Abstract: A stable display of an image on a screen with no motion blur which is obtained without providing a camera with a sensor for detecting vibration. A vehicle-mounted camera apparatus detects vibrations transferred to a vehicle from signals detected by a road surface sensor 4c that detects variation of force applied to a piston rod 6a of a shock absorber 6 constituting a suspension of the vehicle and corrects image motion blur based on the detected vibrations. This allows stable display of the image, with no motion blur, on the screen without providing the camera with a sensor for detecting vibration.

Abstract: Output of a gyro sensor is read at intervals of control time ts, time integration is carried out, an integrated value is computed, and an amount of change in an integrated value is determined from a difference between the calculated integrated value and an integrated value of a previous time. Thereafter, on the basis of the amount of change and a delay time determined by a shaking correcting module and the control time, an addition value (an acceleration value of an integrated value of the current time) is computed in order to obtain an amount of movement of a shift lens which can compensate tilting of an optical axis of a lens. After the computed addition value is added to the integrated value of the current time, a control value for moving the shift lens is computed by using the integrated value after addition.

Abstract: A vibration compensation apparatus comprises: an angular velocity detector that detects a plurality of angular velocities in two orthogonal detection axes directions and outputs corresponding angular velocity signals; a compensation unit that compensates vibration in a plurality of compensation axis directions; and a conversion unit that converts the plurality of angular velocity signals obtained by the angular velocity detector or a plurality of vibration compensation signals based on the plurality of angular velocity signals into vibration compensation signals expressed in the coordinates of the compensation axes of the compensation unit. The compensation unit compensates the vibration based on the vibration correction signals converted by the conversion unit.

Abstract: An exemplary anti-vibration apparatus used in an image pickup system includes a first light-reflecting unit, a driving mechanism configured for driving the light-reflecting unit to rotate, a servo circuit, at least one sensor configured for detecting an angular velocity of the anti-vibration apparatus and sending such signal to the servo circuit, the servo circuit is configured for generating a controlling signal received from the sensor and controlling the driving mechanism based on the controlling signal. The anti-vibration apparatus can eliminate the image vibration caused by the vibration of image pickup system.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus of a photographing apparatus comprises a movable unit, a fixed unit, and a signal-processing unit. The movable unit has an imaging device and is movable in first and second directions. The fixed unit slidably supports the movable unit in both the first and second directions. The movable unit has a horizontal magnetic-field change-detecting element for detecting a first location, and a vertical magnetic-field change-detecting element for detecting a second location. The signal-processing unit outputs a first detected-position signal, which specifies the first location on the basis of output signals of the horizontal magnetic-field change-detecting element, and outputs a second detected-position signal, which specifies the second location on the basis of output signals of the vertical magnetic-field change-detecting element.

Abstract: A compensator for correcting a possible blur of image caused by a shake of an image pickup apparatus in which the compensator is arranged, and in which a downsize circuit board having a diminished area thereof and holding an image taking component is swung or moved. The compensator includes the circuit board with the diminished area for holding the image taking component, in which the circuit board is moved together with the image taking component. On the circuit board, there are arranged the image taking component and at least one other component. The at least one other component can be a component which is associated with reading of the signal(s) of the image outputted from the image taking element, and/or can be a component which is associated with the control to correct the possible blur of the image caused by the shake of the image pickup apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention provides a camera system which is provided with signal processing control means for changing the filter characteristic of parallel vibration signal processing means in conformity with the output signal of rotation vibration signal processing means and thereby can photograph an image suffering little from blur even during macro-photographing.

Abstract: An image capture device is disclosed which is equipped with an imaging unit, a first motion detector adapted to detect the rotational component of motion, a second motion detector adapted to detect the translational component of the motion, and an image blur compensation unit adapted to make compensation for image blur on the imaging unit on the basis of output signals of the first and second motion detectors.

Abstract: There is provided an image-shake correcting device that is comprised of a detecting unit that detects shakes of the image-shake correcting device, a filter circuit that cuts off low frequency components of a detecting signal output from the detecting unit, a control circuit that controls the filter characteristic of the filter circuit such that the cutoff frequency of the filter circuit increases as the focal distance of the optical image forming unit becomes longer, and a signal processing circuit that executes signal processing for performing an image-shake correcting operation on an image signal output from the optical image forming unit, according to the detection signal having the low frequency components cut off by the filter circuit, to thereby improve the image stabilization characteristic, which is apt to be degraded on the telephoto side of the optical image forming system of the optical image forming unit.

Abstract: A digital camera has a pair of angular rate-sensing gyroscopic sensors with mutually perpendicular axes and an electronic circuit responsive to the sensor output signals to discriminate between voluntary and involuntary movements of the article as a function of the number of zero crossings per unit time of the signal and the average of the absolute amplitude of the signal.

Abstract: A stage apparatus in which a movable stage is guided in first and second directions orthogonal to each other on a stationary member, includes a pair of first elongated holes formed on one of the movable stage and the stationary member and are elongated in the first direction; a pair of link members having two engaging pins at first ends thereof which are engaged in the pair of first elongated holes to be movable therein, respectively, one of second ends of the pair of link members being pivoted at the other of the movable stage and the stationary member, and the other of the second ends of the pair of link members being supported by the other of the movable stage and the stationary member; and a link-member support mechanism for moving the movable stage in the second direction while maintaining a symmetrical shape thereof.

Abstract: Output of a gyro sensor is read at intervals of control time ts, time integration is carried out, an integrated value is computed, and an amount of change in an integrated value is determined from a difference between the calculated integrated value and an integrated value of a previous time. Thereafter, on the basis of the amount of change and a delay time determined by a shaking correcting module and the control time, an addition value (an acceleration value of an integrated value of the current time) is computed in order to obtain an amount of movement of a shift lens which can compensate tilting of an optical axis of a lens. After the computed addition value is added to the integrated value of the current time, a control value for moving the shift lens is computed by using the integrated value after addition.

Abstract: A TV/video camera (12) converts optical images into electronic image data. A mounting (10) for the camera has moving and non-moving components to provide movement of the camera in pan and tilt axes and damping means for damping movement in each axis. To remove unwanted movement transmitted to the mounting encoders (16,17) measure movement between the moving and non-moving parts of the mounting in each axis to indicate intended camera movement, and an electronic gyroscope (18) measures actual movement of the camera/mounting in the or each axis. A microprocessor (20) is provided separate from the camera to receive said electronic image data from the camera and input from the encoders and gyroscope to determine the unwanted movement of a camera from the intended and actual movement signals and to modify the image data to remove the unwanted camera movement from the data.

Abstract: Components for generating, reviewing, processing, storing, retrieving, analyzing, and optimizing information input to or output from a virtual environment. The components may be a video camera component, a stand-alone or device mountable on a tripod to permit a camera person to select from one or more views within a virtual environment, such as a video game being executed, and to provide alternative views within the confines of the virtual environment. The component permits selection from multiple views and manipulation of the same, including a rotation leftward or rightward, a tilt upward or downward, a zooming inward or outward, a translation (for example, a track movement) leftward, rightward, forward, or backward, a rolling movement, and a camera position adjustment (for example, crane movement) upward or downward.

Abstract: An image pick-up device and a chromatic aberration correcting method are provided in which a satisfactory correction processing can be performed even when the image pickup device, such as a camera, simultaneously performs shake correction. An output signal from a camera-signal processing circuit is selected by a selector switch and is supplied to a chromatic aberration correcting unit. An angular velocity due to the camera shake is detected using sensors and the detected signal is supplied to a camera shake correcting vector calculating unit. A driving state of a camera lens is supplied to a conversion-ratio calculating unit. An optical axis centered shift vector of camera lens is obtained from the camera shake correcting vector and is supplied to the correcting unit.

Abstract: A stage apparatus includes a stationary support board; a stage member supported by the stationary support board so as to face the stationary support board and to be movable relative to the stationary support board; a retainer, provided on one of opposed surfaces of the stage member and the stationary support board, for retaining at least three balls in a manner to allow the balls to roll on the other of the opposed surfaces; and a magnetic force generator provided on a surface of the stationary support board which faces the stage member. At least a part of the stage member, which faces the magnetic force generator, is made of a magnetic material to be magnetically attracted toward the stationary support board by a magnetic force generated by the magnetic force generator.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes a first detection unit for detecting a rotation shake, a first computation unit for processing a detection signal of the rotation shake into a rotation shake correction target value, a second detection unit for detecting a parallel shake in a plane surface perpendicular to an optical axis, a second computation unit for process a detection signal of the parallel shake into a parallel shake correction target value, a shake correction unit for correcting an image shake in the plane surface of the image pickup apparatus based on the rotation and parallel shake correction target values, an initialization unit for initializing the parallel shake correction target value, and a control unit for moving the shake correction unit based on an image pickup start instruction prior to an image pickup operation while initializing the parallel shake correction target value.

Abstract: System for producing a stabilized image of a scene viewed by an image detector, the image detector detecting a plurality of images of the scene, the image detector being supported by gimbals, the gimbals including a servo system for moving the gimbals at least one degree of freedom, the system including an angular movement detection device firmly coupled with the image detector, and a processor coupled with the angular movement detection device and with the image detector, the angular movement detection device detecting at least a portion of angular movements of the image detector about at least one axis of rotation, the angular movement detection device producing an angular output respective of the portion, the processor receiving the images from the image detector, and the angular output from the angular movement detection device, the processor determining at least one shifting displacement and at least one shifting direction for shifting a current image detected by the image detector, relative to a referen

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus comprises an image pickup device (e.g., a lens, a CCD) for picking up an image of an object, a shutter button having a magnetic member thereunder, an XY-axes geomagnetic sensor, a decoder for decoding an output of the XY-axes geomagnetic sensor to produce a bearing angle and an inclined angle based on a horizontal plane, a viewfinder display for displaying the bearing angle and inclined angle on the screen of a viewfinder. When the user presses the shutter button, the magnetic member approaches the geomagnetic sensor, so that a relatively large magnetic field (1 Oe) is applied to the geomagnetic sensor, and the image pickup device is controlled to perform an image pickup operation. It is possible to further incorporate a memory (e.g., ROM) for storing relationships between the geomagnetism, bearing angle, and inclined angle with respect to a prescribed terrestrial location.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical apparatus having a vibration detector that detects vibration, a holding member that holds an image stabilizing optical system, an elastic member that elastically supports the holding member so that the holding member can shift within a plane perpendicular to an optical axis, a drive unit that generates a drive force resisting against an elastic force of the elastic member, a drive circuit that drives the drive unit, a control circuit that controls the position of the holding member, a temperature sensor that measures temperature, and a viscous damper that damps movement of the holding member in the drive direction. The control circuit changes the image stabilizing drive control characteristic of the drive circuit to compensate for changes in viscosity of the viscous damper with temperature.

Abstract: A video image stabilization system including a camera having an image capturing device configured to capture a video image. The camera has a selectively adjustable field of view and at least one processing device is operably coupled to the system wherein the processing device receives signals indicative of the field of view of the camera and images captured by the camera. The processing device sequentially grabs a first and second image. The processing device determines a stabilizing adjustment for the video image as a function of an intended change in the field of view of the camera during the interval between the capture of the first and second images based upon the signals indicative of the field of view and an analysis of the first and second images. A portion of each image captured by the camera is selected for display.

Abstract: A camera computes an image stability measure by measuring the variability of an edge-detect figure of merit evaluated from several immediate past photographs.

Abstract: A camera has a shake detector, a main power source controller, and a photograph controller. The shake detector is capable of detecting a shake while a main power source is in the OFF state. The main power source controller turns the main power source on when a shake is detected while tho main power source is in the OFF state. Then, the photograph controller carries out a photographing process when the main power source is turned on by the detection of the shake.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus of a photographing-apparatus comprises a movable-unit and a fixed-unit. The movable-unit has an imaging-device and a position-detecting magnet. The movable-unit can be moved in a first-direction and a second-direction. The fixed-unit has a hall-element unit. The first-direction is perpendicular to an optical-axis of a camera-lens of the photographing-apparatus. The second-direction is perpendicular to the optical-axis and the first-direction. The position-detecting magnet is used for detecting a first location in the first-direction of the movable-unit and a second location in the second-direction of the movable-unit, and has a front-surface which faces the hall-element unit. The hall-element unit has hall-elements which are used for detecting the first location, and has hall-elements which are used for detecting the second location, and faces the position-detecting magnet.

Abstract: An anti-shake-apparatus of a photographing-apparatus comprises a movable-unit and a fixed-unit. The movable-unit has an imaging-device, a first coil-unit having a first driving-coil and a first position-detecting-coil, and a second coil-unit having a second driving-coil and a second position-detecting-coil. The movable-unit is movable in a first-direction and a second-direction. The fixed-unit has a first permanent-magnet and a second permanent-magnet. The first-direction is perpendicular to an optical-axis of the photographing-apparatus. The second-direction is perpendicular to the optical-axis and the first-direction. The first driving-coil and the first permanent-magnet are used for moving the movable-unit in the first-direction. The second driving-coil and the second permanent-magnet are used for moving the movable-unit in the second-direction. The first position-detecting-coil and the first permanent-magnet are used for detecting a first-location in the first-direction of the movable-unit.

Abstract: A image shift correcting device to prevent the user's erroneous recognition while ensuring the accuracy of the AF processing even when a hand shake occurs in the photographing preparation period, is provided with: a image capturing element for performing image capture; exposure controlling element for repeating an exposure for obtaining image data and non-exposure in a predetermined cycle in the image capturing element; image shift correcting element for correcting a shift of a subject image in the image capturing element; and controlling element for performing the correction by the image shift correcting element when the exposure for obtaining image data is performed.

Abstract: A vibration isolator determines a speed of a vibration applied to a camera with a vibration speed sensor, and differentiates and integrates the speed, and corrects the integrated value to zero when the differentiated value is zero, and determines the position of the correcting optical system according to the integrated value. Thus, an oscillation center of the correcting optical system is appropriately set at the origin, and an unwanted influence due to noise components in an output signal from the vibration speed sensor can be eliminated. Therefore, the vibration isolator can appropriately prevent an image blur.

Abstract: When a camera body is shaken, a piezoelectric element generates a signal corresponding to angular velocity. The output signal of the element is amplified by a synchronous detection amplifier and is sent to a high-pass filter. An output signal of the filter is integrated after digital conversion and is outputted as a shake amount of the camera body. An initialization-trigger generating circuit generates an initialization trigger in predetermined cycles. When the trigger is inputted, the amplifier outputs a first zero-level signal. A zero-level initialization circuit initializes the filter every input of the trigger to output a second zero-level signal. The two zero-level signals have a reference signal value to be outputted at a time of the angular velocity zero. During the initialization, the reference signal value is applied to both sides of the filter to remove drift components included in the output signal thereof.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a deviation of a camera as a result of a shaking. The apparatus includes a shaking detector which detects a deviation of the camera from shaking based upon an output of at least two pairs of acceleration sensors which are located on different axes of the camera coordinates. A calculator calculates tilt angles of each of the axes from outputs of the pairs of the acceleration sensors.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus for photographing apparatus comprises an angular velocity sensor and a controller. The angular velocity sensor detects an angular velocity. The controller controls the angular velocity sensor and performs an anti-shake operation on the basis of an output signal from the angular velocity sensor. The sensitivity in the anti-shake operation is set to low when it is determined that the photographing apparatus is fixed to a fixing apparatus compared to when it is determined that the photographing apparatus is not fixed to the fixing apparatus.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus for image stabilizing comprises an angular velocity sensor and a controller. The angular velocity sensor detects an angular velocity. The controller controls the angular velocity sensor and performs an anti-shake operation on the basis of an output signal from the angular velocity sensor. The controller performs a modification of an offset output in the value of the output signal during a predetermined period of the anti-shake operation, and does not perform the modification except for during the predetermined period.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus comprises an angular velocity sensor and a controller. The angular velocity sensor detects an angular velocity. The controller controls the angular velocity sensor and performs an anti-shake operation based on the output signal from the angular velocity sensor. The controller calculates an angular velocity signal, based on the output signal from the angular velocity sensor before a predetermined period which is longer than a predetermined time interval and the output signal from the angular velocity sensor after the predetermined period, at the predetermined time interval, during the predetermined period.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus for image stabilizing comprises an angular velocity sensor and a controller. The angular velocity sensor detects an angular velocity. The controller controls the angular velocity sensor and performs an anti-shake operation on the basis of an output signal from the angular velocity sensor. The controller performs a reduction of the value of the output signal during a predetermined period of the anti-shake operation, and does not perform the reduction except for during the predetermined period.

Abstract: An anti-shake apparatus is provided for correcting an image blur of an object image which is formed on an imaging sensor by an optical system. The apparatus has a fixed unit that is fixed to a body of a photographing apparatus and a movable unit that is movably held by the fixed unit, an angular velocity sensor that senses an angular velocity so as to detect the shake quantity of the body, and a driver that moves the movable unit according to the detected shake quantity. At least a part of the optical system or the imaging sensor is mounted on the movable unit. The angular velocity sensor is attached to one of the fixed unit and movable unit.

Abstract: An image-capturing device includes: an image-capturing element that converts light to an electrical signal; a photographic lens member that condenses subject light at the image-capturing element; a board on which the image-capturing element is mounted; and an elastic member having one end thereof secured to the photographic lens member and another end thereof secured to the board.

Abstract: An image sensing apparatus capable of optically correcting blur of an object image by an optical blur correction unit comprises an image sensing unit for converting an optical image of an object into image signals; a display unit for displaying image signals converted by the image sensing unit; a display ON/OFF switch unit for switching between ON/OFF states for displaying the image signals on the display unit when the image sensing apparatus is ON and in an image sensing mode; and a control unit for changing an operational state of the optical blur correction unit depending upon the switching between the ON/OFF states for displaying by the display ON/OFF switch unit.

Abstract: A camera control circuit of a camera system sends vibration correction data with two different data lengths during image-taking and during image-taking preparation, respectively. The latter data length is shorter. A lens control circuit controls a vibration correction driving unit based on the vibration correction data. The lens control circuit converts vibration correction data with the second data length into data equivalent to vibration correction data with the first data length. Thus, loads on the camera control circuit during image-taking preparation can be reduced while providing image vibration correction inexpensively.

Abstract: In a digital camera using an image pickup device such as CCD, a high resolution and properly exposed image is obtained by composition a plurality of image data of the same object taken by a plurality of image pickup operation when a luminance of the object is lower. Each image data is taken under a condition that an integration time (a charge storage time) of the image pickup device is shorter than a limit integration time causing a camera shake. A position of a frame on the image pickup device from which electric charges of the pixels are read out as the image data is corrected so as to cancel the movement of the camera between the image pickup operations.

Abstract: An image system which captures, along with the images, information defining both the position and the orientation of the camera along with the distance to the subject. A video camera is attached to three accelerometers, two gyroscopes, and a rangefinder. Data gathered from these devices and defining the pitch, yaw, and roll of the camera, the camera's acceleration, and the distance to the subject is captured and recorded along with video images. The video images are later stored within a computer's data base along with data defining the position and orientation of the camera and the distance to the subject for each image, this latter data being computed from the captured data. The images may then be presented to the user in a three-dimensional display in which the user can navigate through the images using a joystick device, with the images located in positions corresponding to the positions in space of the objects that were imaged.

Abstract: There is provided a media pack which can be removably mounted in a printer, and which allows a consumable article or articles contained therein for use by the printer, and enables the printer to easily recognize whether there is a possibility of degradation of the consumable article(s) due to a long time period elapsing after filling or producing of the consumable article(s). A pack body contains ink and a print medium for use by the printer, and a memory is arranged within the pack body, for having readably written therein data related to the print medium, which includes at least information of a year and month at which the print medium was filled or produced.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a deviation of a camera as a result of the camera shaking, for example resulting from a hand of the camera operator shaking. The apparatus includes a shaking detector which detects a deviation of the camera from shaking based upon an output of angular velocity sensors which are located on different axes of the camera coordinates. A calculator calculates tilt angles of each of the coordinate axes from outputs of the angular velocity sensors. The rotation regulator rotates an image pickup device around an optical axis of the camera or an axis in parallel with the optical axis.

Abstract: A camera of this invention is a camera containing a shake correction device for correcting the shake by reading out application voltage data corresponding to a detected shake amount by use of parameters stored in an EEPROM indicating the relation between a voltage applied to a wedge prism and a deflection angle of a light beam and applying a voltage subjected to the temperature correcting process to the wedge prism to change the index of refraction of the wedge prism and deflect the light beam in a direction opposite to the shake direction.

Abstract: An optical device with an imaging device for forming an image of a subject with a lens device includes a lens unit, a movable member making the lens unit movable within a plane orthogonal to the optical axis of the lens unit, an image pickup device imaging the subject image formed by the lens device, a fixed member limiting the movement of the movable member in the optical axis direction, at least three balls rolling between the movable and fixed member, a vibration detecting unit, and pitch and yaw direction drive units for driving the movable member in the pitch and yaw directions within the optical axis orthogonal plane, respectively. The pitch and yaw direction drive units press the movable member toward the fixed member side by means of magnetic pressing forces caused by magnetic attractive action between drive magnets and yokes.

Abstract: There is disclosed a shake prevention apparatus for compensating for a disturbance in an image resulting from a camera shake. A shake of a camera main body is measured by a gyro sensor. Upon sampling the output signal from the sensor by an A/D converter, a sampling timing corresponding to a shutter speed is set. Especially, a timing is generated so that the sampling timing corresponds to the central position of the charge storage period of a CCD.

Abstract: A display circuit for use in a hand held device is provided, which virtually expands the image displayed. The display circuit includes a display, a memory, a motion sensor, and a controller. The display has a predetermined size, and the memory has stored therein an image, which has an image size, that is larger than the size of the display. The motion sensor detects the movement of the hand held device and the corresponding movement of the display. The controller, which is coupled to the motion sensor, via prestored instructions, determines the current position of the hand held device and displays a portion of the image on the display, corresponding to the present position of the device. As the hand held device moves, the image being displayed on the display is panned an amount, which matches the movement of the hand held device.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for using camera attitude sensors with a camera. A camera assembly includes a tripod base, a tripod head interface mounted on the tripod base, a tripod head mounted on the tripod head interface and a camera mounted on the tripod head. The tripod head enables the camera to pan and tilt. The system also includes a first optical encoder for detecting the amount that the camera has been panned and a second optical encoder for detecting the amount that the camera has been tilted. Two inclinometers are mounted on the tripod head interface to measure attitude of the tripod head. Two gyroscopes (“gyros”) are mounted on the camera assembly. Data from the encoders, gyros and inclinometers are packaged and sent to graphics production equipment to be used for enhancing video captured by the camera.

Abstract: A correction variable is calculated based on vibration data of an image sensing apparatus. Based on the calculation result, timing of reading image signals from an image sensing device is controlled. The read image signals are delayed by predetermined time, the read image signals and the delayed image signals are added at a predetermined addition ratio based on the calculation result of the correction variable calculator. In still image sensing, the above addition operation is not performed.

Abstract: A camera is described having a display device for displaying one or more stored images after acquisition. The camera has a motion detector which enables the selection and/or display of a stored image to be controlled (at least partly) by physical movement of the camera. Scrolling (or panning) of an image in the display can be effected by moving the camera in a plane parallel to the plane of the camera display, or tilting the camera. Zooming can be effected by moving the camera is a direction generally perpendicular to the plane of the camera display. The movements are generally similar to those which the user would make if viewing the image through a window or lens, which leads to a highly intuitive manner of operation.

Abstract: There is provided an image-shake correcting device that is comprised of a detecting unit that detects shakes of the image-shake correcting device, a filter circuit that cuts off low frequency components of a detecting signal output from the detecting unit, a control circuit that controls the filter characteristic of the filter circuit such that the cutoff frequency of the filter circuit increases as the focal distance of the optical image forming unit becomes longer, and a signal processing circuit that executes signal processing for performing an image-shake correcting operation on an image signal output from the optical image forming unit, according to the detection signal having the low frequency components cut off by the filter circuit, to thereby improve the image stabilization characteristic, which is apt to be degraded on the telephoto side of the optical image forming system of the optical image forming unit.

Abstract: A detecting system for detecting a deviation of a camera from shaking has at least two shaking detectors and one correcting device. The first shaking detector detects a camera shaking corresponding to one axis of a camera coordinate system. The second shaking detector detects a camera shaking corresponding to another axis of the camera coordinate system. The correcting device only adjusts a device corresponding to the first shaking detector in an optical system when a maximum or minimum value is detected on the output signal from the second shaking detector.