Abstract: A system and method for capturing images is provided. In the system and method, preview images are acquired and global local and local motion are estimated based on at least a portion of the preview images. If the local motion is less than or equal to the global motion, a final image is captured based at least on an exposure time based on the global motion. If the local motion is greater than the global motion, a first image is captured based on at least a first exposure time and at least a second image is captured based on at least one second exposure time less than the first exposure time. After capturing the first and second images, global motion regions are separated from local motion regions in the first and second images, and the final image is reconstructed at least based on the local motion regions.

Abstract: Methods for estimating the point spread function (PSF) of a motion-blurred image are disclosed and claimed. In certain embodiments, the estimated PSF may be used to compensate for the blur caused by hand-shake without the use of an accelerometer or gyro. Edge spread functions may be extracted along different directions from straight edges in a blurred image and combined to find the PSF that best matches. In other embodiments, the blur response to edges of other forms may similarly be extracted, such as corners or circles, and combined to find the best matching PSF. The PSF may then be represented in a parametric form, where the parameters used are related to low-order polynomial coefficients of the angular velocity vx(t) and vy(t) as a function of time.

Abstract: There are provided an inner focus lens consisting of a first lens group, an aperture diaphragm, and a second lens group in order from an object side. The first lens group has a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, and a negative third lens element; or a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, a positive third lens element, and a negative fourth lens element, in order from the object side. One lens element in the second lens group is moved with respect to an image surface in focusing, some of the lens elements thereof are moved in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis. The inner focus lens satisfies 0.2<|fF/fO|<3.0 (fF: a focal distance of a focus lens, fO: a synthetic focal distance of the lens elements moving in the direction perpendicular to the optical axis).

Abstract: An image display apparatus detects a projection angle of a projection unit that projects a screen image on a screen and is capable of vertically changing the projection angle, and corrects trapezoidal distortion of the screen image according to the projection angle. The image display apparatus changes the amount and direction of trapezoidal distortion correction based on the projection angle. The image display apparatus also determines whether a projection mode is projection upward to a wall or projection to a ceiling and changes the direction of trapezoidal distortion correction for projection upward to the wall and projection to the ceiling. Specifically, for projection upward to the wall, a correction factor is positive and an upper edge portion of the screen image is compressed for correction; and for projection to the ceiling, a correction factor is negative and a lower edge portion of the screen image is compressed for correction.

Abstract: There are provided an inner focus lens consisting of a first lens group, an aperture diaphragm, and a second lens group in order from an object side. The first lens group has a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, and a negative third lens element, or has a positive first lens element, a positive second lens element, a positive third lens element, and a negative fourth lens element, in order from the object side. One lens element in the second lens group is moved with respect to an image surface in focusing. The second lens group has five or more lens elements, and has a configuration including a negative lens element, a positive lens element, and a positive lens element in order from the object side.

Abstract: A mobile device such as a robot includes a processor, a memory that stores components executable by the processor, and a projection assembly. The projection assembly includes a projector, a lens, a movable mirror, and a first projection surface integral with a surface of the mobile device. The components include a projection component and a control component. The projection component determines the projection parameters, and projects the image onto the movable mirror, dependent upon the projection parameters. The control component causes the projector and the lens to focus the image onto the first projection surface, and further causes the movable mirror to reflect the image onto the first projection surface.

Abstract: A camera according to the present invention is equipped with an image sensor; an A/D converter that converts analog image-pixel signals read from the image sensor to digital image-pixel signals; an image stabilizer that comprises a coil and a movable member configured to move in a given direction while supporting the image sensor; an image stabilization controller that controls a position of the movable member at given time intervals by sending pulse drive signals through the coil; and a timing adjustment processor that shifts at least one of a rise timing and fall timing of the pulse drive signals from a signal-processing interval associated with an A/D conversion process.

Abstract: An image pickup device includes: an image pickup optical system configured to form a subject image; an image pickup element configured to generate a picked-up image from the subject image formed by the image pickup optical system; an image blur detecting section configured to output an image blur signal using a motion detecting sensor; an arithmetic section configured to calculate an amount of image blur correction including an amount of optical correction and an amount of electronic correction on a basis of the image blur signal; an optical image blur correcting section configured to move at least one of an optical element forming a part of the image pickup optical system and the image pickup element in accordance with the amount of optical correction; and an electronic image blur correcting section configured to correct electronically an image blur of the picked-up image by image processing based on the amount of electronic correction.

Abstract: Techniques relating to correction of image distortion caused by movement of a camera unit during image capture. In one embodiment, an apparatus may include a camera unit and a scaling circuit. The apparatus may be configured to calculate a shift value for a line of an image captured by the camera unit, where the shift value is indicative of an amount of movement of the camera unit during at least a portion of capture of the image. The scaling circuit may be configured to operate on the line starting at a line position that is based on the calculated shift value. The calculated shift value may be based on movement information generated by a motion sensor. The scaling circuit may include a digital differential analyzer and one or more multi-tap polyphase filters. The line position may be specified as a fractional pixel value.

Abstract: An image capturing apparatus capable of operating an imaging unit in a plurality of shooting modes is provided. In response to designation of one or more keywords related to a shooting scene by a user, one or more of the plurality of shooting modes, which correspond to the one or more keywords, are selected. In shooting, a shooting scene is determined based on an image signal generated by the imaging unit. Shooting parameters are generated based on the one or more selected shooting modes and the determined shooting scene. The operation of the imaging unit is controlled using the generated shooting parameters.

Abstract: A method of measuring motion blur is disclosed comprising obtaining a moving edge temporal profile r1(k) of an image of a high-contrast moving edge, calculating the masked local contrast m1(k) for r1(k) and the masked local contrast m2(k) for an ideal step edge waveform r2(k) with the same amplitude as r1(k), and calculating the measure or motion blur ? as a difference function, ?=S(?x?k|m1(k)?m2(k)|?)1/?. The masked local contrasts are calculated using a set of convolution kernels scaled to simulate the performance of the human visual system, and ? is measured in units of just-noticeable differences.

Abstract: A 3D model of an object is rendered using centered images of the object. An algorithm executed locally or in a distributed manner calculates camera positions for the images and determines a virtual camera path based on the camera positions. The application adjusts the images to fit the plane of the virtual camera path and fills in the gaps between the images using transition renderings. To improve user experience, the application also calculates resting positions for navigation stop points using a spring system. Upon constructing the 3D model, the application can transmit the 3D model to a variety of user devices including the network connected device having a camera module that captured the images.

Abstract: An image-pickup apparatus includes an image-pickup section that picks up images to obtain picked-up-image-data items, a temporarily retaining section that temporarily retains the picked-up-image-data items, a storage-process section that performs a storage process on the picked-up-image-data items, a movement-detecting section that detects a movement of the image-pickup apparatus, an operation section that performs a shutter operation, and a control section that causes the temporarily retaining section to retain picked-up-image-data items in a shutter-operation period, that selects, on the basis of detection results obtained by the movement-detecting section in the shutter-operation period, a picked-up-image-data item from among the retained picked-up-image-data items, and that causes the storage-process section to perform the storage process on the selected picked-up-image-data item.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a test process of an image stabilization system in an image capture apparatus, comprising steps of: submitting the stabilization system to rotation vibratory movements around two distinct rotation axes, measuring characteristics of rotation vibratory movements, and setting the rotation vibratory movements to setpoint position values and, taking into consideration the measured characteristics of the vibratory movements, collecting images from the image capture apparatus submitted to vibration and analyzing the collected images.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for visual saliency estimation for images and video are described. In an embodiment, a process includes decomposing, by a processor, an image into elements, wherein each element includes at least one pixel. The processor then calculates a first image measure indicative of each element's uniqueness in the image on a per element basis, and a second image measure indicative of each element's spatial distribution in the image on a per element basis. A per element saliency measure is provided by combining the first image measure and the second image measure, or by utilizing the first image measure, or by utilizing the second image measure.

Abstract: Encrypted video data is decrypted as first image data. If a first image processing module includes an output processing to an outside of a first secure memory which an access from an outside of an apparatus is restricted, the first image processing module is converted to a second image processing module including the output processing invalidated. The first image data is processed using the second image processing module, by accessing the first secure memory, and second image data is generated. If a first rendering module includes an output processing to an outside of a second secure memory which an access from the outside of the apparatus is restricted, the first rendering module is converted to a second rendering module including the output processing invalidated. The second image data is rendered using the second rendering module, by accessing the second secure memory.

Abstract: Techniques are described for identifying blurred images and recognizing text. One or more images of text may be captured. A change of movement associated with each image of the one or more images may be calculated. The change of movement associated with an image of the one or more images represents a change in an amount of acceleration of the device used to capture the image while the image was being captured. A steady image may be selected from the one or more images to use for text recognition. The steady image can be selected using the variances of acceleration associated with each image of the one or more images.

Abstract: A positionable mechanism includes a frame unit, an OIS unit, and a positioning unit that are mounted on a base unit. The frame unit is retractable with respect to the base unit between a storage position and a working position. The positioning unit is movable with respect to the OIS unit between an abutting position and a releasing position, and is subjected to a restoring force. When the frame unit is at the storage position, a pressing part of the frame unit presses the positioning unit to the abutting position where the positioning unit abuts against a movable carrier of the OIS unit. When the frame unit is at the working position, the positioning unit is restored to the releasing position and releases the movable carrier.

Abstract: A method for adjusting parameters in a video capture device using motion information is disclosed. Motion information that indicates motion of a video capture device is determined. The motion information is compared to an upper bound and a lower bound. An aggressiveness level that indicates a change in a white balance gain for the video capture device is determined based on the comparison. A new white balance gain for the video capture device is determined based on the aggressiveness level. An exposure convergence holding time is adjusted based on the motion information. An exposure step size is increased based on the motion information. A brightness level of the video capture device is adjusted based on the convergence step size.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus obtains a motion vector between at least three images including first, second, and third images obtained through continuous shooting under different exposure conditions and computes a first motion vector between the first and second images and a second motion vector between the first and third images in a plurality of positions on the first image. A reliability level of the motion vector is determined, and an estimated motion vector between the first and second images is computed for the first motion vector having low reliability based on the second motion vector computed in the corresponding position and the shooting interval between the images. In a case where the second motion vector computed in a position corresponding to that of the first motion vector having low reliability has high reliability, the first motion vector having low reliability is substituted with the estimated motion vector.

Abstract: A method for deblurring an image. A first image is captured. A second image is captured, wherein the second image is more blurred and more exposed than the first image. The second image is deblurred based on the first image.

Abstract: In a system for capturing a series of images of a scene comprising an image capture device having a matrix of flux detectors which is oriented along a sighting axis (z), comprising a stabilizing module which stabilizes the sighting axis of the captured images, the sighting axis being instilled with a defined, cyclic, motion, the following steps are applied to a series of successive images (N1?K) captured during a cycle. Steps /i/ and /ii/ are repeated from the first image captured up to the last image captured of the series and an intermediate image (IIntermediate) is obtained •?/i/ registering a subsequent image (Ni+i) on a preceding image (Ni) as a function of the defined motion; ?/ii/ correcting spatial noise relating to the flux detectors and affecting the common part of the images.

Abstract: A weighting coefficient sequence defining unit generates an array in which weighting coefficients are held at positions defined by the directional components of blur vectors, and adjusts the weighting coefficients to increase the sum of the frequency components of the array or reduce variations of the frequency components. A weighting unit multiplies respective captured images by corresponding weighting coefficients, generating L weighted captured images. The weighting unit then generates the synthesized image of the L weighted captured images. A corrected image generation unit performs deconvolution processing using the frequency component of the array in which the weighting coefficients are held at positions defined by the directional components of blur vectors, and the frequency component of the synthesized image. The corrected image generation unit performs an inverse frequency transform for the deconvolution processing result, generating an output image.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and system for obtaining a point spread function for deblurring image data captured by an imaging device comprising a motion sensor. First, motion path values indicating the motion of the imaging device during the exposure time are acquired. The motion path values of the imaging device are then projected onto the sensor plane and for each sensor pixel the projected motion path values are integrated over time. Said integrated value represents for each sensor pixel an initial estimate of the point spread function. Optionally, the size of the point spread function can also be estimated based on the distance of the focused object and taken into account during the projecting step.

Abstract: This invention provides an electromagnetically driven device applicable to a lens driving device with an anti-shake function by a simple structure that enables the movable member to swing around an axis thereof. A flat spring for swinging connects to a stationary frame body provided with a permanent magnet set and a coil set for swinging is mounted on an outer circumference of a movable frame body. When an axial direction of the movable frame body is designated as the Z axis, the coil set for swinging including a first through fourth coils arranged around the Z axis and spaced at uniform intervals with each winding around an axis perpendicular to the Z axis and opposite to the permanent magnet set respectively. The permanent magnet set includes a first through fourth magnets, wherein each magnet is arranged between two adjacent coils among the first through fourth coils.

Abstract: Disclosed is an imaging apparatus including a plurality of imaging units; a correction unit that executes a correction process for images captured by a plurality of the imaging units; and a control unit that computes a correction parameter applied to a correction process in the correction unit, wherein the correction unit executes distortion aberration correction and hand-vibration correction for each of the captured images and an image characteristic matching correction process for matching characteristics between a plurality of images captured by a plurality of the imaging units.

Abstract: Provided is a method of controlling a digital photographing device, the method including: removing high-frequency components from a first input image and a second input image; calculating a differential image between the first input image and the second input image from which the high-frequency components are removed; calculating the frequency of each of the pixel values of the differential image; determining at lease one pixel value of the differential image having a frequency greater than a frequency threshold as a target motion range among the pixel values of the differential image greater than a motion threshold; and determining photographing settings corresponding to the target motion range.

Abstract: Imaging systems and methods improve object recognition by more strongly enhancing contrast between the object and non-object (e.g., background) surfaces than would be possible with a simple optical filter tuned to the wavelength(s) of the source light(s). In some embodiments, the overall scene illuminated by ambient light is preserved (or may be reconstructed) for presentation purposes—e.g., combined with a graphical overlay of the sensed object(s) in motion.

Abstract: A digital image acquisition system having no photographic film comprises a portable apparatus for capturing digital images and a digital processing component for reducing camera motion blur in an image captured by the apparatus. The digital processing component operates by comparing the image with at least one other image, for example a preview image, of approximately the same scene taken outside the exposure period of the main image. In one embodiment the digital processing component identifies at least one feature which is relatively less blurred than the corresponding feature in the main image and/or calculates a trajectory of at least one feature in a plurality of preview images and extrapolates such feature onto the main image, and calculates a PSF in respect of the feature, and de-convolves the main image using the PSF.

Abstract: When a displacement between a reference frame of a plurality of images acquired by continuous image pickup and a target frame is less than a first threshold indicating that such a frame is not likely to be affected by occlusion, smoothing is performed on an object area through a morphological operation with a normal process amount. Conversely, when a displacement between the reference frame of the plurality of images acquired by continuous image pickup and a target frame is larger than or equal to the first threshold, smoothing is performed with the process amount of morphological operation being increased with respect to the normal process amount.

Abstract: A flexible wiring board mounting structure of an image shake correcting apparatus, the image shake correcting apparatus includes a image sensor serving as a part of a photographing optical system and capable of moving in directions orthogonal to an optical axis of the photographing optical system, a control circuit mounted to an element independent of the image sensor, and a flexible wiring board which connects the image sensor and the control circuit to each other. The flexible wiring board includes an inner side connecting portion connected to the image sensor, an outer side connecting portion connected to the control circuit, and a flexible portion provided in an allowance space defined between the inner side connecting portion, the outer side connecting portion, the image sensor and an inner peripheral surface of an innermost ring member, out of ring members that support lens groups of the photographing optical system.

Abstract: An imaging device including: a first substrate having a first communication device; a second substrate having a solid-state imaging device and second communication device to exchange signals with the first substrate; a shake correction section adapted to detect the shake of an enclosure and correct the shake based on the detection result by moving the first substrate in the plane vertical to the optical path; and a millimeter wave signal transmission line that permits transmission of information in the millimeter wave band between the first and second communication devices, wherein a signal to be transmitted between the first and second communication devices is converted into a millimeter wave signal first before being transmitted via the millimeter wave signal transmission line.

Abstract: An image capture apparatus comprises an image capture unit which photo-electrically converts an object image, a shake detection unit which detects a shake of the image capture apparatus, a motion vector detection unit which detects a motion vector, a reference value calculation unit which calculates a reference value serving as an output from the shake detection unit when the image capture apparatus stands still, a correction amount calculation unit which calculates a shake correction amount, and an image blur correction unit which corrects a blur of the object image, wherein the reference value calculation unit calculates the reference value based on an integrated value of the output from the shake detection unit, an integrated value of an output from the motion vector detection unit, and a variation of the output from the correction amount calculation unit in a predetermined period.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for processing image data captured by a device. In one implementation, a system is provided to process primary image data based on motion of the device during generation of the image data, as detected by a secondary image sensor. In another implementation, a method is provided for processing image data by generating primary image data, generating secondary image data, calculating, using the secondary image data, at least one motion vector based on motion of the device during generation of the primary image data, processing the primary image data based on the at least one motion vector, and outputting the processed primary image data.

Abstract: The outlines of specific subjects becoming unnaturally deformed is prevented, while reducing the amount of calculations. A reference image setting section sets a reference image which is to become a reference from among a plurality of images. A specific subject detecting section detects a specific subject from within the reference image. A feature point extracting section extracts a plurality of feature points from within the reference image such that the average density of the feature points become higher in the vicinity of the outline of the specific subject. A corresponding point obtaining means corresponding point obtaining section obtains corresponding points within the other images that correspond to the extracted feature points. A coordinate converting section converts the coordinates of the positions of each pixel within the reference image and/or the other images such that the positions of the feature points and the positions of the corresponding points match.

Abstract: A position controller for an image-stabilizing optical element in a optical system includes an advancing/retracting member; an anti shake frame supported by the advancing/retracting member and movable along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis; an insertable/removable frame holding the optical element and supported by the anti-shake frame to be movable between insertion and removed positions; an anti shake drive mechanism which drives the anti shake frame to perform an image-stabilizing operation; and a removal drive mechanism which imposes no movement limitations on the anti shake frame and the insertable/removable frame in a ready-to-photograph state, and which imparts a component force that moves the insertable/removable frame to the removed position in association with the insertable/removable frame when the advancing/retracting member moves to an accommodated position.

Abstract: An apparatus, method, and computer-readable medium for motion sensor-based video stabilization. A motion sensor may capture motion data of a video sequence. A controller may compute instantaneous motion of the camera for a current frame of the video sequence. The controller may compare the instantaneous motion to a threshold value representing a still condition and reduce a video stabilization strength parameter for the current frame if the instantaneous motion is less than the threshold value. A video stabilization unit may perform video stabilization on the current frame according to the frame's strength parameter.

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting and tracking a moving object using real-time camera motion estimation, including generating a feature map representing a change in an input pattern in an input image, extracting feature information of the image, estimating a global motion for recognizing a motion of a camera using the extracted feature information, correcting the input image by reflecting the estimated global motion, and detecting a moving object using the corrected image.

Abstract: A wireless video camera system including a single or dual HDTV digital camera; a system for the wireless transmission of uncompressed single or multiple SMPTE 292M, HDSDI data streams over an RF band; and automatic self-pointing transmitting and receiving antennas.

Abstract: An FPC (3) includes a first bending portion (31) having an outer periphery thereof directed from an attachment portion (36) toward an upstream end (3F), and bent in such a direction as to face the attachment portion (36); a second bending portion (32) which is bent from the attachment portion (36) toward a center axis (Z1) at a specified position closer to a downstream end (3B) than the first bending portion (31), and guided to a positioning portion (11); and a third bending portion (33) which is bent toward the camera body at a specified position closer to the downstream end (3B) than the positioning portion (11).

Abstract: Image data captured by a capturing unit is inputted. Exposure information of the captured image data is inputted. Rotary-vibration information, which indicates rotary vibration of the capturing unit at the time of image capture, is inputted. A blur, which is caused by the rotary vibration, of the captured image data is corrected based on the exposure information and an angle of rotation of the capturing unit, which is indicated by the rotary-vibration information.

Abstract: An exposure condition when obtaining a sensed image is input. Shake information when obtaining the sensed image is input. A filter to be used to correct a blur of the sensed image is generated based on the exposure condition and a weight value including a non-integer obtained from the shake information.

Abstract: A multi-purpose camera system includes an image capture block and an image signal processing block. The image capture block is arranged for generating an image signal, wherein the image capture block has an image sensor, an optical system, and a control circuit. The image signal processing block is arranged for processing the image signal. When the multi-purpose camera system is operated in a first operation mode, the multi-purpose camera system acts as a camera for generating a captured image output; when the multi-purpose camera system is operated in a second operation mode, the multi-purpose camera system acts as part of a user input apparatus for receiving a user input; and an overall configuration of the control circuit and the image signal processing block in the first operation mode is different from an overall configuration of the control circuit and the image signal processing block in the second operation mode.

Abstract: There is provided an imaging device including a posture change detection part which detects a posture change of an imaging device body, a deflection correction part which corrects deflection of a captured image generated by the posture change, a distortion correction part which corrects distortion of the captured image generated by the posture change, and a control part which makes the deflection be corrected in the deflection correction part based on the posture change detected in the posture change detection part, and makes the distortion be corrected in the distortion correction part based on posture change after limiting processing to the detected posture change.

Abstract: A system and method captures a moving image of a scene that can be more readily de-blurred as compared to images captured through other methods operating on equivalent exposure-time intervals. Rather than stopping and starting the light measurement during the exposure-time interval, photo-generated current is switched between multiple charge storage sites in accordance with a temporal switching pattern that optimizes the conditioning of the solution to the inverse blur transform. By switching the image intensity signal between storage sites all of the light energy available during the exposure-time interval is transduced to electronic charge and captured to form a temporally decomposed representation of the moving image.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an imaging unit that includes a shooting lens for collecting an image of a subject to be shot; and an imaging element that forms the image collected by the shooting lens and generates image data through photoelectric conversion of formed image. The imaging apparatus also includes an inclination detector that detects an inclination of the imaging apparatus from a predetermined position, through a rotation around a shooting optical axis of the shooting lens. The apparatus also includes a control unit that changes an operating mode to a switchable state capable of switching between operating modes when a predetermined time has elapsed in a state in which the inclination detected by the inclination detector falls within a predetermined range in which the operating modes of the imaging apparatus are switched to each other.

Abstract: Disclosed is a handshake correction apparatus of a photographing apparatus. The handshake correction apparatus includes a lens support plate that supports a correction lens and operates in a direction perpendicular to an optical axis; a base that supports the lens support plate to be movable; and magnets and driving coils which are assembled on the lens support plate and the base to face each other, wherein the magnets are tight-fitted in assembly grooves of the lens support plate or the base, and wherein one or more protrusions that protrude from internal walls of the assembly grooves toward the magnets and elastically press the magnets are formed in the assembly grooves. Control performance of a correction operation of the handshake correction apparatus may be improved by ensuring alignment between assembly structures of assembly parts including magnets and yokes.

Abstract: Provided is an image stabilization device including an image capturing unit for capturing an image of a face of a user, a motion detection unit for detecting motion of the face whose image has been captured by the image capturing unit, a motion prediction unit for predicting motion of the face to be detected at a next time point, based on the motion of the face detected in time-series by the motion detection unit, an image data display unit for displaying image data, and a motion correction unit for performing control on the image data display unit to move the image data in a direction of cancelling the motion of the face predicted by the motion prediction unit.

Abstract: An imaging device includes: a first imaging unit which does not include a phase difference detecting pixel on an imaging element; a second imaging unit which includes a phase difference detecting pixel on an imaging element; a pixel comparing unit which compares first obtained image obtained by the first imaging unit with a second obtained image obtained by the second imaging unit; a correcting unit which corrects phase difference information obtained by the second imaging unit based on a comparison result by the image comparing unit; a phase difference applying unit which applies the phase difference information corrected by the correcting unit to the first obtained image; and a recording unit which records image information.

Abstract: Method for detecting edge of fixed pattern includes receiving and analyzing a first image to obtain a first edge information. Second image and a corresponding second edge information are received, in which the second image includes an accumulation of image history information. According to the first edge information and the second edge information, a consistent number and an inconsistent number for pairs of pixels at the corresponding location of the first image and the second image are calculated, in which the consistent number represents how many pairs of pixels of which two compared pixels of each pair are both edge pixels, and the inconsistent number represents one of the two compared pixels is not the edge pixel. When the consistent number is greater than first predetermined value and meanwhile the inconsistent number is less than second predetermined value, first image and second image have a fixed pattern with fixed edge.