Abstract: A method for placing overlay elements in images of a digital video so that desirable viewing areas of the images are not occluded by the overlay element, the method includes extracting frames from the video, each of the frames defining an image which may have one or more desirable viewing areas. For each frame, an area is selected in the image for placing an overlay element and the percentage the overlay element overlaps the desirable viewing areas is determined for the selected area. The overlay element is placed in the selected area if the percentage is below a maximum allowed predetermined percentage of overlapping. If it is not, one or more other areas in the image are selected and/or the size, shape, aspect ratio of the overlay element is changed until a position and/or size, shape, aspect ratio is found which minimizes occlusion of the desirable viewing areas in the image.

Abstract: A convergence system suitable for accepting inputs from several television or personal computing sources is disclosed. The sources can be output on a display. The convergence system is controlled by a multi-function controller suitable for providing a set of function commands. A processor is coupled to the inputs, display and operably coupled to the controller wherein the processor responds to the function commands provided by the controller. The processor also creates for output on the display a set of channel banners. At least one of the channel banners provides information on available processor functions and provides video feed-back when the processor is responding to the function commands.

Abstract: TVs and other consumer electronics devices like VCRs and DVD players use on-screen display of messages. For display together with MPEG encoded video signals the picture content of an OSD text or graphic is stored in a non-volatile memory in a specific format: the OSD text or graphic content is divided into macroblock units and the OSD macroblock data are stored in MPEG encoded form in the memory. The OSD macroblocks to be displayed are then handled as a slice.

Abstract: This invention relates to a system and method for placing event related information into a video broadcasting so that the added information does not interfere with or obscure the primary action of interest in the broadcast. The disclosed information could be implemented by using instructions from an event information gathering system to trigger the display of one of an appropriate set of pre-rendered animations in the broadcast video via a well known live video insertion system (48). The disclosed invention envisages the animation sequence having at least two parts (FIG. 4), namely a core or base sequence (34) which is always used, and a mid or a variable sequence (56, 58, 60) which is changed according to the actual data that needs to be displayed.

Abstract: Described is a TV system that uses a single pixmap across multiple video rasters having different raster sizes. In general, the TV system uses at least two headers to select different portions of a single pixmap to be displayed based on different raster sizes. Specifically, each of the two headers points to a single pixmap. In the TV system, the size of the central portion is fixed while the size of the sidepanel portion can be adjusted depending on the displaying mode. In response to different displaying modes, the TV system selectively invokes one of the two headers to select a respective portion to be displayed in the pixmap. By doing so, a single pixmap can be used across multiple video rasters having different raster sizes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for providing enhanced advertising and merchandising opportunities are described. Advertisements may be provided for passive programming such as television programs, commercials, pay-per-view programs, passive video products, or other suitable passive programming. Interactive advertisements may be provided in interactive applications such as interactive television program guides, web browsers, home shopping applications, operating systems, or other suitable interactive applications.

Abstract: A video signal processing system for processing a video data VIN and graphic data D&mgr;P includes a filter unit, which receives the video data VIN. The filter unit filters the video data VIN to convert the video data VIN into video pictures formated with a different number of columns and/or lines, and provides a filtered video signal indicative thereof. The filter unit buffers individual pixels and/or lines in a first memory device. A second memory device receives and stores the graphic data D&mgr;P and the filtered video signal and provides stored signals indicative thereof. A third memory device is connected to the second memory, and stores data received from the second memory device. A mixing unit receives and mixes the stored graphic data and the stored filtered video data to provide a video output signal VOUT.

Abstract: A single chip system including a first input channel for receiving digital video input data, a second channel for receiving computer graphics data, means for synchronizing the two channels to one another utilizing timing signals which may be selected to provide the most accurate timing available, means for changing the rate of presentation of the computer graphics signals to match the rate of presentation of the video signals, means for adjusting the format in which the computer graphics signals are presented to the same format as the format in which the video signals are presented, and means for selectively blending the computer graphics and video signals furnished as video input data without modification for presentation on a single output display.

Abstract: An image synthesis system which makes it possible to refer to a decompressed image that has been stored in an image-data buffer as an image for predicting a succeeding frame at the time of MPEG decoding combines main image data that has been compressed by the MPEG method and subordinate image data that has been compressed by a method different from the MPEG method.

Abstract: A system and method for identifying whether sample values of pixel samples in a sample region have two or fewer different sample values represented, such as in graphics data representing text images. Identification is performed by hierarchically dividing the samples of the sample region into sample pairs and comparing the sample values of a first sample pair and a second sample pair to determine if two or fewer sample values are represented by the sample values of the first and second sample pairs. Where two or fewer levels are represented by the sample values of the samples, a tally value is generated and the first and second sample values are recorded. The recorded sample values are compared to the sample values of another sample pair to determine if two or fewer values are represented therein. If so, a new tally value is generated and the sample values are recorded.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a resolution conversion unit for converting the resolution of an input image signal into a predetermined resolution and generating a sync signal synchronized with the converted image signal, a mixing unit for mixing an on-screen display signal synchronized with the sync signal and the converted image signal, and a display unit for displaying an image related to an image signal output from the mixing means in accordance with the sync signal.

Abstract: A coordinate light source calculating unit 103 calculates 3D coordinates for points forming one or more objects and performs clipping. A rendering unit 104 performs rendering and outputs the formed CG image to a frame buffer 108. The coordinate light source calculating unit 103 calculates 3D coordinates forming a video display surface. A perspective projection unit 105 calculates 2D coordinates for each point forming the video display surface. An image decoder 106 decodes a video frame, and an image transform unit 107 transforms this image and outputs it to the frame buffer 108, enabling the video frame to be pasted onto the CG image.

Abstract: Alpha values associated with video mixing operations are sent to a memory on a low pin count bus. The memory is accessible to a video mixer, which retrieves the alpha values to perform a mixing operation. The alpha values for a field are sent to the memory during the field time for a previous field rather than during the vertical blanking interval. The alpha values may be compressed prior to transmission.

Abstract: An interactive television system is provided with an interactive information system by which channels or services interact together. The information system provides informational messages that prompt a user to select an associated channel or service. If selected, the system transfers control to the selected channels or services. If necessary, information associated with the informational messages is provided to the selected channel or service. In a preferred embodiment the informational messages are sequentially displayed video segments. The video segments may be associated with other channels or services in the interactive viewing system. The user may use an input device, by depressing a single button, and launch another channel or service that is associated with the currently displayed video segment.

Abstract: The invention provides a receiving apparatus which acquires a vendor name or a model of a source node from a configuration ROM of the source node, and superimposes character data indicating the vendor name if the vendor name can be acquired or character data indicating the model name if the model name can be acquired, on the moving image data. Such receiving apparatus facilitates to specify the source node of the moving image data received from a network.

Abstract: A boundary position detection apparatus in which the position of an imageless part (containing no meaningful image information) lying at the upper part or/and the lower part of a picture is precisely detected from a video signal. A line decision circuit decides whether each of lines constituting the picture belongs to an image part (containing meaningful image information) or to the imageless part. A boundary decision circuit decides the boundary between the image part and the imageless part. A time integration circuit integrates the detected boundary positions temporally, and determines a final boundary position. A detection control circuit finds an image-part region from the final position, detects the average luminance of the region and controls the integrating time interval of the time integration circuit with the average luminance.

Abstract: A video processing device and method receives data from a common data source, such as a frame buffer and outputs first overlay information in a first color space from a first port and outputs second overlay information in a second color from a second port to facilitate output of multiple overlay images in different color spaces from common memory through different ports. In one embodiment a bidirectional port is used to allow a set of common signal pads or a bus to function as a flexible bidirectional video data port.

Abstract: A method and apparatus that provides for the straightforward completion of preprinted forms with a word processor, or with another computer program suitable for generating text, is disclosed. The method and apparatus provide for the display of a scaled image of the form so that a user can accurately position text or other data for printing in the fields of the form. An image of the preprinted form is provided to a document having a background and a foreground. The image is displayed in the background Data is entered into the foreground. The data in the foreground is printed onto the preprinted form. The form can be scanned to create the image. The form is then provided to a printer. The image is provided to a word processing document as the background. The data is entered into the foreground with the word processor.

Abstract: A video system displays information during transition from a first video source to a second video source. During the transition, an MPEG decoder decodes a transition video signal and provides the decoded transition video signal to a video overlay which overlays the decoded transition video signal onto a display during the transition period. In one embodiment, the transition video may be a commercial video or advertisement such that the advertisement is displayed on the display during the transition. The advertisement may be related to the content of the output of one of the video sources. In the event the MPEG decoder is unavailable to decode the transition video during the transition, the video system is capable of utilizing an alternate decoder to decode the transition video.

Abstract: Video information intended to be reproduced on a television screen (1) often includes additional information such as graphics information (3) or subtitles (4) in addition to the main information such as film images (2). This additional information is transmitted separately, so that the user may choose whether the additional information is to be displayed or not. In the disclosed method the transmitted video signal comprises information relating to the duration (25) for which the additional information is to remain on the display. With this method the additional information can be displayed exactly for the duration of the desired time. When a video disc or tape is used for transferring video information, this is advantageous in trick modes, such as Fast Forward.

Abstract: An encoder and encoding method for inserting logos into a digital television signal. The logo insertion is performed at the front end of the encoder (e.g., prior to compression) by sharing the video capture frame buffer of the encoder, so there is no need for a separate logo inserter with a separate buffer, and encoding cost are reduced. An alpha blending function receives logo image and logo alpha map data for blending with input video data. The input video is retrieved from the frame buffer, and written back to the frame buffer after blending with the logo data. Subsequently, the frame buffer contents are provided to a pre-processing function for filtering and film mode detection. For a film mode frame, a drop field decision is provided from the pre-processing function to the frame buffer to drop the redundant field. The pre-processed video data is then provided for conventional compression processing. In an HDTV embodiment, several compressors are provided which each receive a panel of a video frame.

Abstract: Two independent visually displayable data streams may be synchronized in real-time. One data stream may be converted to look like the other data stream prior to mixing the two data streams together. One data stream is buffered while the other data stream is converted. A memory buffer is used to synchronize the two data streams.

Abstract: Identification of segments based upon scoreboards and logos.

Abstract: A broadcast of an event is enhanced with synthetic scenes generated from audio visual and supplemental data received in the broadcast. A synthetic scene is integrated into the broadcast in accordance with a depth map that contains depth information for the synthetic scene. The supplemental data may be sensing data from various sensors placed at the event, position and orientation data of particular objects at the event, or environmental data on conditions at the event. The supplemental data may also be camera tracking data from a camera that is used to generate a virtual camera and viewpoints for the synthetic scene.

Abstract: A television system is provided wherein a target region in successive video images is replaced by a matching pattern adapted to be inserted into the target region, using a virtual insertion unit located downstream of the originating site. The system includes television cameras for, when active, producing a sequence of video images of a scene, and a switcher or multiplexer for switching between camera images. A broadcast image processor located with the multiplexer in an outside broadcast van receives the video images and adds layers of graphics and special effects to the video images to produce a broadcast feed. The virtual insertion unit, which is located off-site from the van, receives the broadcast feed and modifies the video images of the broadcast feed by replacing the target region of these images with a replacement pattern adapted to be inserted into the target region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus where a source delivers graphics data to a target, which receives and displays the graphics data. The source of the graphics data controls how the graphics data is to be displayed at the target. The source transmits a display control signal prescribing a manner in which the video signal is to be displayed in relation to the graphics data. A target receives the video signal, the graphics signal, and the display control signal, and combines the video signal and the graphics data in the manner prescribed by the display control signal to form a combined display at the target.

Abstract: A data reproduction apparatus is adapted to receive a first piece of caption information including a first piece of control information for displaying a caption on the screen of a television receiving set and a second piece of caption information including a second piece of control information for displaying the caption in a language different from that of the first piece of caption information, the apparatus comprising a controller for displaying the first and second pieces of caption information simultaneously without overlap by modifying the value of at least either of the first and second pieces of control information.

Abstract: A video preamplifier having an on-screen display (OSD) capability uses one channel of an OSD input video signal to generate a blanking signal for blocking output of a video signal. When the blanking signal is asserted, the remainder two channels provide the on-screen display. The blanking signal is generated in a high speed mixer circuit including an emitter-coupled differential pair for amplifying the OSD input signal about an operating DC offset voltage and a pull down circuit for providing the blanking signal.

Abstract: A method and system for broadcasting activity occurring in a sporting event such as a hockey or baseball game is provided, wherein the activity includes one or more players actively or inactively involved in the sporting event. The method comprises the steps of: (i) providing a video image of activity occurring in the sporting event; (ii) creating a graphic overlay for the video image, the graphic overlay providing indicia representing identity information of the one or more players actively or inactively involved in the sporting event; and (iii) overlying the graphic overlay over the video image to create a combined image comprising the graphic overlay and the video image.

Abstract: A system and method for transmitting program data including immersive content is provided. A generated immersive video stream is first choreographed. Then, based on this choreography, the relevant macroblocks of the immersive video stream can be identified and compressed. At this point, the compressed macroblocks of the immersive video stream are ready for transmission to a distribution system. In one embodiment, a plurality of immersive video streams can be choreographed and compressed. These compressed immersive video streams can be multiplexed for transmission and subsequently de-multiplexed for display. Before display, the relevant macroblocks can be decompressed. In one embodiment, one or more terminals can display a plurality of previews associated with at least one program, and at least one preview can include immersive content. The plurality of previews can be individually or simultaneously activated.

Abstract: A method and system for broadcasting activity occurring in a baseball game is provided, wherein the activity includes one or more base runners occupying bases in a field where the baseball game is being played. The method comprises the steps of (i) providing a video image of activity occurring in the baseball game; (ii) creating a graphic overlay for the video image, wherein the graphic overlay provides indicia representing identity information of the one or more base runners occupying bases; and (iii) overlying the graphic overlay over the video image to create a combined image comprising the graphic overlay and the video image. The indicia representing identity information of the one or more base runners occupying bases is provided in the form of uniform numbers of the base runners.

Abstract: A method for placing overlay elements in images of a digital video so that desirable viewing areas of the images are not occluded by the overlay element, the method includes extracting frames from the video, each of the frames defining an image which may have one or more desirable viewing areas. For each frame, an area is selected in the image for placing an overlay element and the percentage the overlay element overlaps the desirable viewing areas is determined for the selected area. The overlay element is placed in the selected area if the percentage is below a maximum allowed predetermined percentage of overlapping. If it is not, one or more other areas in the image are selected and/or the size, shape, aspect ratio of the overlay element is changed until a position and/or size, shape, aspect ratio is found which minimizes occlusion of the desirable viewing areas in the image.

Abstract: The image decoding apparatus includes first clock reproducing means 20 for reproducing the first clock signal 21 from a time stamp signal 19 extracted from a digital transport stream 5, decoding means 8 for decoding a digital video stream 7 and outputting the first digital video signal 9 synchronizing with the first clock signal 21 and having the first frame frequency, graphic generating means 10, overlaying means 12 for overlaying the first digital video signal 9 and the graphic signal 11 and outputting the first overlaid digital video signal 15 synchronizing with the first clock signal 21, and digital-to-analog converting means 16 for converting the first overlaid digital video signal 15 into an analog signal 17, and an image without any missing frames or display disturbances can be provided even when the digital video signal and the graphic signal are displayed being overlaid.

Abstract: An image compositing apparatus of the present invention composites a video image and a plurality of graphical images together into a final composite image. The image compositing apparatus includes a first obtaining unit, a first compositing unit, a calculating unit, a second obtaining unit, and a second compositing unit. The first obtaining unit obtains the graphical images and composition information that includes an image compositing order and is used for calculating the composition ratios of the images to the final composite image. The first compositing unit composites the graphical images together into one composite graphical image according to the composition information. The calculating unit calculates the composition ratio of the video image to the final composite image according to the composition information. The second obtaining unit obtains frames of the video image. The second compositing unit composites the frames with the composite graphical image using the composition ratio of the video image.

Abstract: An apparatus and concomitant method for generating an OSD message by constructing an OSD bitstream defining a single field of OSD data. The OSD bitstream contains an OSD header and OSD data. An OSD unit retrieves pixel control information from the OSD header which is programmed by a processor of a decoding/displaying system. The OSD header contains information including various pointers, that are used to provide instructions as to the treatment of the OSD data. If a top field pointer and a bottom field pointer are set to an identical value in the OSD header, then the OSD unit will repeat each OSD line in the other field for an OSD region.

Abstract: Motion information for an object and background information are broadcast-transmitted on a transmitting side. On a receiving side, the motion information and the background information are received, and one of a plurality of character models previously stored is selected. A character image is generated using the selected mode and the received motion information. The character image and the received background image are synthesized and displayed on one screen. The viewer can select a character of his or her own liking, and can view the broadcast-transmitted program as a program in which the particular character appears.

Abstract: A system is disclosed that can be used to enhance a video of an event. Sensors are used at the event to acquire information. For example, the system can include pan, tilt and zoom sensors to acquire camera view information. This information can be added to the video signal from a camera (e.g. in the vertical blanking interval) or otherwise transmitted to a central studio. At the studio, the sensor information is used to enhance the video for broadcast. Example enhancements include drawing lines or other shapes in the video, adding advertisements to the video or adding other graphics to the video.

Abstract: An audio description of a television program, i.e., a sound bite, is reproduced simultaneously with the display of the program at a television receiver. Specifically, the sound bite is embedded in a television signal that contains audio component and a video component. The television signal is transmitted to a plurality of television receivers and intercepted at one of the receivers. The video component is displayed on a monitor and the audio component is reproduced. On command the sound bite is reproduced instead of the audio component. An audio description of a television program, i.e., a sound bite, is also reproduced simultaneously with the display of a program listing of the program at a television receiver. Specifically, when the program listing is marked with an on-screen cursor, the sound bite is reproduced.

Abstract: According to the signal processing apparatus of the present invention, in a text signal processing circuit, predetermined signal processes are executed to a luminance signal Y and color difference signals U and V in which a ratio of sampling clocks is equal to (4:4:4) and resultant signals are supplied to a mixing circuit. In a video signal processing circuit, predetermined signal processes are executed to the signals Y, U, and V in which a ratio of sampling clocks is equal to (4:1:1) or (4:2:2). The signal Y is supplied to the mixing circuit through a delay adjusting circuit and the high frequency components are removed from the signals U and V by a band limiting filter and, after that, the resultant signals are supplied to the mixing circuit. The signal mixed by the mixing circuit is supplied to a LPF through a D/A converter. In the LPF, the signal is demodulated by the band limiting filter according to (4:4:4).

Abstract: In a method of displaying graphics subdivided into areas with a foreground and a background, each of which is area-wise switchable to a selectable color, and in which graphics areas are transparently switchable to at least a different display plane, bits specially reserved in the memory for the foreground and background transparent switching can be saved in that a foreground color selected in the area and a background color selected in the area are compared area-wise, and in that those areas of the foreground and/or the background of the graphics are transparently switched in which a predetermined constellation of the selected foreground color and the selected background color is determined.

Abstract: The compressed data of an auxiliary stream of data, defining an auxiliary image, is decoded on the fly during the display of each main image into which this auxiliary image is to be inset. The data is decoded to deliver luminance and chrominance values intended to be mixed with the luminance and chrominance values of the counterpart pixels of the main image being displayed, in succession during each decoding of the auxiliary image and for the successive pixels of this auxiliary image.

Abstract: A video input signal is sampled and characterized in two different color space definitions, such as a color-difference color space and a primary-color color space. Certain values that are legal in one of the color spaces, for example the color difference space, can produce primary color amplitudes that are out of legal color gamut range. Such gamut violations are indicated according to the invention using a polar plot in which phase angle corresponds to hue as in a vectorscope. The color difference and/or primary color values in either or both color spaces are depicted as ranges of radii in the polar plot, which are compared to circular limit lines that can represent the legal gamut limits. In color difference color space, the signal excursion is plotted as a function of hue phase angle, producing radially inner and outer values in a plot. The excursion is calculated or processed as luminance plus and minus saturation as a function of hue phase angle.

Abstract: A system for presenting a virtual advertisement or other virtual content in a sequences of frames of a video presentation utilizes data identifying a candidate region in the sequence of frames, a pixel signature for the region, the signature comprising a range of R, G, B values for pixels based on a standard deviation from an average value, and stored virtual content, such as an advertisement, to be implanted in the candidate region or regions. In operation, as frames having the candidate region are processed by an integration system, the alternative virtual content is substituted by default for the candidate region, except if a pixel value in the region falls outside the pixel signature range. The result is an ad that appears to be on a surface in the video presentation, as images that come between the ad and the viewer occlude the advertisement. Apparatus and methods for providing the video presentation and data sets for regions and advertisements are disclosed as well.

Abstract: A single chip system including a first input channel for receiving digital video input data, a second channel for receiving computer graphics data, means for synchronizing the two channels to one another utilizing timing signals which may be selected to provide the most accurate timing available, means for changing the rate of presentation of the computer graphics signals to match the rate of presentation of the video signals, means for adjusting the format in which the computer graphics signals are presented to the same format as the format in which the video signals are presented, and means for selectively blending the computer graphics and video signals furnished as video input data without modification for presentation on a single output display.

Abstract: When logos or other imagery are to be added to compressed digital video bitstreams, certain constraints are applied to the encoder that generates the original compressed bitstream to enable a video logo processor (e.g., at a local broadcaster) to insert logo-inserted encoded data into the bitstream without placing substantial processing demands on the video logo processor. In one embodiment, areas where logos can be inserted are identified and the encoder is not allowed to use image data within those logo areas as reference data when performing motion-compensated inter-frame differencing for pixels outside of the logo areas. Preferably, the compressed data corresponding to the desired location for logo insertion are extracted from the compressed bitstream and replaced by logo-inserted encoded data. As a result, logos can be inserted into compressed digital video bitstreams without having to completely decode and re-encode the bitstreams, while maintaining the overall quality of the video display.

Abstract: A memory device memorizes the multiplex data of compressed picture data and compressed subordinate picture data. A data-separating section separates the subordinate picture data and a subordinate-picture-decoding section decodes the separated subordinate picture data into the run-length-decoded data. A subordinate-picture-data-converting section changes the format of the decoded subordinate picture data to reduce the number of table-looking-up operations required for a synthesizing process and removes the redundant pixel data which is included in the decoded subordinate picture data and whose contrast values are zero and hence which can not be seen even if synthesized. A picture-synthetic section synthesizes the subordinate picture data converted by the subordinate-picture-data-converting section on the main picture at the designated synthesizing positions.

Abstract: An on-screen display system is adapted for displaying OSD information on an OSD background portion which is selectively filled with either an half tone video image or a background raster of a specific color selected by a user, or which is filled by superimposing the half tone video image and the half tone background raster selected by the user. Mixing and amplifying circuits are provided for each of three red/green/blue (R/G/B) channels. Each of the three mixing and amplifying circuits receives a video signal and an OSD signal of a respective channel, mixes the video signal and the OSD signal according to a video selection signal and an OSD selection signal, amplifies a mixed signal, and outputs an amplified image signal to a display. A selection signal generating circuit receives OSD signals for R/G/B channels, a video/OSD switching signal, a half tone signal, and OSD control signals generates and outputs the OSD selection signal and the video selection signal.

Abstract: A scheme for detecting telop character displaying frames in video image which is capable of suppressing erroneous detection of frames without telop characters due to instability of image features is disclosed. In this scheme, each input frame constituting the video data is entered, and whether each input frame is a telop character displaying frame in which telop characters are displayed or not is judged, according to edge pairs detected from each input frame by detecting each two adjacent edge pixels for which intensity gradient directions are opposite on some scanning line used in judging an intensity gradient direction at each edge pixel and for which an intensity difference between said two adjacent edge pixels is within a prescribed range as one edge pair, edge pixels being pixels at which an intensity value locally changes by at least a prescribed amount with respect to a neighboring pixel among a plurality of pixels constituting each input frame.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for simultaneously displaying a graphic image (23) (e.g., a control menu of a television receiver or video recorder) and a video image (22). In order to achieve optimal legibility of the menu without fully obscuring the underlying video signal, the graphic image is accommodated within a window (21) and the window is given an adequate color (24) which is additively mixed with the video signal. The mixing factor is preferably controlled in response to the amount of spatial and/or temporal activity of the video signal within the window.

Abstract: Broadcast standard format video signals such as that adopted by the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) or the European standard format of Phase Alternating Line (PAL) and some broadcast “compatible” video signals are used as inputs to a microkeyer to synchronize a microcomputer's display in a manner that allows full and complete merging of the two signals in the broadcast video domain by, for example, additive (mixing) or non-additive (keying) processes. The required synchronization in turn makes possible incorporation in any video space a variety of computer generated visuals such as illustrative graphics, titling and any other data displayed in the video. The merged video signal from this device may then be displayed on a television monitor, or transmitted, or received, or recorded by a video recorder or processed by a standard broadcast means for example. When applied to any common microcomputer display in its most fundamental form, no additional software is required.