

Abstract: An antenna arrangement includes a number of first radiating elements radiating in a first frequency band and a number of second radiating elements radiating in a second frequency band. The first and the second radiating elements are arranged in different planes. The second radiating elements are arranged in relation to the first radiating elements in such a way that each second radiating element partly overlaps the corresponding first radiating element. Each radiating element has at least one resonant dimension and the resonant dimension of the first radiating element is approximately twice the resonant dimension of the second radiating elements and the second radiating elements radiate at a frequency, or in a frequency band, which is approximately twice that of the first radiating element(s).

Abstract: An antenna assembly has a first antenna with a planar dielectric first substrate and electrically conductive layers on opposing major surfaces of the first substrate. One or more hollow electrical shunts extend between the conductive layers and separate conductors are connected to the geometric centers of each conductive layer to carry communication signals to and from the first antenna. A second antenna abuts the first antenna and has a second planar substrate of dielectric material with a conductive radiating pattern on one surface. In an active version of the second antenna, a low noise amplifier is mounted on the second substrate. Another conductor extends through the hollow electrical shunt and is connected to the conductive pattern.

Abstract: A cavity-backed microstrip dipole antenna array is provided with a microstrip feeder network and a plurality of dipoles which are etched and formed on a single printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, the structure is simple and inexpensive. Moreover, the antenna array can operate over a wider frequency bandwidth, and the thickness can be reduced to 0.1 of the wavelength of the transmitted/received signal.

Abstract: An antenna element is disclosed with a microstrip transmission line having a series of conductive patch radiating elements, each one of the radiating elements having a pair of conductive patches, each one of the patches being disposed on opposite edges of the transmission line, each of the patches having a rhomboidal shape with edges disposed at an oblique angle with respect to the microstrip transmission line, the edges of one of the patches being at substantially ninety degrees to the edges of the other one of the patches, the patches being staggered with respect to each other along the transmission line by substantially a quarter-wave length at the nominal operating wavelength of the antenna element.

Abstract: A semiconductor array assembly comprises an antenna array portion including a plurality of photonically-activatable semiconductor elements. The array assembly may also include a solar energy collection array portion having a plurality of photovoltaic cells. The two arrays may be supportably positioned on opposing sides of a common support structure (e.g. a dielectric substrate). An activation arrangement is provided to transmit photonic energy from an external source, such as solar radiation from the sun, received on a back side of the assembly to photonically-activatable elements to increase their electrical conductivity and thereby activate them for transmission and/or reception of electromagnetic signals. The activation arrangement may also feed photonic energy from an internal photonic energy source, such as laser diodes, through optical fibers to activate the photonically-activatable elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thin-film antenna device particularly well suited for use with remote vehicle starting systems. The antenna device includes an electrically conducting film printed on an insulating substrate that can be bonded to any suitable supporting surface, such as the windshield of a vehicle. The electrically conductive film is protected by an outer protective coating along its entire surface except at two areas that form contact pads for receiving the terminals of a signal processing unit such as a radio receiver, demodulator, filter and amplifier, among many others. The signal processing unit is mounted to the same surface to which the antenna device is secured by a releasable attachment system such as a hook and loop type fastener. In a typical installation, a patch of hook-type material is adhesively bonded to the supporting surface overlying the antenna device. The patch of hook-type material includes a pair of apertures registering with the contact pads of the antenna device.

Abstract: There is provided an antenna including (a) a first micro-strip antenna, (b) a second micro-strip antenna spaced away from and facing the first micro-strip antenna, (c) a ground plate located between the first and second micro-strip antennas, the ground plate being formed with an opening overlapping both the first and second micro-strip antennas, (d) a first dielectric material sandwiched between the first micro-strip antenna and the ground plate, (e) a second dielectric material sandwiched between the second micro-strip antenna and the ground plate, and (f) a micro-strip line formed on a surface of the first dielectric material and connected to the first micro-strip antenna. In accordance with the antenna, when electromagnetic wave is supplied to the first micro-strip antenna, the first micro-strip antenna resonates and radiates electromagnetic waves to atmosphere therearound.

Abstract: A planar antenna that includes a high dielectric constant superstrate lens having a plurality of air holes that vary the actual dielectric constant of the lens to provide an effective dielectric constant superstrate lens. The holes can take on any shape and configuration in accordance with a particular antenna design scheme so as to optimize the effective dielectric constant for a particular application. In one particular design, the holes are formed in a random manner completely through superstrate lens, and the holes have an opening diameter less than 1/20th of the operational wavelength of the antenna. The holes act to vary the dielectric constant of the superstrate lens so that the resonant waves do not form in the lens, thus reducing power loss in the antenna. The holes are formed by a suitable mechanical or laser drilling operation.

Abstract: An antenna/mirror combination apparatus in which the space occupied by a low-profile antenna is reduced with internal space of a mirror case being effectively utilized for the other purposes and which can be realized inexpensively in a small size without impairing the degree of freedom in design owing to an integral combination of the antenna array with a mirror. The apparatus includes a mirror (3) having an electrically conductive reflecting mirror surface (10) and a low-profile antenna (8) having an electrically conductive antenna element, wherein the low-profile antenna (8) is disposed and combined integrally with the mirror (3) such that at least a part of the antenna element functions as a part of the reflecting mirror surface (10).

Abstract: A novel means of scanning a circularly polarized reflectarray antenna. The reflectarray is an array of metallic elements arranged on a surface designed to compensate for the various path lengths of the optical rays from an illuminating feed to the reflecting surface and then to the antenna aperture. With appropriate design, the phase in the aperture can be made to vary linearly in any desired direction and also to produce a radiated beam normal to the constant phase surface. In the case of circular polarization, this path length compensation can be accomplished by rotation of the individual elements.

Abstract: Methods of forming conductive lines, antennas, and wireless communications devices, and related conductive lines, antennas and wireless communications devices are described. In one aspect, a substrate having an outer surface is provided. A first layer of conductive material is formed over the outer surface. A second layer of conductive material is formed over only portions of the first layer. Using the second layer as a masking layer, the first layer is etched selectively relative thereto to provide a conductive line comprising the first and second layers. Preferably, the first layer is more conductive than the second layer. In a preferred implementation, the conductive line constitutes an antenna construction which is suitable for use in a wireless communications device. In another preferred implementation, an antenna, an integrated circuitry chip, and a battery are mounted on a substrate and operably interconnected to provide an integrated circuitry chip, with the antenna being formed as described above.