Abstract: An optical type temperature measuring device which provides an accurate output in spite of temperature variations of the sensor or degradation of the characteristics of the sensor over time. The device includes a light source, a spectroscope, and a temperature sensor made of a material having one end coupled through a first optical guide to the light source and the other end coupled through another optical guide to the spectroscope. The output of the spectroscope is converted to an electrical signal, which is subsequently detected with plural different comparison levels to obtain higher end values of the absorption wavelength ranges of the sensor at the respective reference levels. These higher end values are then processed to obtain a rising point of a temperature dependent light absorption characteristic curve of the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A test optical fiber is slightly bent to a restorable extent, and light is side-illuminated on the bent portion to couple an optical signal to the test fiber. The optical signal coupled to the fiber by this method, propagates through the optical fiber in both directions. If the bending point, which is the point of coupling, is provided near one end of the optical fiber, because the power of the optical signal output from the end is substantially one half of the power of an optical signal coupled at the bending point, the transmission loss of the optical fiber can be measured by comparing the optical power with the optical power of the signal reaching the other end of the fiber.

Abstract: A selective infra-red detector is used to determine the amount of a selected gas present in a gas sample. A beam of infra-red energy is passed through a gas sample and into the selective infra-red detector. An outer annular portion of the beam is reflected from a paraboloidal mirror onto a first focal point, while an inner annular portion of the beam passes through a chamber containing a fluid which will absorb the spectral wavelengths of the selected gas and is reflected by a spherical mirror onto a second focal point. Separate infra-red energy detectors are positioned near the first and second focal points to measure the infra-red energy. The difference or ratio between the infra-red energy measured by each infra-red energy detector is a measure of the amount of selected gas present in the gas sample.

Abstract: Alignment of a plurality of thinned substrate solid-state imagers mounted at the outputs of an optical assembly is accomplished optically, without the necessity to electrically operate the imagers. Light blocking alignment indicia, such as a chevron pattern, are deposited over the electrode structure of the chip. When the imagers are positioned at the optical assembly outputs and light is used to illuminate the imagers electrode structure side, the alignment indicia are visible at the optical assembly input and can be used for alignment of the imagers.

Abstract: This invention relates to an optical absorptiometer which is characterized by a light source unit of a broad wavelength having a source of constant energy which is collimated into two light beams, one of which is transmitted through the liquid to be measured, and another beam which is transmitted through a conductor and acts as a reference beam, and a detector unit which contains two photocells, one photocell for measuring the beam transmitted through the liquid to be measured, and another photocell which measures the reference beam, a position in the absorptiometer for optically placing the liquid to be measured between the source unit and the detector unit, and means for measuring the energy difference between the light beams of the measured liquid and the reference beams in terms of absorbance, and means for converting this result to an electrical signal.

Abstract: An automatic analyzing apparatus for automatically effecting chemical analysis on a sample of blood, urea or the like dependent on measurement items by measuring the light absorption degree of a reaction liquid through a reaction vessel, comprising a reaction liquid photometric unit, a photometric unit independent of the reaction light photometric unit and operative to measure beforehand the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel per se or the reaction vessel containing a reagent or dilute liquid, and means for correcting the light absorption degree of the reaction liquid measured at the reaction liquid photometric unit on the basis of the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel per se or the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel containing the reagent or dilute liquid measured at the independent photometric unit.

Abstract: A system for detection of smoke by measuring changes in the contrast of a multi-contrast target disposed remotely from a photoelectric sensor. The obscuration of the detection path causes a reduction in the contrast of the sensed target, and a change of predetermined magnitude is employed to trigger an alarm. The target has one or more relatively darker and one or more relatively lighter areas which are viewed by the sensor. The sensor can be composed of a plurality of photosensors each viewing a respective area of the target. Or, the sensor can be a single scanning sensor such as a video camera. Only a single line or segment of a line of the video frame pattern need be employed to monitor the target. The video camera can be employed on a shared basis for providing smoke monitoring and detection, together with other functions, such as intrusion detection, access control, or visual surveillance of an area.

Abstract: An improved universal document validator in which a document is transported along a path past light detectors and associated light sources positioned above and below the path, such that light from the sources is directed toward the path and reflected onto the detectors to produce outputs therefrom. A first stored value representing the desired output of each detector with no document in the transport path and with its associated light source illuminated is divided by the actual output of each detector with no document in the transport path and with its associated light source illuminated, to produce a plurality of quotients. If any of the quotients falls outside a predetermined range, the validator turns itself off. A microprocessor control system uses the outputs of the detectors with a document in the transport path together with the quotients to produce an indication of the validity of the document.

Abstract: A chemical analysis system for analyzing a plurality of independent specimens that have time varying characteristics includes a circumferential array of analysis regions that hold the specimens. The analytical regions are sequentially and repetitively sensed and resulting analysis signals corresponding to monitored specimen characteristics are stored in corresponding memory locations. A signal transmission channel connected between the sensor and the memory includes a signal storage capacitor and variable slew rate circuitry.

Abstract: In a method of analyzing chemical substances in sample liquids, reagent blank absorbances with respect to a light amount transmitted through air or water are measured previously at a plurality of photometering positions and are stored in a memory. Then sample absorbances are measured at respective photometering positions and the reagent blank absorbances are substrated from the sample absorbances at the respective photometering positions, so that a required absorbance variation of the sample liquid with respect to time is calculated from the sample absorbances thus corrected. Therefore, even if a calibration curve linearity is not perfectly identical with each other at the respective photometering positions, it is possible to obtain accurate analyzing results.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling output signals from two light detectors in a photometer. The sensitivities of the light detectors, or the gains in amplifiers for amplifying output signals from the light detectors are controlled in such a manner that the sensitivity characteristics and output characteristics of the two light detectors are in agreement with one another, to thereby improve the measuring accuracy thereof.

Abstract: To reduce noise in an absorbance monitor in which the light source is a feedback controlled deuterium lamp, a mirror focuses light from a part of the central bright spot in the deuterium lamp through a small aperture in an aperture plate which blocks all other light passing through the optical detecting and electrical sensor station. The light passing through the aperture is split into two unpolarized beams within the optical detecting and electrical sensor station, one of which is transmitted through an aperture optically at least as large as the image of the aperture near the lamp and into a flow cell to sense the absorbance or transmittance of an effluent. After the sensing beam has passed through the effluent, it is electrically compared with the other beam which has been passed through an aperture to cancel out the common-mode noise and in some applications the absorbance or transmittance which may be due to the solvent or other carrier of the sample.

Abstract: An automatic analyzing apparatus for automatically effecting chemical analysis on a sample of blood, urea or the like dependent on measurement items by measuring the light absorption degree of a reaction liquid through a reaction vessel, comprising a reaction liquid photometric unit, a photometric unit independent of the reaction light photometric unit and operative to measure beforehand the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel per se or the reaction vessel containing a reagent or dilute liquid, and means for correcting the light absorption degree of the reaction liquid measured at the reaction liquid photometric unit on the basis of the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel per se or the light absorption degree of the reaction vessel containing the reagent or dilute liquid measured at the independent photometric unit.

Abstract: Both a method and an apparatus for the detection of thermo-optical signals are disclosed. There is involved a method related to photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) in which the heat waves, as a result of the absorption of an amplitude-modulated light beam, are not detected by an acoustic recorder, as in the case of photoacoustic spectroscopy, but rather optically. For this purpose, a second beam of light is conducted over the surface of the specimen and the influence exerted thereon by periodic variations in index of refraction which are dependent on temperature or pressure is measured. For the guiding of the measurement beam a so-called ATR plate known from ATR (attenuated total reflection) spectroscopy is used, it being placed as cover glass over the specimen. Within this plate the measurement light is guided in the vicinity of the critical angle for total reflection at the plate/specimen interface.

Abstract: An optical absorption analyzer for determining the concentration of low concentration components of a sample gas. Inexpensive voltage to frequency converters, up/down counters, and integrators are used to obtain a high accuracy determination which is independent of fluctuations in the strength of the light source used in the analyzer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically determining the amount of a hemoglobin species in a blood sample in relation to the total amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample by simultaneously determining the relative concentrations of the two samples with a spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer has two channels each of which is associated with one sample. Each channel determines the intensity of light from a light source which is transmitted through its sample and received by a photodetector. Thereafter, the apparatus calculates the relative concentration of the two samples (A.sub.1 /A.sub.2) or optionally the normalized concentration of the samples (A.sub.1 /A.sub.1 +A.sub.2). The apparatus includes automatic self-calibration to compensate for any degradation of the optical system.

Abstract: An analyzer compensation circuit for compensating for the fluctuations in the intensity of the light source or for stains on the windows of cells in an analyzer. A pair of D-A converters are respectively connected to compensating and measuring light detectors. An up/down counter is arranged to count either up or down in response to the output of a comparator. The comparator compares the output of the D-A converter connected to the compensating detector with a reference value and the output of the up/down counter is connected to both of the D-A converters such that the output of the converter connected to the compensating detector is adjusted to be equal to the reference value. Since the other D-A converter is also connected to the output of the up/down counter, the output of the other D-A converter has been compensated for fluctuations in the light intensity or stains on the windows on cells used in the analyzer.

Abstract: A data compression system includes a logarithmic ratioing network configured from only two chopper stabilized operational amplifiers connected to a dual slope analog-to-digital converter having a signal integrate time t.sub.int. The system is characterized in that the chopping frequency of the chopper stabilized operational amplifiers is equal to the inverse of an integer number N times the signal integrate time of the converter. For the analog-to-digital converter to average to zero the noise output due to chopping, the chopper stabilized operational amplifiers are driven together at the chopping frequency.

Abstract: A double beam photometric flow cell for high pressure liquid chromatography having illuminated sample and reference passageways therein, the sample passageway receiving flowing fluid sample fractions for analysis. Regulating apertures control the relative amount of light passed through the passageways such that the light energy through the reference passageway exceeds that through the sample passageway. This reduces the contribution of the reference path to "shot noise" in the photometer output signal.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for automatically scanning electronically each well of a multi-well tray containing many liquid samples. A light source, preferably a single source, is passed through the wells to an array of photosensitive cells, one for each well. There is also a calibrating or comparison cell receiving the light. Electronic apparatus reads each cell in sequence, quickly completing the scan without physical movement of any parts. The resultant signals are compared with the signal from the comparison cell and with other signals or stored data and determinations are made and displayed or printed out. Thereby, and by the methods of the invention, such matters as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of drugs and identification of microorganisms are achieved.

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a photometer, which comprises a source of light (5), from which the measurement light is arranged to be passed through a lens (6) and a filter (7) onto a semi-transparent mirror (8) placed on the path of the light preferably at an angle of 45.degree., the reference beam of light (9) being arranged as passing through the said mirror onto a reference detector (11) and the measurement beam of light (10) reflected from the said mirror being arranged as passing to the measurement detector (12). According to the invention, the said source of light (5), lens (6), filter (7), semi-transparent mirror (8), and the reference detector (11) and the measurement detector (12) are placed in an optics frame (4) of one piece, the said optics frame being movable in relation to the frame and case part (1) of the photometer along one or several guides (2, 3).

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for determining the characteristics of liquids and/or gases, in particular for determining the diverse parameters of blood. The equipment determines the ratio of the signals of the sensing element resp. of the signal converter at a double-light photometer and a reference, simultaneously performing constant or periodical testing, accordingly, the control of the whole measuring system can be ensured. Signal processing takes place by the expansion of series or cutoff point interpolating logarithm forming, by averaging; the system includes structural elements for performing adjustable error detection. The largest advantage of the circuit arrangement according to the invention lies in that the instabilities of the photometers of traditional construction may be eliminated, a higher measuring accuracy becomes possible, and by ensuring the testing possibilities, by performing a continuous self-control reliable measuring data are delivered.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the diffuse absorption coefficient of seawater provides reliable readings. An emitter of pulsed light is disposed below the water's surface and an irradiance receiver is located between the pulsed light emitter and the water's surface. Because the irradiance receiver is facing downward, is separated from the light emitter a given amount and may be disposed a suitable distance below the water's surface, reliable day and nighttime readings are obtained that are unaffected by atmospheric or surface conditions.

Abstract: In visibility measuring apparatus, a transmitter including at least one transmitter optic for emitting light signals and at least one receiver including at least one receiver optic for receiving the emitted light signals are positioned in a measuring base defined by the distance between the at least one transmitter optic and the at least one receiver optic. A central unit controls the light emitting signals and processes the light signals received from the at least one receiver optic. Signal light conductors interconnect at least some of the transmitter and transmitter optics, the central unit and the transmitter and the receiver optics and the central unit. In a modified embodiment each measuring base may include a separate transmitter optic and a separate receiver optic. Additionally, calibration signals may be transmitted from the central unit to each receiver optic by additional light conductors with separate light conductors for returning a reference signal from each receiver optic to the central unit.

Abstract: The environment within an area is monitored through use of tomographic reconstruction techniques. Signals for use in the tomographic reconstruction are generated optically by a laser which transmits signals to reflectors positioned about the area and then to detectors around or within the area. Several embodiments illustrate the method whereby the signals are generated by sequential illumination of detectors or by simultaneous illumination of detectors.

Abstract: The Token Sensing Photodetector Actuated Electronic Control and Timing Device (TSPAECTD) is a self contained unit which can control the activation and time of operation of any electrical appliance, device, machine or process to which it is connected. This control is effected by means of detecting the authenticity of a colored translucent object (token) inserted into the apparatus housing. The apparatus is electronically adjusted to detect only an object or token having a particular combination of size, shape, color, hue, reflectivity and light absorbancy. The TSPAECTD includes an improved photodetector circuit containing at least two monochromatic light sources and corresponding photodetectors aligned as pairs. Each pair is connected to a comparator integrated circuit containing four comparator subcircuits.

Abstract: A sheet discriminating apparatus comprises, in addition to a first detecting system for detecting light transmitted through a sheet and a second detecting system for detecting light reflected by the front surface of the sheet, a third detecting system for detecting light reflected by the rear surface of the sheet. The light doses sensed by these detecting systems are integrated by respective integrators for a predetermined period of time, and the outputs obtained from the integrators are coupled to an adder and added together therein. The sum output of the adder and a reference signal generator are compared with each other in a comparator, and the determination as to whether the sheet in question is adequate for re-use or not is effected on the basis of the result of the comparison.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatically measuring changing values of absorbance comprise a circular, absorption cell conveying system on which are disposed in order a multitude of absorption cells with samples injected therein, an optical measurement system disposed so that a measuring zone is positioned therewithin, said measuring zone is disposed in a predetermined position of said absorption cell conveying system, a measurement conversion system for encoding a measured value signal output from said optical measurement system with respect to each said absorption cell conducted successively into said measuring zone, a reference conversion system for encoding a reference value signal output from said optical measurement system, a synchronizing command system for generating a synchronizing signal upon sensing of the arrival of each said absorption cell at said measuring zone, and an arithmetic recording system including a microcomputer for inputting in parallel the output signals respectively from said measurement convers

Abstract: An optical timing and A/D conversion method and apparatus for converting analog signals obtained by movement of a plurality of reaction vessels relative to one or more beams of light from analog to digital signals. The sample signals are obtained each time a reaction vessel passes through a beam of light. The converted digital signals indicate the absorbance of the respective vessels and their contents. Each of the reaction vessels or cuvettes has translucent wall portions providing a radiation path therethrough for the light beams which may be monitored by photometer means in a chemical reaction analyzer. The vessels are repeatedly passed through the light beams of the photometer means as chemical reactions take place therein, the purpose being to monitor the changes in the reaction of the fluids therein by measuring the changes in the absorbance of the vessel and fluids.

Abstract: Photometric apparatus and method for determining the absorbance ratio, in a sample, of two different wavelength lights. A first light is given a reference intensity and is passed through the sample. A second light is passed through the sample and its intensity is varied so that the intensity of the second light that has passed through the sample is equal to the intensity of the first light that has passed through the sample. When these intensities are equal, the intensity of the second light is detected in a state wherein it has not passed through the sample, resulting in an equivalent to the ratio of the absorbance in the sample of the second light and the first light.

Abstract: An abnormality sensing device for use with gas-insulated equipment senses a faulted section by comparing a change in the quantity of light between a light emitting element and a light receiving element.

Abstract: A rotatable detector for continuously monitoring twelve blood samples being evaluated by an instrument is disclosed. Each sample is held in a separate cuvette forming part of a cuvette tray. A single bulb illuminates all twelve cuvettes and the light passing through each cuvette is carried to a separate detector for that cuvette by a respective one of twelve light pipes. The cuvette tray receptacle bulb and twelve detectors all rotate as a unit to permit reagent dispensing at a single station while continuously monitoring the light transmission of each sample.

Abstract: The apparatus for measuring the degree of rinsing for use in a washing machine is provided with a source of light, a first phototransistor disposed to receive light emitted by the light source for producing a reference signal, a second phototransistor disposed to receive the light from the light source for producing a measuring signal corresponding to the amount of light received and a calculating circuit for arithmetically operating the reference signal and the measuring signal for producing an output signal corresponding to the relative values of the reference signal and the measuring signal. A first optical path between the light source and the first phototransistor and a second optical path between the light source and the second phototransistor are both disposed in rinsing water and the length of the first optical path is set to be longer than the length of the second optical path.

Abstract: In an optical system including a light source and a photodetector, a circuit and method for compensating for degradation of the optical system which may include deterioration in the intensity of the light source, caused by a variety of factors such as dirt, aging of the light source, etc., or dirt on the photodetector. The intensity of the light from the light source as received by the photodetector is repeatedly measured and an average value determined which accurately indicates the intensity of the light received. Subsequent use of the optical system includes comparison to the most recent average value of light received by the photodetector. Hence the present system eliminates the need for repeated calibration of the optical system by providing the same effect as though the system were being repeatedly and automatically calibrated to account for system degradation.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting quality of currency or the like. Signals representative of the transmissivity and reflectivity of a bill are subtracted from a signal representative of unity. The resulting signal, which is representative of absorptivity of light by the bill, is accumulated over the length of the bill and compared to a reference to produce digital signals representative of fit or unfit bills.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.

Abstract: A fiber optic attenuation measuring system includesa transmitter for generating and transmitting a reference signal from a first end of fiber optic cable, and a receiver positioned to receive the signal from a second end of the cable. The receiver compares the transmitted signal with a reference signal to determine attenuation through the cable under test. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the transmitter and receiver are independent units, which may be positioned separately with respect to one another, and the receiver is constructed to enable it to reproduce the reference signal through the use of a timing pulse transmitted with the test signal from the transmitter. In the alternative, a reference cable may link the transmitter and receiver for comparison with the test transmission.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.

Abstract: Visibility monitoring method and means are disclosed employing a video camera for monitoring an area which includes a low reflectance (substantially non-reflecting) target at known range from the camera and adjacent horizon sky. Window gating circuit means under control of a programmable digital computer are used to gate selected portions of the output from the video camera to integrating means for generating signals related to brightness of at least a portion of the target and adjacent horizon sky. The brightness related to signals are supplied to said digital computer for use in computing visual contrast, visibility, or the like. Preferably, a plurality of substantially non-reflecting targets at different ranges are employed for increased accuracy.

Abstract: A sensitive laser spectroscopy measurement system having a laser radiation source and a dual beam and detection scheme that allows for the measurement of small intensity differences between a probe beam and a reference beam resulting from the absorption, gain or scattering of the probe beam by a medium placed in its optical path. The system attains measurement sensitivities of less than 10.sup.-4 when the laser radiation source for the probe and reference beams is modulatable. Further included within the system is a prism placed in the optical path of the laser beam before the beam splits into the probe and reference beams and a detector for each beam. The detectors are electrically connected to a sensitivity differential amplifier and an oscilloscope for displaying the intensities of the beams.

Abstract: A device for detecting changes in ink film thickness on the inking rollers of a printing press which includes a transfer wheel rotatable mounted in nipping contact with one of the inking rollers. A rotatable gauge wheel having a slinger ring assembled intermediate its ends and about its periphery defines a measuring surface on one side of the ring for receiving a film of ink from the transfer wheel and the other side defines a reference surface maintained clear of ink by the ring. Individual photo-electric sensing members are tangentially associated with the peripheral surface of both the measuring and reference surfaces and by means of a cooperating circuit including a comparetor a signal change is given when a difference in ratio occurs between pre-selected signals from these surfaces.

Abstract: The colors or surface conditions of small articles are determined by passing the articles through an integrating sphere and separately illuminating the articles before they enter the sphere, during their passage through the sphere and after they leave the sphere. The light transmitted through or reflected by each article is collected by the sphere and passed to analyzing apparatus. The articles are sorted according to the measurements.

Abstract: Apparatus for determining the nitrogen oxide concentration in a gaseous mixture while minimizing measuring errors. The radiation from a hollow cathode lamp emitting the nitrogen oxide resonance radiation is modulated by a device for generating alternatively an unfiltered or test beam and a reference beam. The reference beam is filtered by a nitrogen oxide filled filter. An absorption cell is disposed in the path of the reference beam. Further, a monochromator or filter is provided and a detector for receiving the radiation from the monochromator filter. A signal processing unit is coupled to the detector for forming electric signals corresponding to the signal from the unfiltered and the reference beam and for forming the quotient thereof. A ray splitter is disposed in the path of the two beams to provide a different beam path and an additional radiation detector is disposed in the additional path.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring reflected or transmitted light is described. The apparatus comprises filter type spectrophotometer having a wavelength range of from about 200 nm (nanometers) to about 1,100 nm which includes a sample illuminating light source capable of producing an extremely intense light of short duration; light diffusing means; a light filter for transmission of a selected wave-length; at least two independent light sensing means; and separate means defining light transmission paths for the passage of light from the light source to one light sensing means and from the illuminated sample to the other light sensing means.In a preferred embodiment the apparatus includes a light diffusing integrating sphere. In another embodiment, a replaceable or repositionable module can be used to convert the apparatus from reflectance to transmittance spectrophotomer.

Abstract: An electronic system for detecting faults or flaws in individual items of a stream of items has a single row of light sensors and a light source and detects the presence of an item between source and detectors, establishes a reference level for comparison that is a function of the individual item under inspection, and produces a fault signal from any individual sensor having a change in incident light that is a predetermined amount greater than the reference level and which occurs within a predetermined adjustable portion of the item passing the sensors.

Abstract: An immersible probe for optical dual beam-measuring apparatus, comprising a sample feeler intended to be immersed in a sample for performing a measurement at the sample to be analyzed. The sample feeler is equipped with a light conductor. There is further provided a reference feeler immersible in a standard medium. Both the sample feeler and the reference feeler are attached to a probe body.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring progressively the absorbance changes of a large number of aliquots from a plurality of different samples. The sample introduction, testing instructions, aliquot preparation, reagent dispensing, absorbance measuring and data recording all can be accomplished in a continuous mode of processing. Stat and batch operation also can be accomplished. The aliquots are in an array of cuvettes which is advanced slowly along a circular path. Photometer means, preferably having several photometric detectors, are mounted in fixed orientation on a common support that advances rapidly along a similar circular path, such that radiation passing through each of the cuvettes is monitored many times by a specific photometric detector by the time that cuvette completes one circuit of its path. The photometric detectors can operate at several different wavelengths. Many different chemical reactions can be monitored at the same time.