Abstract: A compact antenna for use in a load control device for controlling the power delivered to an electric load and operable to transmit or receive radio frequency signals at a specified frequency is presented. The antenna comprises a first main radiating loop of conductive material having an inductance and a capacitor forming a circuit being resonant at the specified frequency, and a second feed loop of conductive material having two ends adapted to be electrically coupled to an electronic circuit. The second feed loop is substantially only magnetically coupled to the first main radiating loop. The antenna is disposed in an actuator button, which is provided in an opening of a traditional-style faceplate. The antenna extends beyond the faceplate of the load control device.

Abstract: A conveyor system for processing items on which radio frequency identification tags are disposed includes a frame, a conveyor disposed movably on the frame and that conveys items through a path of travel, each item having at least one respective radio frequency identification tag disposed thereon, at least one first antenna, at least one second antenna, a radio frequency receiver, and a processor. The processor associates a first signal with a first item if the processor receives the first signal from the receiver while at least a portion of the first item is within a first area that includes at least part of a second area into which the antenna radiates radio frequency signals. The first antenna radiates radio frequency signals if at least one item is in the path of travel within a third area that includes, and is larger than, the first area.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a portable personal communication device with an extendable helical antenna. This helical antenna is made of an elastic conductive spring, configured to change its height over a ground plane and along the antenna axis, mainly having two positions: a stowed position where the antenna is pressed down between the ground plane and a rigid cover, achieving a low profile; and an operational position where the rigid cover is removed and the antenna is extended by its own spring force, to a higher height, improving antenna gain. Normally, a second planar antenna may be placed over the same ground plane, not exceeding the footprint of the helical antenna, thus utilizing a compactly small volume and yet achieving a considerable electromagnetic decoupling between the antennas, due to their different radiation patterns.

Abstract: A portal antenna (10) particularly suited for enabling low frequency RFID devices carried by animals to be read when animals are proceeding through a stock race or the like. The portal antenna includes a portal structure (11) through which an animal can pass and about which is wound at least one coil (18/19) of antenna conductor. At least one elongate radiator element (21) preferably projects to at least one side of the portal structure (11). Preferably the radiator(s) (21) is/are of ferrous/magnetically conductive metal. The radiator(s) can form a separate structure or be part of the wall structure of a stock race.

Abstract: An antenna system is provided. The antenna system comprises a first antenna with a first operating frequency and a second antenna with a second operating frequency. The second antenna has a first near field with a first near region in which the first antenna is disposed and a second near region. The second antenna has a first gain in the first near region which is lower than a second gain in the second near region. The first gain and the second gain are both at a same one of the first operating frequency and the second operating frequency.

Abstract: An antenna includes a central loop and four adjacent coplanar eccentric loops. The central loop creates a magnetic field that is essentially perpendicular to the antenna. The centres of gravity of the four eccentric loops are essentially located on the periphery of the central loop and the eccentric loops are supplied in such a way as to predominantly create a rotating field in a plane parallel to the plane of the antenna. The eccentric loops can be associated in pairs of non-adjacent loops in such a way as to generate electromagnetic fields of opposite phases in the respective pair. In this way, the two loops of a pair can be connected such that the same current flows through them in opposite trigonometric directions. A radiofrequency generator can supply first and second excitation signals alternately on two outputs, respectively to the central loop and to the eccentric loops.

Abstract: An electrical control device for controlling the status of a controlled electrical device, the electrical control device comprising a power conducting semiconductor device for controlling the status of the controlled electrical device; a control circuit; a transmitter and/or receiver in communication with the control circuit; and an antenna coupled to the transmitter and/or receiver; the antenna adapted to receive a first signal at a specified frequency from a remote control device and/or transmit a second signal at a specified frequency to a remote control device; wherein the transmitter is operable to couple the first signal from the antenna to the control circuit for remotely controlling the controllably conductive device and/or couple the second signal from the control circuit for providing a status of said controlled electrical device, the antenna comprising a first loop of conductive material having a capacitance and an inductance; the capacitance and the inductance forming a circuit being resonant at t

Abstract: An antenna (1) for communication with a multitude of transponders (6a . . . 6c) is provided, the antenna (1) having an antenna conductor (2) which completely encloses at least one read/write region (4c) intended for a transponder (6c) individually and/or, when a multitude of read/write regions (4a, 4b) are arranged within a continuous inner region (3) enclosed by the antenna conductor (2), the inner region (3) has constrictions (5a) between the read/write regions (4a, 4b) so that the antenna conductor (2) largely encloses these read/write regions (4a, 4b) individually. The electromagnetic field radiated by the antenna (1) is thereby concentrated on the read/write regions (4a . . . 4c).

Abstract: A resonant circuit tuning system and a method for tuning are provided. The resonant circuit tuning system may include a resonant circuit having a first capacitive element in series between a transmitter and an antenna coil and a second capacitive element in parallel with the transmitter and the antenna coil. At least one of the first capacitive element and second capacitive element may be configured to be varied. The resonant circuit tuning system also may include a controller for controlling a variable value of at least one of the first and second capacitive elements.

Abstract: A magnetic and/or magneto-electric antenna that has a plurality of conducting loops, two or more of the loops being driven by separate drivers, wherein the loops are positioned side by side in a net-like layout.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus is featured by that a base member 4 has an antenna unit 3 and a loop pattern 2 wound in such a manner that a magnetic field of the loop pattern 2 is generated along the same direction as that of the antenna unit 2, and the loop pattern 2 has been formed by a plurality of loops connected parallel to each other.

Abstract: A reader of an RFID system has excitation circuitry for generating a higher voltage excitation signal, receiving circuitry for reading a lower voltage transponder signal and an antenna coupled with the excitation circuitry for transmitting the excitation signal and coupled with the receiving circuitry for receiving the transponder signal. The receiving circuitry includes a low voltage signal stripping circuit coupled with the antenna for isolating the transponder signal from the excitation signal preliminary to the receiving circuitry reading the transponder signal. The bulk of the components of the low voltage signal stripping circuit are low voltage components, which can be included in an application specific integrated circuit.

Abstract: A magnetic and/or magneto-electric antenna that has a plurality of conducting loops that each can be resonated at a frequency that is offset from the other loops to provide a composite band-pass response that is broader than that of the individual loops.

Abstract: A transceiver antenna system comprising at least one solenoid receive antenna and at least one transmitting loop antenna, the at least one solenoid receive antenna being located with its axis in the plane of a transmitting loop antenna and located inside the loop.

Abstract: A compact polarization agile antenna includes a dual-orthogonal loop structure which is excited by a single RF feed (21). The loop structure includes a pair of loops (8, 10), each loop is connected to ground (45) through a complex impedance via a solid state switch (41, 43). Current flows in the loop when the switch (41, 43) is closed. The switches (41, 43) and impedances (47, 49) in each leg are independently controlled. Additionally, the relative phase of the current in each leg can be controlled over a narrow bandwidth via a complex impedance for narrowband circular polarized applications. Using this approach, orthogonal linear, slant, or left-hand and right-hand circular polarizations can be generated.

Abstract: An antenna operable to transmit or receive radio frequency signals at a specified frequency, the antenna comprising a first printed circuit board comprising a first loop of conductive material having a capacitance and an inductance, the capacitance and the inductance forming a circuit being resonant at the specified frequency; and a second printed circuit board comprising a second loop of conductive material having two ends adapted to be electrically coupled to an electronic circuit, the second loop being substantially only magnetically coupled to the first loop and electrically insulated from the first loop; the antenna for use with a device for controlling the power delivered to an electrical load, further wherein the first loop of the conductive material comprises a break and the capacitance includes a capacitor bridging the break; wherein the first printed circuit board is disposed in a first plane, and the first loop is disposed in the plane perpendicular to the first plane whereby electrical current flo

Abstract: A loop-type antenna for radio frequency identification includes a main body and a feed portion. The main body includes a loop member and at least one pair of coupled sections. The loop member has at least one gap. Each of the coupled sections is connected with one end of corresponding one of the at least one gap. The pair has identical extension direction. The feed portion is electrically connected with the loop member in the manner that the loop member is symmetrical in terms of the feed portion. An antenna array for radio frequency identification also is provided.

Abstract: An antenna device includes a dual-loop radiating element, first and second radiating arms, a feeding element, and a grounding element. The dual-loop radiating element has first and second loops. Each of the first and second radiating arms is disposed in a respective one of the first and second loops. The feeding element interconnects the first and second loops and the first and second radiating arms. The grounding element is connected to the first and second loops.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna arrangement for a portable communication device as well as to such a portable communication device comprising such an antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement includes at least one first loop antenna element provided in a loop structure. The loop structure includes at least one section shaped as a loop and each loop antenna element in the loop structure has only one connection point to be connected to a signal connection point of a radio circuit. The antenna arrangement also includes a planar antenna element for connection to a grounding connection point of the radio circuit. The loop structure is displaced from the planar antenna element in the plane in which this planar antenna element is provided.

Abstract: An antenna comprises a first circular coil, a second circular coil, and a third circular coil, and a housing unit including a sending/receiving interrogator chip. The first, second, and third coil are each connected to the housing unit at two points on each of the first, second, and third coil, and the first, second, and third coil are connected substantially in parallel.

Abstract: The present invention provides an antenna coil capable of attaining high sensitivity by increasing a core length, the number of turns of wound coil or a coil length without increasing the antenna coil size. An antenna coil 10 includes: a first coil portion 211 wound with coil wire 21A; a second coil portion 212 wound with coil wire 21A and intersecting with the first coil portion 211; and a case 30 having a coil receiving portion 34 receiving the first coil portion 211 and the second coil portion 212, in which the first coil portion 211 and the second coil portion 212 are disposed so that extending directions of the respective coil portions 211, 212 are directed in diagonals direction of the coil receiving portion 34.

Abstract: There is provided a windmill-shaped loop antenna including: a dielectric substrate; a first radiation unit disposed on a top surface of the dielectric substrate and including a metal pattern having loop pieces; a second radiation unit disposed at a bottom surface of the dielectric substrate and including a metal pattern having loop pieces arranged not to face the loop pieces of the first radiation unit; and a plurality of identical transmission line from a center of the top and bottom surfaces of the dielectric substrate to the first and second radiation units, which form windmill-shaped metal pattern with the first and second radiation unit.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a radio system including: a first radio apparatus that has a first loop antenna; and a second radio apparatus that has a second loop antenna and that performs a radio communication with the first radio apparatus when the second loop antenna is opposed with the first loop antenna, wherein the second radio apparatus has a shield member that is formed of a magnetic substance and disposed to shield at least a portion of the second loop antenna with respect to the first loop antenna when the radio communication is performed.

Abstract: A dual-polarized antenna, and an associated methodology, is provided for a radio device, such as a mobile station. The antenna is formed of a plurality of loop strips disposed upon a substrate. The loop strips are configured into a pair of L-cornered loops, with the loops sharing a shared set of loop strips. A loop strip of the shared set provides a single feed connection, positioned to permit symmetrical excitation of the antenna.

Abstract: The invention relates to an antenna unit for wireless communication to a multitude of wireless interfaces comprising a multitude of individual antennas, each antenna comprising a coil comprising at least one winding and the individual antennas embrace the same volume and to a hearing aid comprising such antenna unit. The object of the present invention is to provide an antenna unit and a hearing aid providing several wireless interfaces at a relatively small volume. The problem is solved in that at least one of the coils is adapted for providing an inductive coupling to another device. Among the advantages are reduced space/volume, reduced cost and reduced sensitivity to production tolerances compared to a solution comprising individual, separate antennas. The invention may e.g. be used in wireless communication devices, e.g. mobile telephones, head phones, head sets, hearing aids, etc.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes an antenna. The antenna assembly includes at least one interrupted loop or rod of electrically conducting material and a printed circuit board (PCB). At least a part of the PCB together with the at least one interrupted loop or rod of electrically conducting material forms the antenna.

Abstract: A communication device includes a radio frequency identification tag that performs a radio communication with a predetermined device. A first metal body has an electrical conductivity. A space adjustment unit is configured to adjust a space between the first metal body and the radio frequency identification tag. The first metal body is configured to be replaced with a second metal body, and when the first metal body is replaced with the second metal body, the space adjustment unit is configured to adjust a space between the second metal body and the radio frequency identification tag.

Abstract: An antenna for radio frequency identification is disclosed. The antenna comprises a first radiating element having at least one loop element and a second radiating element spatially displaced from the first radiating element and having at least two interconnected loop elements. The antenna further comprises a coupler for electrically coupling the first and second radiating elements. Specifically, when a first current flows in the first radiating element for generating a first magnetic field and a second current flows in the second radiating element for generating a second magnetic field, one of the first and second magnetic fields superimposes the other of the first and second magnetic fields for generating an interrogation region in the near field of the first and second radiating elements.

Abstract: A conveyor system for processing items on which radio frequency identification tags are disposed includes a frame, a conveyor that is disposed moveably on the frame and that conveys items through a path of travel, each item having at least one respective radio frequency identification tag disposed thereon, a first antenna, a second antenna, a radio frequency receiver, a processor, and radiation absorbing material disposed between the first and second antennas and the path of travel, so that the absorbing material shields a portion of the radiation that would otherwise radiate into an area through which the items pass.

Abstract: A chip seal ring that maintains the chip seal ring as a continuous barrier to contamination, while at the same time creating a desirable electrical feature in the seal ring that enables the use of an on-chip loop antenna. In one embodiment, at least a portion of the chip seal ring has a serpentine configuration, such as a square wave, triangle wave, or curved geometry, that increases the reactance and resistance of the seal ring so as to mitigate the adverse induced currents created by the magnetic coupling effects between the on-chip antenna and the seal rings, thereby improving the efficiency of an on-chip loop antenna in the presence of the seal ring.

Abstract: A small transceiver device and antenna system has an insulating layer with first and second surfaces. A transmit loop element having transmit loop segments is formed on the first surface. The transmit loop segments are disposed in a transmit zigzag configuration. A receive loop element having receive loop segments is formed on the second surface. The receive loop segments are disposed in a receive zigzag configuration. Each receive loop segment in the receive zigzag configuration is skewed with respect to a closest transmit loop segment disposed in the transmit zigzag configuration. The transmit loop segments can be grouped in two or more transmit zigzag configurations, and the receive loop segments can be grouped in two or more receive zigzag configurations.

Abstract: The biconical loop antenna is the dual and compliment to the biconical dipole antenna, and has broadband omnidirectional horizontally polarized radiation. The antenna includes a conductive antenna body having first and second opposing ends with a medial portion therebetween. The antenna body has a slot extending from at least adjacent the first end to at least adjacent the second end, and the medial portion of the antenna body is wider than the opposing ends. First and second body portions may be conical antenna elements connected together at their respective bases. Antenna feed points are at the medial and chine portion of the antenna body adjacent the slot.

Abstract: A resonant detection or identification antenna having at least one turn the antenna includes at least one electrically conducting wire and is connected to an electronic transponder chip, the operating frequency of the antenna being greater than or equal to 10 MHz and the area defined by the at least one turn being substantially less than or equal to 0.30 m2. The total capacitance of the antenna is substantially greater than or equal to 140 pF and the Q-factor of the at least one turn is substantially greater than or equal to 30.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, a method for manufacturing an array of radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas is provided. The method comprises applying an anti-sticking agent onto selective areas of a substrate. These areas are substantially complementary to antenna-areas having the shape of the RFID array. Then, the process continues by depositing in a vacuum chamber a first electrically conductive layer onto said antenna-areas. The substrate is then immersed in an electrolyte solution in which the electrically conductive layer is electroplated to form a metal layer having a desired thickness.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a radio communication medium processor having a stable performance that does not receive a limitation for an installed place, especially, the influence of a metallic structure, does not need to adjust the resonance frequency of an antenna or an impedance, is excellent in its convenience and extensibility upon installation and strong for unnecessary noise from a periphery. In electric current fed loop antenna units, non-electric current fed loop antenna are arranged in doughnut shapes outside the substantially same planes of electric current fed loop antennas so as to surround the electric current fed loop antennas. Thus, when non-electric current fed loop antenna units are installed linearly, in radial directions and in arrays adjacently to electric current fed loop antenna units, the influence of the non-electric current fed loop antenna units to the antenna characteristics of the electric current fed loop antenna units can be suppressed.

Abstract: In an IC card in which an internal circuit is operated by an internal power supply formed from alternate current from outside received by an antenna, the voltage of the internal power supply sometimes changes due to the operation of the internal circuit. Therefore, the voltage controlling circuit of the present invention includes a voltage controlling current source, and when the internal circuit is not operated and the current higher than a predetermined current is detected in the voltage controlling current source, an operating current detector circuit outputs an enable signal. When the internal circuit is operated in response to the enable signal, the current consumed in the internal circuit is subtracted from the current passing through the voltage controlling current source. Consequently, the current change in the entire internal power supply can be prevented, and the output voltage of the internal power supply can be kept constant.

Abstract: Location determination is performed using a transmitter including an elongated generally planar loop antenna defining an elongation axis. The elongation axis is positioned along at least a portion of a path. A magnetic field is then generated which approximates a dipole field. Certain characteristics of the magnetic field are then determined at a receiving position radially displaced from the antenna elongation axis. Using the determined certain characteristics, at least one orientation parameter is established which characterizes a positional relationship between the receiving position and the antenna on the path. The magnetic field may be transmitted as a monotone single phase signal. The orientation parameter may be a radial offset and/or an angular orientation between the receiving position and the antenna on the path. The antenna of the transmitter may be inserted into a first borehole to transmit the magnetic field to a receiver inserted into a second borehole.

Abstract: A planar antenna fitted with a reflector of small shape and small depth. A reflector 21 of planar shape is provided at the rear face of a radiator 20 of planar shape made of a triangular loop element. The side sections 21b on both sides of the reflector 21 are bent towards the radiator 20 and the separation .alpha.2 between the leading edges of the side sections 21b and the side edges of the radiator 20 is thereby reduced. In this way, an excellent electrical characteristic of the planar antenna 2 fitted with a reflector and can be achieved by reducing the separation D2 of the radiator 20 and reflector 21.

Abstract: A dual-polarized antenna, and an associated methodology, is provided for a radio device, such as a mobile station. The antenna is formed of a plurality of loop strips disposed upon a substrate. The loop strips are configured into a pair of L-cornered loops, with the loops sharing a shared set of loop strips. A loop strip of the shared set provides a single feed connection, positioned to permit symmetrical excitation of the antenna.

Abstract: Coil units including windings are disposed on opposite sides across a virtual center line that is substantially perpendicular to a direction of positional displacement of a portable electronic apparatus that is to be disposed close to a reader/writer. The windings are connected in series through a conductor such that winding directions of the windings are the same. A difference in the communication performance between a case where the portable electronic apparatus is brought closer to a central portion of the reader/writer and a case where the portable electronic apparatus is brought closer to a position that is deviated from the central portion of the reader/writer can be reduced. In particular, even in a case where the portable electronic apparatus is brought closer to a peripheral portion of the reader/writer, a predetermined maximum possible communication range can be ensured.

Abstract: A coupling loop or antenna is provided that can be used with a system that determines the resonant frequency of a sensor by adjusting the phase and frequency of an energizing signal until the frequency of the energizing signal matches the resonant frequency of the sensor. The coupling loop includes multiple loops. Preferably two tuned loops are used for transmitting the energizing signal to the sensor and an un-tuned loop is used for receiving the sensor signal from the sensor. Orientation features on the housing for the coupling loop and the sensor are provided to assist in positioning the coupling loop relative to the sensor to maximize the coupling between the sensor signal and the coupling loop.

Abstract: An antenna array for RFID antennas for large cohesive detection spaces, having an operating frequency between 100 kHz and 30 MHz. This antenna array can be connected with at least one reader. There can be at least one antenna consisting of an antenna loop having at least one winding. The antenna array can include at least two antennas that are disposed in a plane, in such a manner that the antenna loops of the individual antennas overlap. With this design, at least one multiplexer can be disposed between the at least one reader and the antennas of the antenna array, for selected activation of the antennas.

Abstract: A reduced height log periodic antenna that may safely be positioned under the rotating blades of a helicopter sitting on the ground and still resonate in the frequency range at which the antenna was originally designed to resonate. The antenna comprises a pair of antenna booms, a first plurality of vertical antenna radiating elements connected to the booms, and a second plurality of vertical antenna radiating elements connected to the booms. In addition, the antenna includes a plurality of tuned horizontal antenna radiating elements, each tuned horizontal radiating element being connected to the top of one of the second plurality of vertical antenna radiating elements, and a plurality of tuned upwardly bent horizontal antenna radiating elements, each tuned upwardly bent horizontal antenna radiating element being connected to the bottom of one of the second plurality of vertical antenna radiating elements.

Abstract: A radio frequency coils array includes a plurality of conductive RF loops (62a, 62b, 62c, 62d, 162a, 162b, 262a, 262b, 362a, 362b, 362c, 462a, 462b, 462c, 562a, 562b) configured to excite or receive magnetic resonance signals, and a plurality of electronics modules (64a, 64b, 64c, 64d, 164a, 164b, 264a, 264b, 364a, 364b, 364c, 464a, 464b, 64c, 564a, 564b) corresponding to the plurality of conductive RF loops. The electronics modules are grouped together in a compact electronics region (66, 166, 266, 366, 466, 66). Each RF coil is operatively connected with a corresponding electronics module. Each electronics module includes at least a pre-amplifier.

Abstract: A vehicle traffic sensor for detecting and monitoring vehicular targets is presented. The sensor employs a planar design resulting in a reduced profile sensor. The sensor includes a multi-layer radio frequency board with RF components on one of the sides and both isolation and planar array antennas on the opposing side. The antennas are preferably tapered planar array antennas which include one transmit antenna and one receive antenna. The sensor also includes at least one logic or signal processing board populated with components on a first side and a ground plane on a second side positioned toward the RF componentry of the RF board to form an RF shield. The boards are housed within a housing that is permeable, at least on the side through which the antenna structures propagate.

Abstract: A wireless communication device coupled to a wave antenna that provides greater increased durability and impedance matching. The wave antenna may be in the form of a polygonal, elliptical curve and/or coil shape. The wireless communication device is coupled to the wave antenna to provide wireless communication. The wireless communication device and wave antenna may be placed on objects, goods, or other articles of manufacture that are subject to forces such that the wave antenna may be stretched or compressed during the manufacture and/or use of such object, good or article of manufacture. The wave antenna, because of its curved structure, is capable of stretching and compressing more easily than other structures, reducing the wireless communication device's susceptibility to damage or breakage that might render the wireless communication device coupled to the wave antenna unable to properly communicate information wirelessly.

Abstract: A multi-loop antenna is described having a plurality of conductive loops to produce an electromagnetic field for radio frequency identification (RFID) communication with RFID tags. The conductive loops are spaced apart at least a distance that is selected based on a dimension of the RFID tags with which the antenna communicates. In this manner, the loops are positioned and spaced in a manner that reduces the size of the holes within the resulting magnetic field. In addition, the configuration of the described dual-loop antenna increases the coverage of the antenna, and decreases inter-winding capacitance, thereby increasing overall read range achieved by the antenna.

Abstract: The invention concerns an orthogonal loop radiofrequency antenna device designed to receive electromagnetic waves comprising at least two loops (BH, BV) consisting of a single electrical conductor, each of said loops (BH, BV) capable of having a particular shape and located in their respective plane, said planes containing each one of said loops (BH, BV) being orthogonal, and the radiofrequency antenna being located proximate a low frequency antenna.

Abstract: A large-sized electromagnetic digital broad with segmented frame antenna is provided, including at least an antenna turning board, at least an antenna multiplexer board, a physical antenna web, and a control board. The length of the antenna turning board is he same as the length of the antenna multiplexer board. The antenna turning boards and the antenna multiplexer boards are arranged to form a segmented frame antenna. The length and the width of the assembled large-sized digital board are a multiple of the length of the antenna turning board. Therefore, the size of the assembled digital board is not limited to any specific size, and is not limited by the size of the manufacturing machines.

Abstract: An antenna operable to transmit or receive radio frequency signals at a specified frequency, the antenna comprising a first printed circuit board comprising a first loop of conductive material having a capacitance and an inductance, the capacitance and the inductance forming a circuit being resonant at the specified frequency; and a second printed circuit board comprising a second loop of conductive material having two ends adapted to be electrically coupled to an electronic circuit, the second loop being substantially only magnetically coupled to the first loop and electrically insulated from the first loop; the antenna for use with a device for controlling the power delivered to an electrical load, further wherein the first loop of the conductive material comprises a break and the capacitance includes a capacitor bridging the break; wherein the first loop comprises a first metal layer on a first side of the first printed circuit board and a second metal layer on a second, opposite side of the first printed