Abstract: Apparatuses, methods and storage medium associated with multi-camera devices are disclosed herein. In embodiments, a multi-camera device may include 3 or more camera sensors disposed on a world facing side of the multi-camera device. Further, the multi-camera device may be configured to provide a soft shutter button at a location on an opposite side to the world facing side, coordinated with locations of the 3 or more camera sensors that reduces likelihood of blocking of one or more of the 3 or more camera sensors. Other embodiments may be disclosed or claimed.

Abstract: There is provided an image processing apparatus and an image processing method capable of robust correction to an image misalignment generated due to an over-time misalignment of a stereo camera. The estimation section estimates at least two parameters out of a pitch angle difference, a yaw angle difference, and a roll angle difference between a left camera and a right camera, and a scale ratio of a left image picked up by the left camera to a right image picked up by the right camera, on basis of a model formula using the parameters. The present disclosure is applicable to, for example, an imaging apparatus that includes a stereo camera configured with the left camera and the right camera and the like.

Abstract: Method for the virtual try-on of garments (9) based on augmented reality with the aid of an electronic communication device (1) equipped with at least one screen (2) and one image acquisition organ (3), comprising at least the following steps: a) detecting with the aid of the image acquisition organ (3) at least the face and shoulders of at least one person (5, 6) positioned in front of the electronic communication device (1), b) defining digital data representative of the shape and dimensions of the face and shoulders of the person (5, 6) detected at step a), c) defining digital data representative of the position of the face and shoulders of the person (5, 6) on the screen (2) based on the data defined at step b), d) superimposing, on the screen (2) the image of a garment (9) from a database onto the image of the person (5, 6) by using the data defined in steps b) and c), e) maintaining, on the screen (2), the superimposition of the image of the garment (9) on the image of the person (5, 6) during the move

Abstract: According to one or more embodiments, a system of generating a two-dimensional (2D) map of an environment includes a 2D scanner and a wall sensor positioned at a fixed position with respect to the 2D scanner, the wall sensor detects a presence of an internal element inside a wall in the environment. Further, the system includes one or more processors operably coupled to the 2D scanner and the wall sensor. The processors generate a wall map of a wall in the environment, the wall map including an occupancy grid with a plurality of cells, a cell representative of a corresponding portion of the wall, and the cell indicative of the occupancy of an internal element in the corresponding portion. Further, the processors associate the wall map with a location of the wall in the 2D map of the environment.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a camera device of a vehicle, including at least: a first image generating unit that photographs a first area, which includes a first sub-area and a second sub-area, and generates a first image that includes a first sub-image associated with the first sub-area and a second sub-image associated with the second sub-area; a second image generating unit that photographs a second area, which includes the second sub-area and a third sub-area, and generates a second image that includes a third sub-image associated with the second sub-area and a fourth sub-image associated with the third sub-area; and an image analyzing unit that recognizes a first forward object by analyzing the first sub-image, recognizes a lateral object by analyzing the fourth sub-image, recognizes a second forward object by analyzing the second sub-image and the third sub-image, and measures a distance to the second forward object.

Abstract: A signal processing apparatus of one embodiment of the disclosure includes a composition unit that generates first composite imaging data, by adding together a low-frequency component of first imaging data, a high-frequency component of the first imaging data, and a high-frequency component of second imaging data. The first imaging data is imaging data of a relatively wide angle of view, out of two pieces of imaging data that differ in angle of view from each other. The second imaging data is imaging data of a relatively narrow angle of view, out of the two pieces of the imaging data.

Abstract: An active illumination range camera comprising illumination and imaging systems that is operable to provide a range image of a scene in the imaging system's field of view (FOV) by partitioning the range camera FOV into sub-FOVs, and controlling the illumination and imaging systems to sequentially illuminate and image portions of the scene located in the respective sub-FOVs.

Abstract: A customer who visits an online marketplace to view information regarding an item formed from fabric may request and receive instructions for producing a sample of the fabric that mimics the sensations of touch and feel of the fabric. The sample may be produced using an automated fabricator, such as a 3D printer, associated with a client device from which the customer made the request. The instructions may include or describe a digital model of the fabric, customized for the automated fabricator. In particular, the sample may be formed from various plastics or other materials that are accessible to the automated fabricator, and need not be formed from the actual materials that are included in the fabric.

Abstract: Described herein are a system and methods for generating 3D models using imaging data obtained from an array of camera devices. In embodiments, a stochastic shape distribution may be applied upon an object to be modeled in invisible ink. The system activates a first lighting mode which causes the stochastic shape distribution to be visible and captures a first set of images that depict the stochastic shape distribution on the object. The system then activates a second lighting mode that causes the stochastic shape distribution to be hidden and captures images of the object as it would normally appear (without the stochastic shape distribution). The images having the stochastic shape distribution may be used to determine alignment information for the images within the set of images. That alignment information may then be attributed to the second set of images and used to generate the 3D model.

Abstract: A mobile terminal, which may include a left side face, a right side face, a front side face, a rear side face, a top side face, and a bottom side face. A groove may be defined in the mobile terminal, and penetrate the left side face and the right side face. The mobile terminal may include a slidable device, a first display screen, a first camera, and a second camera. The first display screen may be arranged on the front side face, and the first camera and the second camera may be arranged on the slidable device. When the slidable device slides into the groove, the first camera is blocked and the second camera may be exposed; when the slidable device slides out of the groove, the first camera and the second camera may be both exposed.

Abstract: An omnidirectional image capturing method and an apparatus performing the method are provided. An omnidirectional image processing apparatus includes: a plurality of image capturing units configured to generate a plurality of images for generating an omnidirectional image; and a processor configured to process the plurality of images, wherein the plurality of images are generated based on a plurality of image capturing lines of the plurality of image capturing units and the plurality of image capturing lines are imaginary lines vertically penetrating centers of a plurality of lenses included in the plurality of image capturing units, respectively.

Abstract: Imaging systems having multiple optical modules are provided to achieve higher zoom ratio and better displaying effect. The FOVs or focal length ranges of the multiple optical modules may be designed to achieve a zoom ratio higher than either of the multiple optical modules and a Picture-in-Picture function. The gravity center of the imaging system may not be significantly varied during the zooming in and zooming out of the multiple optical modules.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided to compensate for a misalignment of optical devices within an imaging system. For example, the methods receive image data captured by a first optical device having a first optical axis and a second optical device having a second optical axis. The methods also receive sensor data indicative of a deflection of a substrate that supports the first and second optical devices. The deflection can result from a misalignment of the first optical axis relative to the second optical axis. The methods generate a depth value based on the captured image data and the sensor data. The depth value can reflect a compensation for the misalignment of the first optical axis relative to the second optical axis.

Abstract: A depth camera assembly (DCA) determines distances between the DCA and objects in a local area within a field of view of the DCA. The DCA projects a series of sinusoidal patterns into the local area DCA and captures images of the sinusoidal patterns via a sensor. The DCA determines a distance between the DCA and locations in the local area based on a phase shift each of the sinusoidal patterns captured by each pixel of the sensor. Initially, a calibration offset is determined for each pixel of the sensor by emitting the sinusoidal patterns onto a target at a predetermined distance from the DCA and using phase shifts for a pixel and the predetermined distance to determine the pixel's calibration offset.

Abstract: To produce both 2D image data and color parallax image data from image data output from a single-plate image sensor, the resolutions of the 2D image data and parallax image data may be both degraded. The image sensor has a primitive lattice that is a group of pixels including (i) at least four types of parallax pixels formed by photoelectric converter elements each of which is associated with one of combinations of two different types of aperture masks and two different types of color filters and (ii) no-parallax pixels configured to guide an incident luminous flux to photoelectric converter elements without limitation. In the group of pixels, the no-parallax pixels are more than the parallax pixels.

Abstract: In a multimedia device, a method, apparatus, and system for image processing and virtual outfitting experience(s) sharing, where in provider(s) and user(s) are associated in like-mind groups, offering and sharing their virtual fitting image(s), setting(s), component(s) and/or experience(s), based on their personal preference(s) and/or style(s); means for said system to process image(s) and simultaneously virtual outfit a plurality of users in group(s) at the same time; means for said system to facilitate said sharing in a continuous way through data, image and/or multimedia information data feeds; and means for said system to organize, manage and maintain a plurality of said virtual outfitting item(s), image(s), data, provider(s), user(s), group(s), relationship(s) and/or etc., as a self-sustaining peer virtual outfitting community.

Abstract: An image processing unit of an image pickup apparatus acquires a plurality of sets of image data that have different shooting times. A defocus map generating unit generates each of a plurality of defocus maps that represent a spatial distribution of a defocus amount by using two or more sets of image data. A positional deviation correction unit performs alignment of a plurality of defocus maps through the geometrical deformation processing by using a control parameter that has been acquired from a positional deviation correction control parameter calculation unit. A composing unit composes the plurality of defocus maps that have undergone alignment. A defocus map shaping unit performs the shaping processing on the defocus map after the composing processing, and outputs defocus map data that smoothly changes along the outline of an object.

Abstract: A computing device records and stores a video of a user's head. The computing device retrieves a plurality of target orientation views and extracts digital images of a face of the user from the video at each of the plurality of target orientation views. The computing device displays a user interface and obtains a selection of a makeup effect. The computing device performs virtual application of the selected makeup effect onto a digital image of the user's face. The computing device obtains an orientation view and displays the user's face at the obtained orientation view with the selected makeup effect applied to the user's face.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented for processing three-dimensional (3D or 3-D) or pseudo-3D media content. The programming includes closed caption (CC) information that includes caption data and a location identifier that specifies a location for the caption data within the 3D programming. The programming information is processed to render the caption data at the specified location within the media content and to present the programming on the display. By encoding location identification information into the three-dimensional media content, a high level of configurability can be provided and the 3D experience can be preserved while captions are displayed.

Abstract: Systems and method for creating a three-dimensional (3D) model of a cell site for one or more of a cell site audit, a site survey, and cell site planning and engineering include obtaining first data capture for above ground components including a cell tower, associated cell site components on the cell tower, one or more buildings, and surrounding geography around the cell site; obtaining second data capture for subterranean geography associated with the surrounding geography; utilizing the first data capture and the second data capture to develop the 3D model which includes both the above ground components and the subterranean geography; and utilizing the 3D model to perform the one or more of the site audit, the site survey, and the cell site planning and engineering.

Abstract: A tracking system is disclosed. The system may comprise a processor and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium coupled to the processor and storing instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform a method. The method may comprise training a detection model and an extraction model, capturing one or more images of at least a portion of an object, detecting the portion of the object in each of the one or more images through the trained detection model, tracking the detected portion of the object in real-time, obtaining 2D positions of one or more locations on the tracked portion of the object through the trained extraction model, and obtaining 3D positions of the one or more locations on the tracked portion of the object based at least in part on the obtained 2D positions.

Abstract: A stereoscopic six-degree of freedom viewing experience with a monoscopic 360-degree video is provided. A monoscopic 360-degree video of a subject scene can be processed by analyzing each frame to recover a three-dimensional geometric representation, and recover a camera motion path. Utilizing the recovered three-dimensional geometric representation and camera motion path, a dense three-dimensional geometric representation of the subject scene is generated. The processed video can be provided for stereoscopic display via a device. As motion of the device is detected, novel viewpoints can be stereoscopically synthesized for presentation in real time, so as to provide an immersive virtual reality experience based on the original monoscopic 360-degree video and the detected motion of the device.

Abstract: Provided is an image processing device including: an input interface, which is configured to acquire a first captured image and a second captured image that are captured by a plurality of imaging units and; and a controller, which is configured to calculate parallax by performing a one-dimensional matching based on pixel values of the first captured image and pixel values of the second captured image, extracts one or more first feature points from a region in the first captured image that includes continuous pixels having a difference in parallax which is within a predetermined range, extract one or more second feature points corresponding respectively to the first feature points by performing a two-dimensional matching with the first feature points, and calibrate the imaging unit based on positions of the first feature points and positions of the second feature points.

Abstract: A system configured to activate a hidden control includes a sensor configured to sense an input by a user. The input includes a gesture. The system includes a haptic output device configured to output a haptic feedback as the input is being sensed, and a processor configured to determine if the sensed input corresponds to a predetermined gesture associated with activation of a control, and if the sensed input corresponds to the predetermined gesture to activate the control.

Abstract: There is disclosed an apparatus, system, method and computer program product for recognizing a face, the method comprising: emitting at least one group of structured light to a face to be recognized, successively; capturing a set of light-source-illuminated images of the face when the face is illuminated successively by each group of light of the at least one group of structured light; extracting a first set of features including a feature of each detection point in a set of detection points of the face based on the set of light-source-illuminated images; acquiring a second set of features including a feature of each detected point in a set of detected points of a face template; computing a similarity between the face and the face template based on the first set of features and the second set of features; and recognizing the face as being consistent with the face template if the similarity is larger than a threshold.

Abstract: A head mount-type vision testing device, which is a head-mount type vision testing device mounted on a testee's head, including: a device main body having display devices for displaying a visual target for the testee and imaging devices for imaging eyeballs of the testee; a mounting fixture for mounting the device main body on the testee's head; and a controller that displays images of the eyeballs imaged by the imaging devices on the display devices, so that the testee can recognize a positional displacement state of the eyeballs caused by a positional displacement of the device main body mounted on the testee's head using the mounting fixture.

Abstract: Examples are disclosed that relate to adapting image output from a camera based on output from an orientation sensor. One example provides a display device comprising a display, a movable mount, a camera having an optical field-of-view, an orientation sensor, and a controller. The controller may be configured to receive image output from the camera, generate, based on the image output, a first clipped field-of-view of the camera comprising a target, and in response to a change in an orientation of the camera identified by output from the orientation sensor, generate, based on the image output and the output from the orientation sensor, a second clipped field-of-view comprising the target, the first and second clipped field-of-views being subsets of the optical field-of-view.

Abstract: Disclosed are a terminal and controlling method thereof. The present invention includes displaying a preview image captured through a camera, obtaining an input for selecting an object from the displayed preview image, determining a smart zoom magnification for the selected object to be displayed in an optimal size, zoom-processing the preview image at the determined smart zoom magnification centering on the selected object, and displaying the zoom-processed preview image.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an apparatus for demonstrating the visual impression for a wearer of spectacles having polarizing spectacle lenses. The apparatus includes a memory for providing a first image having a motif and a first polarization direction corresponding thereto and a second image having the same motif and a second polarization direction corresponding thereto, which is different from the first polarization direction. The apparatus also includes a display device for displaying the first image with light polarized in the first polarization direction and the second image with light polarized in the second polarization direction in a superposed representation, such that the motif of the first image and the motif of the second image coincide dimensionally identically. The invention is also directed to a method for demonstrating the visual impression for a wearer of spectacles having polarizing spectacle lenses.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for providing a personalized three-dimensional (3D) image. The apparatus for providing a personalized three-dimensional image using convergence matching may include a fixed screen set as a horopter region, a calculation unit configured to calculate a shift value of an image projected onto the screen based on a distance from a virtual stereo camera to a target object, a convergence matching unit configured to match a convergence angle to the horopter region based on the shift value, and a controller configured to control the convergence matching unit to maintain the convergence angle when a user's gaze is shifted to a nearby object having the same depth value as the target object.

Abstract: A user wearing a virtual reality headset and holding a real-world input device, uses a finger to input data into the real-world input device under visual assistance within the virtual world. A corresponding virtual input device is positioned within the virtual world in a position similar to the position of the real-world input device relative to the headset, and a fingertip marker upon an input map of the virtual input device in the virtual world is positioned similar to the position of the real-world user's fingertip relative to the real-world input device, thus providing realistic visual assistance in the virtual world for reaching and stroking the desired key or point on the real-world input device.

Abstract: Spaced-apart light spots are projected in a light pattern on a target surface lying in a target plane. A range spot is projected at a position on the target surface to find a target distance to the target surface. An image of the target surface, light pattern, and range spot is captured along an imaging axis that is perpendicular to an imager plane of an imager. A controller determines an angular relationship between the imager and target planes based on the light pattern in the captured image, determines a scale relationship between the target surface and the imager based on the position of the range spot in the captured image, displays a compensated image of the target surface that is corrected in tilt by the angular relationship and in scale by the scale relationship, and determines dimensions of the target surface based on dimensions of the displayed compensated image.

Abstract: Three dimensional model construction includes obtaining a first image of an object captured by a first camera facing a first direction, obtaining a second image of the object captured by a second camera facing a second direction, wherein the second camera captures the second image of the object as a reflection in a mirror, determining a virtual baseline distance between the first camera and a device including the second camera based on a location of the first camera, a known spatial relationship between the first camera and the device, and a reflected distance of the second camera, and generating at least a partial 3D model of the first object using the first image, the second image, and the virtual baseline distance.

Abstract: Methods and devices for selecting objects in images are described. In one example aspect, a method includes: receiving stereoscopic image data, the stereoscopic image data includes a first image obtained from a first camera and a second image obtained from a second camera; identifying an object in the first image by analyzing the first image and the second image; displaying the first image, the identified object in the first image being selectable.

Abstract: An image pickup device includes a first camera, a second camera, a first image signal processor (ISP) and a second ISP. The first camera obtains a first image of an object. The second camera obtains a second image of the object. The first ISP performs a first auto focusing (AF), a first auto white balancing (AWB) and a first auto exposing (AE) for the first camera based on a first region-of-interest (ROI) in the first image, and obtains a first distance between the object and the first camera based on a result of the first AF. The second ISP calculates first disparity information associated with the first and second images based on the first distance, moves a second ROI in the second image based on the first disparity information, and performs a second AF, a second AWB and a second AE for the second camera based on the moved second ROI.

Abstract: An image capturing system comprising: a pixel area including pixels; processors that process an image signal read out from the pixel area; a generation unit that generates readout pixel patterns having different pixel densities and nonuniform pixel patterns used for reading out a signal from the pixels; a setting unit that sets one of the pixel densities for each of divided regions obtained by dividing the pixel area; and a control unit that controls to read out an image signal from each divided region using the readout pixel pattern corresponding to the set pixel density. The setting unit sets the pixel density for each divided region such that a higher pixel density is set to a divided region where image capturing processing with higher image quality is to be performed among the divided regions.

Abstract: A stereoscopic visualization camera and platform are disclosed. An example stereoscopic visualization camera includes a first plurality of lenses positioned along a first optical path and a first image sensor to record a first image stream of a target site from light in the first optical path. The stereoscopic visualization camera also includes a second plurality of lenses positioned along a second optical path, parallel to the first optical path, and a second image sensor to record a second image stream of the target site from light in the second optical path. The stereoscopic visualization camera also includes a processor configured to reduce spurious parallax between the first and second images streams by selecting pixel sets of pixel grids of the first and second image sensors such that zoom repeat points (“ZRP”) are located at a center of the respective pixel grids.

Abstract: In a stereoscopic image presenting device, an image obtaining portion obtains an image to be presented. An image presenting portion presents a virtual image of the image obtained by the image obtaining portion to a field of view of a user of the stereoscopic image presenting device. The image presenting portion is configured to be able to change the position of the virtual image presented to the user, and changes the position at which the virtual image is presented on the basis of depth information of an object appearing in the image.

Abstract: There are provided methods and apparatus for motion skip mode with multiple inter-view reference pictures. An apparatus includes an encoder for encoding an image block relating to multi-view video content by performing a selection, for the image block, of at least one of an inter-view reference picture list from a set of inter-view reference picture lists, an inter-view reference picture from among a set of inter-view reference pictures, and a disparity vector from among a set of disparity vectors corresponding to the inter-view reference picture. The encoder extracts motion information for the image block based on at least one of the inter-view reference picture list, the inter-view reference picture, and disparity vector.

Abstract: Devices and methods for performing a surgical step or surgical procedure with visual guidance using an optical head mounted display are disclosed.

Abstract: A respiration rate detector is provided for determining a rate of respiration of an experimental animal. The respiration rate detector includes one or more optical detectors to observe an experimental animal and generate a video signal relating to the experimental animal. A controller is provided to process the video signal to determine an optical flow of the video signal and generate an optical-flow signal, and analyze the optical-flow signal to determine the respiration rate of the experimental animal based on a detected repetitive movement of the experimental animal. The respiration rate is thereby detected without requiring physical contact with the experimental animal.

Abstract: A dual-camera focusing method and apparatus, and a terminal device are provided. A dual camera includes a first camera and a second camera. A resolution of the first camera is higher than a resolution of the second camera. The method includes the following operations. The second camera is used for focusing. When the second camera is in focus, a second driving current value of a motor of the second camera is obtained. With the first camera and the second camera having a same in-focus distance, a first driving current value of a motor of the first camera is determined according to the second driving current value. The first driving current value is used to focus the first camera.

Abstract: A sensor system for a vehicle including a first camera sensor and a second camera sensor configured to be mounted spaced apart from one another on a vehicle. A sensor module of the sensor system is configured to generate a three-dimensional image of an environment about the vehicle based on data collected by the first camera sensor and the second camera sensor.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for acquiring a three-dimensional (3D) image including: acquiring a 3D primary image of an object from two-dimensional (2D) primary image data acquired by first and second cameras when a predetermined pattern is projected on the object by a projector and a 2D primary image of the pattern-projected object is acquired by the first and second cameras, and then converting it into a 2D re-viewpoint image; correcting a missing area in the 2D re-viewpoint image corresponding to the 3D data missing area for compensating for a 3D data missing area caused by a curvature of the object and the points of view of the first and second cameras; and generating a corrected 3D image by referring to the 2D primary image data acquired by the first or second camera and the corrected 2D re-viewpoint image information.

Abstract: A calibration method calibrates a stereo camera. The calibration method includes: measuring a relative position between the stereo camera and an object that is placed so as to fall within an image capturing area of the stereo camera; acquiring a captured image that is captured by the stereo camera and includes the object; and determining a calibration parameter for calibrating the stereo camera based on the relative position and the captured image.

Abstract: Emulating as supported web browser feature when a webpage is merely testing for web browser support of various features. Frequently a web page may test for support of various features of a web browser. The present technology prevents the unnecessary and premature initiation of supported features saving a user time from having to authorize its use in addition to saving the valuable system resources (e.g. memory, power, etc.) before the supported features are actually needed by the webpage. By emulating or spoofing support of various features of a web browser, the user of a computing device can be spared authorizing use of the various features, and spared the extra power consumption of initializing the various features that may not be used.

Abstract: Technologies for determining a distance of an object from a vehicle include a computing device to identify an object captured in a fisheye image generated by a fisheye camera of the vehicle. The computing device projects a contour of the identified object on a selected virtual plane that is located outside the vehicle and selected from a predefined set of virtual planes based on a location of the identified object relative to the vehicle. The computing device identifies a bottom of the projected contour on the selected virtual plane and determines an intersection point of an imaginary line with a ground plane coincident with a plane on which the vehicle is positioned. The imaginary line passes through each of the identified bottom of the projected contour and the fisheye camera. The computing device determines a location of the identified object relative to the vehicle based on the determined intersection point and the identified bottom of the projected contour.

Abstract: A multiview body camera system comprising a vest, a helmet, shoulder pads, camera units providing video, directional microphones providing audio, sensors providing motion detection and other functions is described herein. A control module controls camera units, microphones, sensors and all other circuitry. A tamper-proof locking compartment containing elements of the body camera system is operable by a remote control signal transmitted from an authorized party or by a security code. The body camera system features voice command recognition, real time monitoring, recording, storing, remote reporting; alerts the wearer of impending threats, such as approaching cars, persons, objects or gunshots and may incorporate a visor that provides a panoramic view. The body camera integrates all components internally. Bullet resistant material is used in the construction of the vest and helmet. The device operates continuously, and the wearer cannot disrupt the operation without consequence.

Abstract: Provided is an image processing device capable of maintaining recognition accuracy for distance, and the like, while meeting conflicting demands such as suppressing the response delay from image input from a camera to calculation result output, enhancing recognition accuracy, reducing calculation load (enhancing processing efficiency), and enhancing response speed. The time of the starting of the processing (S105) of a first distance calculation unit (105) for calculating the relative distance to an object on the basis of current position information determined on the basis of a left or right image and past position information for the object is set to an earlier time than the ending of the processing (S107) of an object detection unit (107) for determining current position information for an object on the basis of parallax information obtained from the left and right images and detecting the object.

Abstract: In general, an image forming apparatus according to the present embodiment comprises an image forming section, a reading section and a controller. The image forming section forms an image on a sheet. The reading section reads the image on the sheet to generate scan image information. The controller generates background image information obtained by excluding extraction image information from the scan image information and forms the background image information, first identification information of the sheet and orientation information indicating orientation of the sheet on the sheet through the image forming section.