Abstract: S1 is a sum of the areas of a plurality of individual electrodes formed on a first plane of a piezoelectric body of a liquid discharge head, S2 is an area of a first common electrode formed on a second plane, S3 is an area of a second common electrode formed on a third plane, D1 is a distance between a neutral plane and the first plane in a stacking direction, D2 is the distance between the neutral plane and the second plane in the stacking direction, and D3 is the distance between the neutral plane and the third plane in the stacking direction. Then, D1×S1+D2×S2>D3×S3 is satisfied. The liquid discharge head includes a plurality of conductor layers which are formed on the third plane, without contact with the second common electrode and without contact with each other.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid discharge head including a piezoelectric body having a plurality of individual electrodes and a first common electrode, and a plurality of conductor layers. The plurality of individual electrodes have first to fourth individual electrode arrays, and the first common electrode has first and second extending portions, a plurality of first projecting portions, and a plurality of second projecting portions. Each of the first projecting portions overlaps partially with one of the plurality of individual electrodes forming the second individual electrode array along the stacking direction, and each of the second projecting portions overlaps partially with one of the plurality of individual electrodes forming the third individual electrode array along the stacking direction.

Abstract: A piezoelectric film includes a substrate having flexibility, and at least two piezoelectric elements provided to the substrate so as to be arranged at intervals of a first dimension along a first direction, the piezoelectric elements are each configured by stacking a first electrode film, a piezoelectric film made of an inorganic material, and a second electrode film along a thickness direction of the substrate, and an area between the piezoelectric elements adjacent to each other along the first direction forms a vibrational region which can be displaced in the thickness direction.

Abstract: A mobile device configured to be coupled to a counterpart device includes a driving section configured to be driven by electric power, a coupling section configured to be coupled to the counterpart device, and an accommodation section configured to accommodate an all-solid-state battery. When the counterpart device is coupled to the coupling section, the driving section is driven by electric power supplied from the counterpart device, and when the counterpart device is not coupled to the coupling section, the driving section is driven by electric power supplied from the all-solid-state battery.

Abstract: A pagewide printhead for printing redundantly in four colors. First and second rows of printhead chips are mounted on a common ink manifold having four ink supply channels for supplying four colors of ink to the first and second rows of printhead chips. Dedicated ink outlets interconnect one ink supply channel of the ink manifold with a pair of redundant nozzle rows in each printhead chip.

Abstract: A liquid discharging apparatus may include a first head unit and a second head unit. The first head unit includes first and second parts. A position of the second part in a first direction is different from that of the first part, and a width is shorter than a width of the first part in a second direction. The second head unit includes a fourth part and a fifth part. A position of the fifth part in the first direction is different from that of the fourth part, and a width is shorter than a width of the fourth part in the second direction. The first head unit and the second head unit are disposed side by side in the second direction. At least a part of the second part and at least a part of the fifth part do not overlap with each other in the first direction.

Abstract: The present application discloses an inner container type ink cartridge and a manufacturing method thereof. The manufacturing method includes the following steps: removing an upper cover of an original ink cartridge to obtain a cartridge shell; electrically connecting an external control circuit board with an original control circuit board of the original ink cartridge; arranging an internal control circuit board at a corresponding position of an inner container; and installing the inner container in the cartridge shell, so that internal contacts of the internal control circuit board of the inner container are electrically connected with the external control circuit board. A first chip of the external control circuit board or a second chip of the internal control circuit board is written with actual ink volume data of the inner container and an adopted program.

Abstract: A narrow type inkjet print head chip is disclosed and includes a silicon substrate, an active component layer and a passive component layer. The active component layer is stacked on the silicon substrate and includes plural ESD protection units, plural encoder switches, plural discharge protection units and plural heater switches. The ESD protection units, the encoder switches, the discharge protection units and the heater switches are disposed in each of at least two high-precision regions of the active component layer. The corresponding positions and quantities of these components are the same in the at least two high-precision regions. The passive component layer is stacked on the active component layer and includes plural heaters, plural electrode pads, plural encoders and plural circuit traces. The circuit traces are electrically connected to the ESD protection units, the encoder switches, the heater switches, the heaters, the electrode pads and the encoders.

Abstract: A logic circuitry package for a replaceable print apparatus component includes an interface including a power terminal and at least one logic circuit. The at least one logic circuit is configured to respond to communications sent to a first address via the interface and respond to communications sent to a second address via the interface. The at least one logic circuit is configured to in response to a first command sent to the first address, draw a first current on the power terminal; and in response to a hibernate command sent to the first address, respond to communications sent to the second address and draw a second current on the power terminal less than the first current.

Abstract: An example of a color management module is disclosed. The color management module is to generate a mapping from an incoming color space to a printer color space by a color pipeline. In the generation of the mapping, the color pipeline is adjusted so that the mapping of a target color associated with a first composition further includes adding a quantity of a second composition to the mapping of the target color. The second composition comprises a lower visibility than the first composition.

Abstract: In a liquid discharging apparatus, a head control unit, which controls an operation of a head unit, includes a first conversion circuit that converts an image signal input from an outside into a first electric signal, a first photoelectric conversion circuit that converts the first electric signal into an optical signal, the head unit, which discharges a liquid, includes a second photoelectric conversion circuit that converts the optical signal into a second electric signal, a second conversion circuit that converts the second electric signal into a discharge control signal for controlling discharge of a liquid. The first conversion circuit performs a first conversion process of converting the image signal into the first electric signal without depending on a discharge information, and the second conversion circuit performs a second conversion process of converting the second electric signal into the discharge control signal by using the discharge information.

Abstract: A fluid dispensing cartridge includes a housing body having a proximal end wall, a distal end wall, a fluid chamber, and a hollow throat portion. The fluid chamber is in fluid communication with the hollow throat portion. The proximal end wall provides a proximal termination of the fluid chamber and the distal end wall provides a distal termination of the hollow throat portion. A plurality of electrical contacts face proximally from the proximal end wall. The fluid dispensing cartridge includes a fluid jetting chip that has a plurality of fluid jetting nozzles.

Abstract: A microfluidic system includes, in an example, a substrate and at least two microfluidic devices embedded into the substrate, at least one of the microfluidic devices being different from a remaining number of microfluidic devices. A microfluidic apparatus includes at least two microfluidic devices embedded into a substrate, at least a first microfluidic device of the microfluidic devices being heterogenous to at least a second microfluidic device of the microfluidic devices and a microfluidic channel to fluidically couple the microfluidic devices to each other.

Abstract: Examples include a fluid ejection device comprising a carrier, at least one fluid ejection die, and conductive traces at least partially embedded in the carrier. The carrier has a first portion and a second portion, where an angle of orientation between the first portion and the second portion is nonparallel. The first portion includes an array of openings formed through a top surface of the carrier. The second portion includes at least one die opening through a bottom surface of the carrier. The fluid ejection die is coupled to the second portion of the carrier. Fluid passages formed in a back surface of the fluid ejection die are exposed through the at least one die opening formed through the bottom surface of the carrier. The conductive traces have an array of contact points at first ends of the conductive traces. The array of contact points align with the array of openings of the first portion of the carrier such that the array of contact points are exposed through the array of openings.

Abstract: An inkjet recording head includes an ejection chip having ejection orifices an external wiring board for applying an electrical signal, an electrical joining portion in which an external wiring of the external wiring board and the ejection chip are electrically joined, and a resin-sealed portion for sealing the electrical joining portion, in which a first spacer is provided between the electrical joining portion and a member in which the ejection orifices are formed, a second spacer is provided in a region outside a formation region of the external wirings, electrode bumps of the ejection chip and the external wirings of the external wiring board are joined to each other in the electrical joining portion, and the first spacer and the second spacer are joined to each other.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a tray on which a sheet is to be stacked, a container configured to store the tray such that the tray can be pulled out, a first guide unit configured to guide a slide of the tray in a pull-out direction, a second guide unit spaced apart from the first guide unit in a widthwise direction, a first regulating portion provided in the container and configured to regulate, by abutting against the tray, a tilt of the tray to one direction in the widthwise direction; and a second regulating portion provided in the container and configured to regulate, by abutting against the tray, a tilt of the tray to the other direction in the widthwise direction.

Abstract: A fluidic die includes primitives arranged to form a number of primitive zones, each primitive zone including a memory to store adjustment data, and at least one signal adjuster to receive a fire signal, and to adjust the received fire signal based on the stored adjustment data to provide an adjusted fire signal to each primitive of the primitive zone. The fluidic die includes an address bus and a set of data lines, each data line corresponding to a different one of the primitives. Mode circuitry directs address data from the address bus to each primitive and print data from each data line to the corresponding primitive when a mode signal has a first value, and directs data representing adjustment data from one of the address bus and the set of data lines to at least one of the memories when the mode signal has a second value.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a substrate; an energy generator that is provided on the substrate; an electrode portion that is provided on the substrate; a liquid ejection face that is provided near a surface of the substrate having the electrode portion; and flexible printed circuits including a conductive pattern and a base material having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface having the conductive pattern, the second surface being provided on the opposite side from the first surface. The base material of the flexible printed circuits has a leading region from the terminal end of a region having the conductive pattern to an end of the base material near the energy generator, without formation of the conductive pattern in the leading region, and at least a part of the second surface of the leading region inclines toward the substrate.

Abstract: A liquid ejection apparatus includes a liquid ejection head that ejects a liquid by driving a drive element, a drive signal output circuit that outputs a drive signal for driving the drive element, and a substrate provided with the drive signal output circuit, wherein the drive signal output circuit includes a modulation circuit that modulates an original drive signal to output a modulation signal, an amplifier circuit that amplifies the modulation signal to output an amplified modulation signal, and a demodulation circuit that demodulates the amplified modulation signal to output the drive signal for driving the drive element, and wherein the demodulation circuit is located, on the substrate, between the modulation circuit and the amplifier circuit.

Abstract: In some examples, a print cartridge comprises a printhead die that includes a die sliver molded into a molding. The die sliver includes a front surface exposed outside the molding to dispense fluid, and a back surface exposed outside the molding and flush with the molding to receive fluid. Edges of the die sliver contact the molding to form a joint between the die sliver and the molding.

Abstract: A printing material container is detachably attachable to a printing apparatus having a plurality of apparatus-side terminals. The printing material container comprises a first device, a second device, and a terminal group that includes a plurality of first terminals, at least one second terminal and at least one third terminal. The plurality of first terminals are connected to the first device and respectively include a first contact portion for contacting a corresponding terminal among the plurality of apparatus-side terminals. The at least one second terminal is connected to the second device and includes a second contact portion for contacting a corresponding terminal among the plurality of apparatus-side terminals. The at least one third terminal is for the detection of shorting between the at least one second terminal and the at least one third terminal and includes a third contact portion for contacting a corresponding terminal among the plurality of apparatus-side terminals.

Abstract: A chip processing device and a method for chip processing using the same is provided, where the device can program, detect, reset or inspect a plurality of chips, and meanwhile has one or more functions of programming, detecting, identifying, resetting or inspecting. The plurality of chips has different communication interfaces, and/or uses different communication protocols. The chip processing device can be configured to program, detect, identify, reset or inspect a chip after obtaining the model of the chip to be processed, thus having higher universality.

Abstract: The present invention relates to devices and methods for coating surfaces including surfaces of medical devices, in particular the coating of microprojections on microprojection arrays. The present invention also relates to print head devices and their manufacture and to methods of using the print head devices for manufacturing articles such as microprojection arrays as well as to coating the surfaces of microprojection arrays. The present invention also relates to high throughput printing devices that utilize the print heads of the present invention.

Abstract: Microfluidic systems having photodetectors disclosed therein and methods of producing the same are disclosed herein. According to an aspect, a microfluidic system includes a body including an interior wall that at least partially defines an interior space for receipt of fluid. Further, the microfluidic system includes a photodetector disposed on the interior wall and positioned to receive light from fluid in the interior space for generating an electrical signal representative of the received light.

Abstract: An inkjet print head includes a print element substrate having an ejection port array of a plurality of ejection ports arranged and an ink supply port that supplies the ink to the ejection ports. A support member has a partition and an opening that supplies the ink to the ink supply port, in which the print element substrate and the support member are bonded by an adhesive. The partition includes a first portion and a second portion. The second portion is located between individual extension lines of two surfaces of the first portion. An end of the surface of the print element substrate facing the second portion is located between an extension line of the surface of the first portion and an extension line of a surface of the second portion.

Abstract: A droplet ejecting device includes: a head including N-number drive elements; a driving circuit including N-number waveform signal selectors and N-number power supply circuit selectors; a plurality of power supply circuits connected to the driving circuit; and a control circuit. Each waveform signal selector selects a waveform signal to be outputted to the corresponding drive element from among a plurality of types of waveform signals. Each power supply circuit selectors selects a power supply circuit to be connected to the drive elements from among the plurality of power supply circuits. The control circuit serially transmits, to the driving circuit via a single control line: N-number items of waveform signal designation information each of which designates the waveform signal to be outputted to the corresponding drive element; and N-number items of power supply designation information each of which designates the power supply circuit to be connected to the corresponding drive element.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle, a cover, a connector board, and a cap. The nozzle is configured to discharge liquid. The cover covers at least a part of the liquid discharge head except the nozzle. The connector board includes a connector, and a first engaging portion. The connector is detachably connected to a wiring component. The first engaging portion is configured to engage the cover in a first direction. The cap is detachably attached to the cover. The cap includes an opening and a second engaging portion. The opening is configured to engage at least one of the connector and the connector board in a second direction intersecting the first direction and expose at least a part of the connector. The second engaging portion is configured to engage the cover in a third direction.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting unit includes: a liquid ejecting head; and a coupling member coupled to the liquid ejecting head, in which the liquid ejecting head has a first-coupling portion and a second-coupling portion, the liquid ejecting unit further includes: a first-attachment portion provided in a first-position of the coupling member; a second-attachment portion provided in a second-position of the coupling member, the second position being different from the first position; a first-elastic body; and a second-elastic body, and the first-elastic body biases the first-attachment portion or the first-coupling portion in a state in which the first-attachment portion is in contact with the first-coupling portion and the second-elastic body biases the second-attachment portion or the second-coupling portion in a state in which the second-attachment portion is in contact with the second-coupling portion, so that the coupling member is coupled to the liquid ejecting head.

Abstract: Examples include a fluid die embedded in a molded panel. The fluid die includes a substrate, and the substrate includes a first surface. The molded panel surrounding sides of the fluid die such that the first surface is disposed below a top surface of the molded panel. A raised contact formation is disposed on the substrate to extend at least up to the top surface of the molded panel.

Abstract: A bifurcation path and a flow path which communicates with the head main body through the bifurcation path are provided. The bifurcation path includes an upstream-side path and a downstream-side path. In a plan view of a flow-path forming surface including the bifurcation path and the flow path, the flow path is disposed in a state where an angle between a flowing direction in the flow path and a flowing direction in the downstream-side path is an acute angle. In addition, an angle between a first wall surface of the flow path, which is the wall surface located downstream from the upstream-side path, and a second wall surface of the upstream-side path, which is the wall surface connected to the first wall surface, is equal to or less than 90°. Furthermore, the second wall surface of the upstream-side path has an R shape.

Abstract: A method of printing redundantly in four colors using a pagewide printhead having first and second rows of printhead chips mounted on a common ink manifold and receiving four colors of ink. The method includes the steps of: supplying first and second ink colors from the manifold to the first row of printhead chips; supplying third and fourth ink colors from the manifold to the second row of printhead chips; and printing the inks redundantly from the printhead chips.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a recording element substrate. The recording element substrate includes a discharge aperture forming member defining a discharge aperture from which a liquid is discharged and a substrate having a pressure generating element that pressurizes the liquid so as to discharge the liquid. The liquid discharge head also includes a cover member that defines an opening through which the discharge aperture is exposed. The cover member is disposed on a side of the recording element substrate on which the discharge aperture is formed. In the liquid discharge head, the recording element substrate further includes an electrode disposed on a side of the substrate on which the discharge aperture forming member is formed and an insulation member that covers the electrode. In addition, the insulation member is covered by the cover member.

Abstract: In some examples, a fluid ejection assembly is removably mountable in a system, and includes a fluid ejection device, and a removable frame on which the fluid ejection device is mounted. The removable frame includes a plurality of fluid interface members that share a common design to releasably engage with a plurality of fluid interface connectors together as the removable frame is brought into engagement with a support structure in the system and on which the plurality of fluid interface connectors are mounted. Engagement of a first fluid interface member with a first fluid interface connector establishes a gas path through the first fluid interface member and the first fluid interface connector, and engagement of a second fluid interface member with a second fluid interface connector establishes a liquid path through the second fluid interface member and the second fluid interface connector, the liquid path to deliver a liquid to the fluid ejection device.

Abstract: Provided is a droplet discharging device that can efficiently couple a droplet discharging head and a head driving circuit by a cable. A droplet discharging device includes a droplet discharging head, a head driving circuit configured to drive the droplet discharging head, a carriage configured to move while supporting the droplet discharging head and the head driving circuit, and a cable configured to electrically couple a head connector of the droplet discharging head and a circuit connector of the head driving circuit, the cable being detachably coupled to the head connector and to the circuit connector. The droplet discharging head and the head driving circuit are disposed such that the head connector and the head driving circuit do not overlap in a direction of pull-out of the cable from the head connector and the circuit connector and the droplet discharging head do not overlap in a direction of pull-out of the cable from the circuit connector.

Abstract: In an example, a printhead carriage to be used in a printing system is disclosed herewith wherein the carriage includes a pocket defined by a first wall and a second wall opposite to the first wall; a set of electrical connectors provided on the first wall; and a mechanical protector. In an example, the mechanical protector may be a sheet with a determined length that extends from the first wall into the pocket and a width that extends along the width of the first wall over the electrical connectors. In an example, the mechanical protector includes an elastic member biased towards the second wall.

Abstract: Embodiments implement rotation stoppage for a contact pin at a lower cost, in which the contact pin is disposed in a socket main body to establish electrical conduction between an IC package and a wiring board. The contact pin has a barrel, an upper contact member, a lower contact member, and a coil spring. The barrel has a flange that has rotation stoppers protruding in the horizontal direction. When the contact pin is disposed in a socket main body, the rotation stoppers of the flange are brought into contact with the socket main body, whereby the barrel is restrained from rotating relative to the socket main body.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes an ejection port member that includes an ejection port that ejects a liquid, an energy generating element that generates energy for ejecting the liquid from the ejection port, a terminal electrically connected to the energy generating element, and a substrate portion that supports the ejection port member, the energy generating element, and the terminal. The terminal is connected to a wire member that supplies electric power that drives the energy generating element to the energy generating element, the substrate portion includes a hole portion formed from a surface of the substrate portion on a side opposite to a surface of the substrate portion on which the terminal is provided to a surface where the terminal is exposed, and an area of the surface where the terminal is exposed is smaller than an area of an opening of the hole portion.

Abstract: An ink jet head includes a pressure chamber, an actuator, and an application unit. The chamber accommodates liquid. The actuator changes a volume of the chamber with a drive signal to be applied. The unit apply s the signal to the actuator. The signal includes a discharge pulse and a vibration pulse. The discharge pulse causes liquid to be discharged from a nozzle. A second discharge pulse is applied after a first discharge pulse. The vibration pulse is applied before the discharge pulse, has a potential having a polarity opposite to that of the discharge pulse. A period of the discharge pulse is 1.5 times to 2.5 times a half-period of a main acoustic resonance frequency of liquid in the chamber. A pulse width of the first pulse is closer to the half-period of the main acoustic resonance frequency than a pulse width of the second pulse.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head has head units for ejecting a liquid from nozzles onto a medium that is relatively moved in a first direction are arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The head unit includes: a nozzle row in which the nozzles are arranged in a third direction intersecting the first direction and the second direction; a pressure chamber which communicates with the nozzles; a pressure generation element which corresponds to the pressure chamber; a supply liquid chamber which communicates with the pressure chambers and into which the liquid to be supplied to each pressure chamber is introduced; an inflow port through which the liquid flows into the head unit; and an outflow port through which the liquid flows out of the head unit.

Abstract: In an ink jet recording head including an electric wiring substrate having an electric contact terminal for receiving an electric signal from an ink jet apparatus, an electric wiring tape which electrically connects the electric wiring substrate and a recording element substrate to each other, and an adhesive sheet which fixes the electric wiring substrate and the electric wiring tape to each other, the electric wiring tape and the electric wiring substrate are fixed to each other with the adhesive sheet containing a polyester resin and an epoxy resin.

Abstract: A fluid system is disclosed and includes a fluid active region, a fluid channel, a convergence chamber, plural valves and plural sensors. The fluid active region includes a fluid-guiding unit for transporting fluid and discharging the fluid through an outlet aperture. The fluid channel is in communication with the outlet aperture and includes plural branch channels. The fluid discharged from the fluid active region is split by the branch channels, so that a required amount of the fluid to be transported is achieved. The convergence chamber is in communication with the fluid channel for allowing the fluid to be accumulated therein. Each valve is disposed in the corresponding branch channel. The fluid is discharged out through the corresponding branch channel according to an open/closed state of the valve disposed therein. Each sensor is disposed in the corresponding branch channel for measuring a specific detecting content in the fluid.

Abstract: The liquid ejection head includes a plurality of element substrates including first and second element substrates and an electrical wiring substrate. The first and second element substrates each has a heating element array in which a plurality of heating elements producing heat energy for liquid ejection is arrayed, an electrically conductive protection layer covering the plurality of heating elements, an insulating layer arranged between the plurality of heating elements and the electrically conductive protection layer, and a connecting terminal for connecting to the outside. The electrical wiring substrate is electrically connected with the first and second element substrates via the connecting terminal.

Abstract: A sensor circuit for a replaceable print material container to be connected to a host print apparatus logic circuit comprising a first sensor to detect a pneumatic stimulus or pressurization applied by a print apparatus, and an interface including contact pads to connect to a voltage and/or data source of the print apparatus logic circuit, the sensor circuit configured to output signals conditioned by the pneumatic stimulus or pressurization via the contact pads.

Abstract: A triboelectric generator includes first and second electrodes spaced apart from each other, a first charging object on a surface of the first electrode facing the second electrode, a second charging object provided between the first charging object and the second electrode, and a grounding unit configured to intermittently interconnect the second charging object and a charge reservoir due to motion of the second charging object. The first charging object is configured to be positively charged due to contact. The second charging object is configured to be negatively charged due to contact.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head including a first substrate in which a drive element that ejects a liquid from a nozzle, and a first wire electrically coupled to the drive element are formed, a second substrate in which an opposing surface that opposes the first substrate is adhered to the first substrate with an adhesive agent, a second wire being formed in the second substrate, and a protrusion configured to elastically deform, the protrusion being formed between the first substrate and the second substrate and electrically coupling the first wire and the second wire to each other. In the liquid ejecting head, a swelling ratio of the protrusion is larger than a swelling ratio of the adhesive agent.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides supports for a microfluidic die and one or more additional die including, but not limited to, microfluidic die, ASICs, MEMS devices, and sensors. This includes semi-flexible supports that allow a microfluidic die to be at a 90 degree angle with respect to another die and rigid supports that allow a microfluidic and another die to be in close proximity to each other.

Abstract: In some examples, a print bar fabrication method comprises placing printhead dies face down on a carrier, placing a printed circuit board on the carrier, wire bonding each printhead die of the printhead dies to the printed circuit board, and overmolding the printhead dies and the printed circuit board on the carrier, including fully encapsulating the wire bonds.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing polymeric decorative panels includes, in order, the steps of a) inkjet printing an image on a first thermoplastic foil using an aqueous pigmented inkjet ink; b) applying a second thermoplastic foil on the inkjet printed image; c) heat pressing the first and second thermoplastic foils into a decorative laminate; and d) cutting the laminate into a decorative panel; wherein the aqueous pigmented inkjet ink contains polymeric resin particles and a self-dispersing colour pigment; and at least one of the first and second thermoplastic foils is a transparent foil.

Abstract: An inkjet printhead includes: a manifold having first, second, third and fourth ink supply channels extending along the manifold and corresponding first, second, third and fourth rows of outlets defined in the manifold, wherein a first ink delivery group contains the first and second rows of outlets and a second ink delivery group contains the third and fourth rows of outlets. A first row of printhead chips is mounted to a lower surface of the manifold and a second row of printhead chips is mounted to the lower surface of the manifold. Each row of printhead chips prints two ink colors to provide a four-color printhead.

Abstract: A liquid ejection apparatus and method of manufacture are disclosed. One apparatus includes a pressure chamber, a diaphragm covering the pressure chamber, and a piezoelectric element having a piezoelectric component positioned opposing the pressure chamber. The apparatus further includes a first electrode disposed on a first side of the piezoelectric component toward the pressure chamber and a second electrode disposed on a second side of the piezoelectric component opposite the first side in an opposed region, the opposed region being a region opposed to the second electrode. The apparatus also includes a metal film disposed between the piezoelectric component and the diaphragm, the metal film being absent from at least a portion of the opposed region. The metal film and the first electrode are in electrical contact with each other. The first electrode is made of platinum and the metal film is made of a metal material other than platinum.