Abstract: A display device separates a size-reduced image into a plurality of sub-areas in such a manner that a sub-area farther away from the light sources becomes wider than a sub-area closer to the light sources; compares, in each of the sub-areas, the luminance values of each pixel in a direction perpendicular to the array direction; and selects a pixel having the greatest luminance value, thereby creating line information. The display device then compares a light distribution that is a synthesis of light radiation patterns of the light sources with a luminance distribution indicated by each line information and then adjusts the emission intensity of each of the light sources.

Abstract: A gamut mapping operation (910) detects in-gamut areas surrounded on at least two sides by out-of-gamut areas, and (920, 940) provides additional reduction of the subpixel values in the in-gamut areas to regain some of the contrast between the in-gamut and out-of-gamut areas. Other embodiments are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display and pixel displaying structure thereof. The pixel displaying structure has a plurality of sub-pixel units. The sub-pixel units are arranged on a two-dimensional matrix arrangement and each of the sub-pixel units is divided into two rectangular partitions, and each of the partitions performs a bright mode or a dark mode, and then the bright mode and the dark mode are changed over to each other between consecutive frames of screen while two transversely-adjacent or longitudinally-adjacent partitions are a combination of a bright-mode partition and a dark-mode partition. Therefore, ladder-like bright-dark boundary line appearing during displaying oblique lines can be reduced based on the visual mixture of brightness interchanging.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a sub-pixel octal grouping are disclosed. The octal grouping may comprise three-color (red, green and blue) sub-pixels with blue colored subpixel comprising twice the number of positions within the octal sub-pixel grouping as the red and green colored sub-pixels. Various embodiments for performing sub-pixel rendering on the sub-pixel groupings are disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a pixel defined by at least four sub-pixels. The sub-pixels include at least one sub-pixel belonging to a first group and at least one sub-pixel belonging to a second group, the sub-pixel of the second group being different from that of the first group. The luminances of the sub-pixels are set such that if the colors represented by the pixel change from black into white while being kept achromatic, the first group of sub-pixel starts to increase in luminance first, and the second group of sub-pixel starts to increase in luminance when the luminance of the first group of sub-pixel reaches a predetermined value.

Abstract: A large size tiled display device includes a plurality of display panels having an image display part including a plurality of pixels. Each pixel includes at least three sub-pixels. A frame has a plurality of panel receiving portions to receive the plurality of display panels. The frame has an outer wall frame and a partition wall frame, each of which has a vertical surface and an inclined surface extending from the vertical surface that tapers the frame. A light guide plate is formed of a cluster of optical fibers. The light guide plate is disposed on the display panels to reproduce an image formed on the image display part of the display panels. Each optical fiber corresponds to one sub-pixel.

Abstract: Embodiments may be directed to a liquid crystal display apparatus, including a plurality of pixels, wherein each pixel of the plurality of pixels includes a first sub-pixel and a second sub-pixel, wherein the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel of a same pixel receive a same data signal and gate signal, wherein the first sub-pixel and the second sub-pixel include a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, respectively, and wherein the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode have a first voltage difference at least during a light-emitting period, when a backlight unit emits light.

Abstract: An image display device and a method of driving the same capable of improving visibility of both a 2D image and a 3D image and preventing a reduction in a luminance of the 2D image when implementing the 2D image are discussed. The image display device in one embodiment includes a display panel including a plurality of subpixels to selectively configure a 2D image and a 3D image, and a patterned retarder separating the light incident from the display panel into a first polarization component and a second polarization component, wherein the subpixel includes a main subpixel, a subsidiary subpixel and a control TFT for controlling a display gray level of the subsidiary subpixel.

Abstract: A display control apparatus includes a display control unit configured to display a predetermined object image on a display unit, and a light emission control unit configured to independently control light emission of a plurality of light emitting units corresponding to a plurality of division areas prepared by dividing the display unit, wherein, when a display area of the object image on the display unit is changed, the light emission control unit controls a plurality of division light emitting units other than the plurality of division light emitting units corresponding to the display area of the object image to emit light at a similar luminance to the luminance of the plurality of division light emitting units corresponding to the display area of the object image.

Abstract: If a pixel (106) of an image is displayed in a subpixel area (124) which does not contain a primary color needed to display the pixel, and saturated colors are present in or adjacent to the subpixel area, then some of the pixel's luminance is shifted (850) to adjacent subpixel areas on one but not both sides of the pixel to avoid blurring the pixel. Other embodiments are also provided.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescence display includes preparing a substrate including pixels. The pixels each include a drive transistor and a capacitor. The capacitor of a subject pixel is caused to hold a voltage which corresponds to a threshold voltage of the drive transistor, and the voltage is read. A first signal voltage is obtained by adding a first correction parameter of the subject pixel to a second signal voltage corresponding to a single gradation level belonging to an intermediate gradation region or a high gradation region of representative voltage-luminance characteristics. The first signal voltage is applied to the driver of the subject pixel, and a luminance emitted by the subject pixel is measured. A second correction parameter with which the luminance emitted by the subject pixel becomes a standard luminance is calculated.

Abstract: An organic EL display apparatus comprises a plurality of pixels, each having first and second sub pixels; an organic EL element provided for each sub pixel; a data line driver; a pixel circuit; and a gate line driver. Each pixel includes a first organic EL element arranged in a first sub pixel emitting light of the same color; and a second organic EL element arranged in a second sub pixel. The light-extraction efficiency of the second sub pixel is higher than that of the first sub pixel. At least one of a plurality of transistors applies a drive current. The reference voltage line driver supplies a reference voltage to a gate terminal of the drive transistor to perform gradation displaying on the first organic EL element at a light emitting level, and to perform gradation displaying on the second organic EL element by controlling the light emitting period.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling picture quality of a flat panel display. The apparatus for controlling picture quality of the flat panel display includes a position determining unit which determines a display position of digital video data; a gray-level determining unit which determines a gray-level value of the digital video data; and a frame rate control unit that disperses a plurality of dither patterns determined by a compensation value for compensating for brightness in a boundary between the panel defect region and the non-defect region during a plurality of frame periods and controls data, which will be displayed in the boundary, by the compensation value, if the digital video data is determined to the data which will be displayed in the boundary between the panel defect region and the non-defect region according to the determined result of the position determining unit.

Abstract: After source lines have been grouped into a plurality of blocks including adjacent ones of the source lines, in a region outside a display region, at least one inspection bus line for inputting an inspection signal to pixels is formed in association with each of the blocks, and the source lines in each of the blocks are connected to the associated inspection bus line, thereby forming an inspection circuit including the inspection bus lines. Then, an inspection signal is supplied to the pixels from the inspection bus line through the source lines in each of the blocks in the inspection circuit, and a target pixel is compared with a plurality of comparative pixels arranged along one of the source lines along which the target pixel is located, with a gray-level display provided on the display region, thereby detecting a presence of a black point defect in the target pixel.

Abstract: A displayer and a pixel circuit thereof are provided. The displayer comprises the pixel circuit and a driving circuit for supplying a driving voltage to the pixel circuit. The pixel circuit belongs to a two data lines and one gate line architecture and comprises two pixel electrodes at least. The two pixel electrodes belong to the same pixel type and are positioned adjacent to each other. Thereby, the pixel circuit can improve the color shift effectively.

Abstract: Provided is a display device including an HDMI transmission section which receives image information and control information from an STB, a display which displays the image information received from the STB on at least a part of a display area, and a CPU which, based on the control information received from the STB, controls display of the image information related to a partial display area that forms a part of the display area and also suppresses execution of a display function related to an area other than the partial display area. In this way, when performing passive information acquisition, the image information of an interactive service is displayed on the partial display area, and execution of the display function related to the area other than the partial display area is suppressed, thereby suppressing display of unnecessary video information.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a first gate electrode, a storage electrode having a body and an extension, a first semiconductor formed on a gate insulating layer, a first drain electrode formed on the first semiconductor, separated from a first source electrode, and having an end portion overlapping the first gate electrode, and an expansion overlapping the body of the storage electrode and distanced from the end portion with a connection connecting the end portion and the expansion and overlapping the extension of the storage electrode, a passivation layer having a contact hole exposing the expansion of the first drain electrode, and a first field-generating electrode connected to the first drain electrode through the contact hole.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a liquid crystal panel; a light guide plate disposed at a rear side of the liquid crystal panel; at least one LED module disposed in at least one side of the light guide plate and including a plurality of LEDs; a driver which drives the plurality of LEDs; an image analyzer which analyzes an input image; and a switch unit which turns off at least one LED among the plurality of LEDs while a remainder of the plurality of LEDs are being driven by the driver, according to a result of the analyzing the input image, wherein the at least one LED is disposed closer to a corner of the liquid crystal panel than the remainder of the plurality of LEDs.

Abstract: A display apparatus and a backlight driving method applied to the display apparatus are provided. The display apparatus controls to drive light sources of a backlight unit according to an image scanning scheme of a display panel and controls the luminance of each light source to equalize the luminance of the backlight emitting from the backlight unit with respect to a location of the light source.

Abstract: A method for driving an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display panel is provided. In the present method, how to drive a single pixel having a red sub-pixel, a green sub-pixel, a first blue (light blue) sub-pixel, and a second blue (dark blue) sub-pixel is effectively determined based on the characteristics of the (1931) CIE color space. Besides, at the same time point, only one of the two sub-pixels corresponding to the two blues (i.e. dark blue and light blue) in the single pixel is enabled to be mixed with the red sub-pixel and the green sub-pixel. Accordingly, the luminous efficiency of the AMOLED is improved and the power consumption of the entire AMOLED display is reduced.

Abstract: A flat panel display device includes a display panel having at least one link pixel which has a non-defect area and a panel defect area and where adjacent pixels are linked to each other; a memory which stores a first compensation data for compensating the data which are to be displayed in the panel defect area, a second compensation data for compensating the data of a bordering part between the panel defect area and the non-defect area, and a third compensation data for compensating the data which are to be displayed in the link pixel. The first compensation data is adjusted through at spatial dispersion or temporal dispersion; the data that are to be displayed in a fixed area inclusive of the boundary are adjusted by dispersing the second compensation data to the fixed area inclusive of the boundary; the data that are to be displayed in the link pixel are adjusted to the third compensation data.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a substrate and a plurality of display units. Each display unit includes a first sub-display unit and a second sub-display unit. The first sub-display unit includes a first sub-pixel unit corresponding to a first color, a second sub-pixel unit corresponding to a second color, a third sub-pixel unit corresponding to a third color, and a fourth sub-pixel unit corresponding to a fourth color. The second sub-display unit includes a fifth sub-pixel unit corresponding to the third color, a sixth sub-pixel unit corresponding to the fourth color, a seventh sub-pixel unit corresponding to the first color, and a eighth sub-pixel unit corresponding to the second color.

Abstract: A method of measuring image-sticking of a display is described. A display having N gray levels is provided. Next, an image-stick test frame having at least a first pattern having a low gray level and at least a second pattern having a high gray level is displayed on the display. After the image-stick test frame is displayed for a while, an image-stick region and a non-image-stick region are formed on the display. A measuring frame is then displayed on the display, wherein the non-image-stick region in the measuring frame has a standard gray level M. A plurality of middle gray levels is sequentially displayed on the image-stick region in the measuring frame. When the boundary between the non-image-stick region and the image-stick region in measuring frame is the lightest, the middle gray level is converted into an image-sticking level.

Abstract: A color display device has a display screen having pixels arrayed, each of which is composed of primary color sub-pixels capable of reproducing respective primary colors and at least one subsidiary color sub-pixel capable of reproducing gray. While gradation signals are generated and supplied to the primary color sub-pixels on the basis of the primary color components of an image to be displayed, the gradation signal to be supplied to the subsidiary color sub-pixel is generated on the basis of the intensity component of the image. The color display device is attained in which the number of gradation levels can be substantially increased without increasing the number of gradation levels of the primary colors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display including a liquid crystal display panel and a drive section performing divisional drive operation which includes first and second drive operations. The first drive operation performs a driving process with a first drive voltage higher than an original application voltage, and the second drive operation performs a driving process with a second drive voltage lower than the original application voltage. The liquid crystal display panel includes one or more pixel electrodes each having a plurality of slits, and one or more alignment control electrodes provided in one or more regions corresponding to one or more of the slits of the pixel electrode. The alignment control electrode configures a capacitive element in cooperation with the pixel electrode. Electric potential of the pixel electrode is lower than that of the alignment control electrode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of driving a display comprising: receiving grey level input data, comprising a subpixel input data consisting of N bits, from an external image data source; mapping the L upper bits of the N-bit subpixel input data to an L-bit first mapped data, where L?(N?1); generating an additional bit of mapped data; using the lower N-L bits of said N-bit subpixel input data for a control operation; including providing a driver data consisting of L+1 bits, based on the first mapped data and the additional bit of mapped data, to a driver circuit; and controlling the driver circuit to output driving voltages set in relation to the driver data, to a display element, wherein the total number of voltage levels correspond to the maximum value representable by the L bits, plus one. The control operation further comprises, performing frame mixing comprising providing said driver data as either representing said first mapped data or an increment thereof.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display apparatus according to the present invention has a plurality of pixels including a red pixel, a green pixel and a blue pixel. In at least one example embodiment, each of the plurality of pixels has a plurality of subpixels including a first subpixel and a second subpixel. When the grayscale levels of input signals corresponding to the red, green and blue pixels are equal to one another at a given level, the ratio of the difference in luminance between the first and second subpixels of one of the red, green and blue pixels to the maximum luminance of that one of the red, green and blue pixels is greater than the ratio of the difference in luminance between the first and second subpixels of each one of the other two pixels to the maximum luminance of the respective one of the other two pixels.

Abstract: A driving apparatus for a display device includes a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix, and each pixel includes first and second sub-pixels. The driving apparatus includes a memory for storing digital data, a controller for calling the digital data to output the digital data together with a clock signal and at least one selection signal, and a gray voltage generator formed of an integrated circuit to receive the digital data from the controller and to generate gray reference voltage sets. The gray voltage generator includes first and second registers for storing the digital data, a selector including a plurality of multiplexers for receiving the outputs of the first and second registers, and a converter including a plurality of digital-analog converters connected to the multiplexers. As described above, the gray voltage generator is provided in the form of a chip so that it is possible to reduce the area occupied on a printed circuit board (PCB) and to reduce the cost of the gray voltage generator.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel includes a first type pixel and a second type pixel that are formed adjacent to each-other. The first type pixel has a first layout of respective first and second sub-pixels, and the second type pixel has a second layout of respective first and second sub-pixels. The first layout is different from the second layout such that the liquid crystal panel is driven according to dot inversion with alternating first and second sub-pixels determining the image displayed on the liquid crystal panel for preventing vertical faults.

Abstract: Liquid crystal display backplane layouts and addressing for non-standard subpixel arrangements are disclosed. A liquid crystal display comprises a panel and a plurality of transistors. The panel substantially comprises a subpixel repeating group having an even number of subpixels in a first direction. Each thin film transistor connects one subpixel to a row and a column line at an intersection in one of a group of quadrants. The group comprises a first quadrant, a second quadrant, a third quadrant and a fourth quadrant, wherein the thin film transistors are formed in a backplane structure adjacent to intersections of the row and column lines. The thin film transistors are also substantially formed in more than one quadrant in the backplane structure.

Abstract: A driving method for stereoscopic display is provided, and the method comprises: obtaining a distance between a viewer and the stereoscopic display; obtaining an offset amount for sub-pixels of different colors displaying the same image point for the different eyes based on the above distance; obtaining a transformed transmission sequence of 2D image sub-pixel signals based on the offset amount, in which the sub-pixels of different colors for displaying the same image point for the different eyes are offset by the offset amount on the stereoscopic display; and outputting the 2D image sub-pixel signals according to the transformed transmission sequence so as to display sub-images of different colors for the different eyes.

Abstract: Various embodiments of a sub-pixel octal grouping are disclosed. The octal grouping may comprise three-color (red, green and blue) sub-pixels with blue colored subpixel comprising twice the number of positions within the octal sub-pixel grouping as the red and green colored sub-pixels. Various embodiments for performing sub-pixel rendering on the sub-pixel groupings are disclosed.

Abstract: A color display apparatus is of the type wherein a unit pixel is constituted by at least three subpixels including first to third subpixels, and at each subpixel, a medium for changing an optical property depending on a voltage applied thereto is disposed. The color display apparatus includes means for applying a voltage, to each of the first to third subpixels, for changing the optical property of the medium within a brightness change range in which light passing through the medium is changed in brightness and a hue change range in which the light passing through the medium assumes chromatic color and a hue of the chromatic color is changed while including combinations of red and green, red and blue, and green and blue for the first to third subpixels, respectively.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an image display apparatus includes a liquid crystal panel, a backlight, a luminance distribution calculation unit, an error calculation unit, and an emission intensity update unit. The backlight includes a plurality of light sources which emit light. The luminance distribution calculation unit calculates a predicted value for an intensity distribution of light entering the liquid crystal panel if each of the light sources is lit with an emission intensity. The error calculation unit obtains a brightness of a display image which is realized if the each of the light sources is lit with the emission intensity, and the error calculation unit calculates an error between the obtained brightness and an ideal brightness of the display image corresponding to the input video signal. The emission intensity update unit updates the emission intensity of the each of the light sources to reduce the error.

Abstract: An interest point detection technique is presented. More particularly, for each of possibly multiple image pyramid resolutions, a cornerness image is generated. One or more potential interest point locations are identified in the cornerness image. This involves finding locations associated with a pixel that exhibits a higher corner strength value than pixels in a prescribed-sized surrounding pixel neighborhood. The potential interest point locations are then clustered to identify groups that likely derive from a same 2D structure. Potential interest point locations in one or more of the identified groups are respectively combined to produce a single location that represents the combined group. The representative location of each group having one is then designated as an interest point. An optional location refinement can also be implemented.

Abstract: A signal converter to make a display module conduct an n-ply display operation divides one frame period of input display data into n subframes to obtain n-ply display data, shifts the sampling position for each n-ply display data, samples the data to convert resolution thereof, rearranges in n ways a combination of subpixels included in each pixel of output display data resultant from the sampling, and varying the sampling position and the combination of subpixels for each subframe in a cooperative fashion.

Abstract: In a line data sorting unit of a color sequential timing controlling circuit, inputted pixels/sub-pixels are buffered, sorted, and outputted. The pixels/sub-pixels are also sorted by a color data sorting unit according to the color sequential method and colors of sub-pixels so that a driving controller writes sorted sub-pixels of various colors onto a display panel within a short time variation to generate a full-color frame. The line data sorting unit buffers pixels/sub-pixels as a matrix, and loads the buffered pixels/sub-pixels line-by-line with respect to the matrix, where the pixels/sub-pixels are arranged and read in parallel according to sizes of lines of the matrix and a number of simultaneously-activated gate lines of a scanning driver.

Abstract: Provided are a display device and a display control method capable of reducing a visually unpleasant sensation that is experienced by a user.

Abstract: An analyzer of a display control apparatus analyzes image characteristics of an image that has been pixel-converted by a pixel converter. A number-of-pixels determining unit compares the analysis result obtained by the analyzer with predetermined deterioration determination thresholds and determines the number of display pixels that is optimal for content. A pixel converter converts the number of pixels of the content into the determined optimal number of display pixels.

Abstract: An object is to reduce a pseudo contour occurring in time gray scale method display. One pixel is divided into m subpixels (m is an integer of m?2), and the area of the (s+1)th subpixel (1?s?m?1) is twice the area of the s-th subpixel. Further, one frame is divided into n subframes (n is an integer of n?2), and a lighting period of the (p+1)th subframe (1?p?n?1) is 2m times longer than a lighting period of a p-th subframe. Then, at least one subframe of the n subframes is divided into a plurality of subpixels each having a lighting period shorter than that of the subframe so that the n subframes are increased to t subframes (t>n). In at least one subframe of the t subframes, lighting periods of the subframes in a lighting state are sequentially added by the m subpixels, so that a gray scale of the pixel is expressed.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for projecting a spatial image is disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes i) a monitor, which outputs the spatial image, ii) an image direction control unit, which controls the direction of the spatial image outputted from the monitor and controls a viewing angle, and iii) a half-mirror, which transflects the spatial image whose direction is adjusted by the image direction control unit. At least one embodiment of the present invention modifies the conventional barrier technology, which has been used to control 3D images or viewing angles, to enhance a sense of realism by adjusting the direction of light emitted from a display device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for dithering for multi-toning are provided. The apparatus includes a mask-pattern-generating unit that generates a mask pattern on R channel, G channel and B channel by selecting pattern values constituting the mask pattern on the channels based on randomly-determined seed values; a spatial-weight-determining unit that determines the weight for spatial dithering by using the pattern values and K-bit LSB data of the high-tone input image; and an output unit that outputs an M-bit image by applying the weight to M-bit input image data, exempting the K-bit LSB data, in a dithering apparatus for expressing an M+K bit high-tone input image in an M-bit low-tone output device.

Abstract: Processing data for a display including pixels, each pixel having color sub-pixels, comprises receiving pixel data. Once the pixel data is received, processing data for a display includes converting the pixel data to sub-pixel rendered data, the conversion generating the sub-pixel rendered data for a sub-pixel arrangement including alternating red and green sub-pixels on at least one of a horizontal and vertical axis. Next processing data for a display includes correcting the sub-pixel rendered data if a condition exists and outputting the sub-pixel rendered data.

Abstract: An exemplary method for driving a liquid crystal panel includes: defining the array of pixels as comprising an array of dithering units; providing a predetermined inversion driving pattern for each dithering unit; providing a series of predetermined dithering patterns for each dithering unit; driving the sub-pixel units according to a sequence of frames, a predetermined plurality of the frames defining a cycle of frames. For all the first, second, and third color sub-pixels in a same row of pixels of each dithering unit, summations of the polarities of the first, second, and third color sub-pixels cancel each other out, respectively.

Abstract: An image display device and a method for driving the same are disclosed. The image display device includes a display panel, which includes a plurality of red, green, and blue subpixels to selectively implement a 2D image and a 3D image, and a patterned retarder dividing light from the display panel, on which the 3D image is implemented, into a first polarization component and a second polarization component. When the 3D image is implemented, a black image is displayed on (4j)th subpixels of the display panel disposed along a column direction, j is a positive integer. When the 2D image is implemented, one of red, green, and blue 2D images is displayed on the (4j)th subpixels.

Abstract: An exemplary method for driving a display panel with plural dithering units formed by plural pixels arranged in a matrix form, includes steps as follows: driving sub-pixel units of the pixels according to a sequence of frames to enable each sub-pixel unit selectively having a positive polarity or a negative polarity; and providing a series of predetermined dithering patterns with a cyclical change period for the dithering units. For each color of the sub-pixels in a same row of the pixels of each dithering unit, summations of the polarities of same color sub-pixels cancel each other out.

Abstract: This invention describes an apparatus, methods and a system for high speed hierarchical multiplexing the native color primaries of SSL-based display systems in order to improve color quality and stability as well as brightness and the efficiency of the display system.

Abstract: A white light-emitting microcavity light-emitting diode device, comprising a method for converting a red, green, and blue (RGB) input signal to a converted signal having RGB color signals and an additional saturated color signal, by calculating saturation of the additional saturated color in the RGB input signal to determine the proportion of the additional saturated color signal to the sum of the converted RGB color signals such that the proportion of the additional saturated color signal is constant or decreases as the saturation of the additional color in the RGB input signal increases.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for adding a secondary content to a display with underutilized space are provided. If a primary content, such as a movie, does not fill the entire display then the display includes underutilized space. The dimensions and location of underutilized space, if any, is determined using the characteristics of the display and the primary content. Secondary content, such as advertisements, may then be displayed in the underutilized space.

Abstract: A color interpolation method of an image sensor including a pixel array which green, red and blue pixels are arrayed in Bayer pattern is provided. The method includes: calculating a first average value of first values filtered by green pixels on even rows and a second average value of a second values filtered by green pixels on odd rows; comparing a value difference between the first average value and the second average value with a standard value; and performing one of a normal interpolation method and a compensation interpolation method with respect to the values filtered by the green pixels according to the comparison.