Abstract: The invention provides a multi-segment focusing lens for effective laser processing method that allows to cut/scribe/cleave/dice or, generally speaking, separate, hard, brittle, and solid wafers or glass sheets, which are either bare or have microelectronic or MEMS devices formed on them. The multi-segment focusing lens is used in a laser processing method comprises a step of modifying a pulsed laser beam by a shaping and focusing unit, including a multi-segment lens. Said multi-segment lens creates multiple beam convergence zones, more particularly, multiple focal points, said and interference spike shape intensity distribution exceeding the optical damage threshold of the workpiece material. Said interference spike shape intensity distribution is situated in the bulk of the workpiece. During the aforementioned step a modified area is created.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a light-adjusting glass, including an outer light transmissive layer and an inner light transmissive layer, a microstructure layer bonded to or disposed on an inner surface of the outer light transmissive layer and provided with a reflective microstructure, a sealing member bonded to an end portion of the outer light transmissive layer and an end portion of the inner light transmissive layer, the sealing member, the microstructure layer and the inner light transmissive layer enclosing a space having a predetermined volume. A predetermined amount of a first substance is disposed within the space. The disclosure also provides a method for preparing a light-adjusting glass. The light-adjusting glass of the present disclosure does not require an electric field to control the light-adjusting.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a display; a glass panel disposed on the front side of the display; and an antireflection film disposed on the front side of the glass panel. The antireflection film may include a plurality of partition walls spaced apart from each other, and the plurality of partition walls may be converted into a transparent state and a black state.

Abstract: Systems and methods for preventing high-radiant-flux light, such as laser light or a nuclear flash, from causing harm to imaging devices, such as a camera or telescope. The optical components of the imaging device have first and second foci. The second focus forms an image on an array of photodetectors and occurs at a large f-number. The first focus occurs at a small f-number in a gas that is dense enough to dissipate most of a femtosecond laser pulse of potentially damaging intensity and conditioned to easily undergo dielectric breakdown when exposed to high-radiant-flux light that is less intense than a femtosecond laser pulse. Dielectric breakdown forms a conductive arc that dissipates or scatters light, blocking high-radiant-flux light from reaching the array of photodetectors. Several methods may be used for conditioning the gas to break down quickly when exposed to laser attack.

Abstract: Processes of forming an irreversibly loose packed structure of particulate material useful as a photonic or phononic crystal are provided. Matrix material is infilled between particles and extends above the particles to form a particulate free matrix layer. Removing the matrix layer causes deformation of or exposes the spacing between the particles. The spaces are infilled by additional matrix material that when cured produces a supported and irreversibly loose packed crystalline structure of particles producing differing bandgaps and transmissive properties relative to the original structure. The processes provided allow for economical tuning of the transmissive properties of photonic or phononic crystals.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for dissipating charge buildup within a display element with a conductive layer. The conductive layer is maintained in electrical contact with a fluid within the display element. The fluid, in turn, remains in contact with light modulators within the display elements. Any charge buildup that may be caused by the filling of the fluid during fabrication of the display device, or during operation of the light modulators can be dissipated by the conductive layer. Thus, by dissipating the charge buildup, the conductive layer reduces or eliminates electrostatic forces due to the charge buildup that may affect the operability of the light modulators. The display can include conductive spacers in an active display region of the display and a spacer-free region that allows the substrates to deform while retaining an electrical connection between the conductive layer and the spacers in the active display region.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a plurality of pixels each including an array substrate, an opposite substrate, and an electrowetting layer. The array substrate includes a base substrate, a barrier wall defining a pixel area, a partition wall partitioning the pixel area into a plurality of sub-pixel areas, a hydrophobic layer disposed in the sub-pixel areas, and an electronic device controlling the electrowetting layer.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and apparatus for forming low emissivity panels that may include a first substrate. The first substrate may have a first side and a second side. The low emissivity panels may also include a magnetic fluid layer deposited over the first side of the first substrate and a reflective layer deposited over the second side of the first substrate. The magnetic fluid layer may include magnetic particles. The reflective layer may include a conductive material configured to conduct an electrical current and generate a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be configured to change an orientation of the magnetic particles in the magnetic fluid layer and a transmissivity of the magnetic fluid layer within a visible spectrum. The low emissivity panels may also include a first bus and a second bus deposited along opposite edges of the reflective layer and electrically connected to the reflective layer.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel and a converter formed on a front surface of the display panel. The converter performs conversion between a 2-dimensional image and a 3-dimensional image. The converter includes a plurality of protrusion electrodes formed on a first substrate. A plate electrode is positioned on a second substrate facing the first substrate. A transparent medium is positioned between the protrusion electrodes and the plate electrode. A plurality of conductive particles is positioned in the transparent medium.

Abstract: The electrophoretic display device includes: an electrophoretic layer which is disposed between first and second substrates disposed to face each other and has a plurality of first electrically-charged particles colored into a first color, a plurality of second electrically-charged particles colored into a second color, and a dispersion medium which retains the first and second electrically-charged particles; first and second pixel electrodes provided on the first substrate; an opposite electrode provided on the second substrate; and a reflective electrode provided at a position on the first substrate side rather than on the electrophoretic layer, wherein the first electrically-charged particle has permeability in a first wavelength region and absorbability in the other wavelength regions, and the second electrically-charged particle has reflectivity in a second wavelength region and absorbability in the other wavelength regions.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes: a lower substrate, a pixel electrode disposed on the lower substrate, a lower water-repellent layer disposed on the pixel electrode, a plurality of partitions disposed on the lower water-repellent layer and an oil layer disposed on the lower water-repellent layer between the partitions, and wherein the partitions include a side wall having a reverse taper structure.

Abstract: A color display, and an electronic apparatus comprising the color display, are described herein. The display comprises an illumination unit overlaid with a color filter arranged with a plurality of color filter elements, wherein respective transmissions of the color filter elements are adjustable to allow either transmission for a selected wavelength in said range of wavelengths, or transmission for a number of wavelengths from said range of wavelengths. Such adjustable transmission may be implemented using actuatable fluids which may be controlled by means of electrowetting.

Abstract: An electrowetting display apparatus includes a first substrate including a first electrode that receives a gray-scale voltage and a second electrode insulated from the first electrode and receiving a reference voltage, a second substrate, a fluid layer, and a color filter. The color filter has a first thickness in an area corresponding to the first electrode and a second thickness in an area corresponding to the second electrode, and the first thickness is larger than the second thickness. Accordingly, a cell gap of the electrowetting display apparatus is reduced, and color reproducibility of the electrowetting display apparatus is improved without sacrificing brightness.

Abstract: Provided is a transparent plate for a platen which is used in a document scanning apparatus, including a transparent supporting member, and a transparent protective layer that has a self-repairability and has a surface coefficient of kinetic friction with respect to copy paper of 0.7 or less on the transparent supporting member.

Abstract: A plasma shutter forming apparatus for forming a plasma shutter used in a system configured to generate and accelerate radiations by irradiating a target with a laser pulse and generating a high-density plasma for blocking the laser pulse which is returned as a feedback light to upstream of the system without being absorbed by the high-density plasma, including a plasma shutter generating target, and a plasma shutter triggering laser irradiator, wherein the laser pulse from the plasma shutter triggering laser irradiator is directed to the plasma shutter generating target to generate the high-density plasma and form the plasma shutter, thereby blocking the laser pulse which is returned as the feedback light. Optics are prevented from becoming damaged by feedback light reflecting when generating the high-density plasma in a laser-driven radiation generating system and returning back to the upstream of the laser system.

Abstract: A photonic crystal device comprising: a photonic crystal material having an initial ordered structure and a viewing surface, the initial ordered structure giving rise to a first optical effect detectable from the viewing surface; and a removal layer removably attached with the viewing surface or an opposing surface of the photonic crystal material opposite to the viewing surface; wherein mechanical removal of at least a portion of the removal layer results in a structural change in at least a portion of the initial ordered structure of at least a portion of the photonic crystal material respective to the portion of the removed removal layer, thereby resulting in a changed portion different from the initial ordered structure, the changed portion giving rise to a second optical effect detectable from the viewing surface and detectably different from the first optical effect.

Abstract: A display device includes: a substrate provided on a side of the display surface; a counter substrate disposed to face the substrate; a display layer provided between the substrate and the counter substrate and filled with a dispersion liquid formed of a dispersion medium in which white particles and black particles charged with polarities opposite to each other are dispersed; and a particle constrained layer provided in the display layer, and suppresses the white particles and the black particles from moving in an in-plane direction of the display layer, while allowing the particles to move in the thickness direction of the display layer. In the display device, a particle constrained layer is provided to be separated from the substrate.

Abstract: To realize a memory effect in an optical device using the electro wetting effect. An optical device includes: first and second substrates placed opposite each other; a partition provided therebetween; a first electrode provided on one side of the first substrate, at least a part thereof overlapping with a region surrounded by the partition in a plan view; second and third electrodes provided on one side of the second substrate and which are respectively placed opposite the first electrode across the region surrounded by the partition; a smoothing layer provided on one side of the second substrate and which covers the second and third electrodes; and first and second fluid, which are incompatible, disposed in the region surrounded by the partition. The first fluid is made of a liquid body possessing polarity or conductivity, and the second fluid is made of a liquid body containing a liquid-crystalline material.

Abstract: Disclosed is an ink composition used in an electrowetting display device and an electrowetting display device employing the same. The ink composition used in the electrowetting display device includes a non-polar solvent and a modified hydrophobic pigment, wherein the modified hydrophobic pigment has a structure represented by Formula (I), of P-Gn wherein P is a pigment moiety, n is 1-4 and G is wherein R1 is a straight chain or a branched C4-20 alkyl group, or C5-20 cycloalkyl group.

Abstract: A reactive metal optical security device for implementation in an optical network and/or system to provide a mechanism for disrupting the optical network and/or system. The security device includes a mirror comprising a reactive metal stack and configured to reflect an optical signal and receive an electrical signal. The security device further includes a semiconductor chip configured to send the electrical signal to the mirror.

Abstract: Novel addressing schemes for controlling electronically addressable displays include a scheme for rear-addressing displays, which allows for in-plane switching of the display material. Other schemes include a rear-addressing scheme which uses a retroreflecting surface to enable greater viewing angle and contrast. Another scheme includes an electrode structure that facilitates manufacture and control of a color display. Another electrode structure facilitates addressing a display using an electrostatic stylus. Methods of using the disclosed electrode structures are also disclosed. Another scheme includes devices combining display materials with silicon transistor addressing structures.

Abstract: An exemplary transflective electro-wetting display (EWD) device includes an upper substrate, a lower substrate opposite to the upper substrate, a first polar liquid disposed between the upper and lower substrates, a second, colored, non-polar liquid disposed between the upper and lower substrates, and a reflective pattern disposed at the lower substrate. The second liquid is immiscible with the first liquid. An area of the reflective pattern covered by the second liquid varies according to an area of the lower substrate covered by the second liquid.

Abstract: A photonic crystal device comprising: a photonic crystal material having an initial ordered structure and a viewing surface, the initial ordered structure giving rise to a first optical effect detectable from the viewing surface; and a removal layer removably attached with the viewing surface or an opposing surface of the photonic crystal material opposite to the viewing surface; wherein mechanical removal of at least a portion of the removal layer results in a structural change in at least a portion of the initial ordered structure of at least a portion of the photonic crystal material respective to the portion of the removed removal layer, thereby resulting in a changed portion different from the initial ordered structure, the changed portion giving rise to a second optical effect detectable from the viewing surface and detectably different from the first optical effect.

Abstract: Provided is a display element, which has simple member configuration, can be driven at a low voltage, and has high display contrast, white display reflectance and high display speed and less display nonuniformity in a long term. The display element has an electrolyte layer, which includes silver or a compound having silver in the chemical structure, between counter electrodes and drives the counter electrodes to melt and deposit the silver. The electrolyte layer contains a butyral resin, a coloring material having an average primary grain diameter of 200 nm or more but not more than 1,000 nm, and an organic solvent having a boiling point of 120° C. or higher but not higher than 300° C. The mass ratio of the organic solvent to the butyral resin is 10:1 or more but not more than 10:5.

Abstract: This invention discloses how EC devices can be fabricated as tags or labels; and further the materials used, device structures and how these can be processed by printing technologies. In addition, systems using displays of such EC devices and their integration with other components are described for forming labels and tags, etc, that may be actuated wirelessly or powered with low voltage and low capacity batteries.

Abstract: A display apparatus using electroplating on an electrode for modulating light includes a layer formed on the electrode. The layer has an insulator with a gap therein, and conductive fine particles are dispersed in the gap.

Abstract: A display element having circuitry adapted to at least partially electrochemically dissolve a first layer by means of supplying an electrical current through the first layer. The first layer separates a first reservoir filled with a liquid from a second reservoir. By dissolving the first layer at least partially, at least a portion of the liquid can flow from the first to the second reservoir. Consequently, the display element transitions from a first to a second optical state.

Abstract: In a method for producing electrochromic displays (1, 10) the functional layers, such as the electrodes (3, 4, 6) and electrochromic layer (5) are configured in a printing process. The method enables a particularly cost-effective and flexible production of the display.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a micro structure includes disposing a sacrificial material in a recess formed in a lower layer and forming a layer of compensatory material on the sacrificial material in the recess. The compensatory material is higher than the upper surface of the lower layer. A first portion of the compensatory material is removed to form a substantially flat surface on the sacrificial material. The substantially flat surface is substantially co-planar with the upper surface of the lower layer. An upper layer is formed on the lower layer and the substantially flat surface.

Abstract: The present invention can realize bright white display, a high contrast black-white display and full color display with a simple structure of element members, and provide a display element exhibiting high durability and a method of forming a porous layer in the display element. Also disclosed is a display element comprising a porous layer and an electrolyte between a pair of facing electrodes, wherein the porous layer comprises particles bonded to each other by a metal or nonmetal oxide, the metal or nonmetal oxide deposited from a treatment solution comprising a deposition promoter and a complex comprising a metal or nonmetal ion and a ligand via reaction of the ligand with the deposition promoter.

Abstract: Provided is an electrochemical display element composed of a simple member structure, capable of driving at low voltage, and exhibiting high display contrast and white display reflectance, and further to provide the electrochemical display element exhibiting reduced variation in reflectance during repetitive driving even after storage for a long duration. Disclosed is an electrochemical display element possessing an N-oxyl derivative represented by the following Formula (1), an electrolyte and a pair of facing electrodes: wherein each of R1, R2, R3 and R4 independently represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group, which may have a hydrogen atom or a substituent; Z1 represents a group of atoms having 2 or 3 atoms to form a cyclic structure; and Z1 may also have a substituent.

Abstract: A display element which has an electrolyte layer containing silver or a compound containing silver in the chemical structure thereof and an electrolytic solvent between opposed electrodes, and also contains a porous white scattering material between said opposed electrodes, wherein said opposed electrodes can be operated so as to dissolve silver or deposit silver, characterized in that said porous white scattering material is incorporated through a step of imparting an aqueous intimate mixture containing a water-soluble polymer substantially insoluble in said electrolytic solvent and a white pigment onto a component between said opposed electrodes, followed by drying. The above display element is composed of simple and easily available members, can be operated with a low voltage, exhibits high display contrast and satisfactorily high reflectance for the white display, and is reduced in the fluctuation of the white reflectance.

Abstract: A display for creating colored images and text that is visible in incident light. The screen of the display includes pixels arranged in a grid pattern, each pixel having at least three colored mirrors, arranged next to one another or behind one another for the colors red, green and blue or cyan, magenta and yellow. The mirrors are configured from flat, transparent containers, whose interiors are connected to color reservoirs so that the contents of the latter can be displaced by control electronics in such a way that transparent colored liquid is transported from the color reservoirs to the colored mirrors or vice versa. Light sources, which may each be assigned to a single pixel, are located behind the colored mirrors of the pixels, each individual source being electronically controlled. A white or silver reflective layer, which is partially or temporarily transparent, is positioned behind the colored mirrors.

Abstract: MEMS devices (such as interferometric modulators) may be fabricated using a sacrificial layer that contains a heat vaporizable polymer to form a gap between a moveable layer and a substrate. One embodiment provides a method of making a MEMS device that includes depositing a polymer layer over a substrate, forming an electrically conductive layer over the polymer layer, and vaporizing at least a portion of the polymer layer to form a cavity between the substrate and the electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: An adaptive mirror includes a plurality of adjacent combs of piezoelectric material and two electrodes arranged on longitudinal faces opposite a bar are associated with each monolithic bar formed by a tooth of the combs.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display unit includes a transparent base film, a transparent electrode disposed on the base film, an electrophoretic display layer disposed on the transparent electrode to display an image in response to an electric field, and an opaque electrophoretic protection layer disposed on the electrophoretic display layer.

Abstract: An image projection system for presenting an image to a viewer comprises an electromagnetic radiation source configured to generate radiation having multiple spectral characteristics, and multiple independently operable optical switches configured to selectively transmit, reflect, and/or block radiation from the radiation source to the viewer. The viewed image is made up of pixels defined by the selective operation of the optical switches with the radiation source.

Abstract: Electrowetting display devices are presented. The electrowetting display includes a first substrate and an opposing second substrate with a polar fluid layer and a color non-polar fluid layer interposed therebetween. A first transparent electrode is disposed on the first substrate. A second electrode is disposed on the second substrate. A hydrophilic partition structure is disposed on the second substrate, thereby defining a plurality of sub-pixels. The color electrowetting display further includes an array of color pixel regions. Each pixel region consists of a set of primary color sub-pixel. Each color sub-pixel corresponds to one of different color non-polar fluid layers, and each of the different color non-polar fluid layers is isolated from each other. The colors of non-polar fluid layer in the neighboring sub-pixels are different.

Abstract: Provided is a display element, which has simple member configuration, can be driven at a low voltage, and has high display contrast, white display reflectance and high display speed and less display nonuniformity in a long term. The display element has an electrolyte layer, which includes silver or a compound having silver in the chemical structure, between counter electrodes and drives the counter electrodes to melt and deposit the silver. The electrolyte layer contains a butyral resin, a coloring material having an average primary grain diameter of 200 nm or more but not more than 1,000 nm, and an organic solvent having a boiling point of 120° C. or higher but not higher than 300° C. The mass ratio of the organic solvent to the butyral resin is 10:1 or more but not more than 10:5.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display includes a lower substrate, an upper substrate, a color display layer on the lower substrate, a pixel electrode on the lower substrate, and a common electrode on the lower substrate or the upper substrate. The common electrode does not overlap the pixel electrode, and an electrophoretic active layer having a dispersion medium and electrophoretic particles is arranged between the lower substrate and the upper substrate. The electrophoretic active layer is a single-polarity electrophoretic particle system, and grayscales are generated depending on the number of electrophoretic particles arranged in a portion of the electrophoretic active layer corresponding to the pixel electrode. The position of the electrophoretic particles is controlled by the magnitude of the electric field applied between the pixel electrode and the common electrode.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device includes; a first substrate having a plurality of pixel electrodes in a display region thereof; and an electrophoretic sheet that includes a second substrate on which a common electrode, an electrophoretic layer, and an adhesive layer are laminated. The electrophoretic sheet is bonded to the display region of the first substrate via the adhesive layer. The distance between neighboring pixel electrodes among the plurality of pixel electrodes is 5 ?m or more.

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems for designing and constructing displays from multiple light-modulating elements are disclosed. Display elements having different light-modulating and self-assembling characteristics may be used during display assembly and operation.

Abstract: A reflection type display apparatus wherein an electroplating is used to modulate light, at least one of a reflectance and an absorptance of a first surface, which contacts the first electrode, of an electroplating film 10 formed on the first electrode 2 and that of a second surface, which does not contact the second electrode, of the electroplating film 10 formed on the second electrode 4 are different. When the electroplating film 10 is formed on the first electrode 2, reflection light from the first surface is used for displaying. When the electroplating film 10 is formed on the second electrode 4, reflection light from the second surface is used for displaying.

Abstract: Disclosed is display element which is constituted of simple members, can be driven at a relatively low voltage exhibits high display contrast and white display reflectance, and can achieve a high display speed, comprising an electrolyte layer between opposed electrodes, and the electrolyte layer containing silver or a compound including silver in the chemical structure, wherein the opposed electrodes are driven so that the silver is dissolved or deposited and the electrolyte layer contains a mercapto compound having a sulfonamido group or a carbamido group in the molecule.

Abstract: A method and a material for creating an antireflective coating on an integrated circuit. A preferred embodiment comprises applying a dark polymer material on a reflective surface, curing the dark polymer material, and roughening a top surface of the dark polymer material. The roughening can be achieved by ashing the dark polymer material in an ash chamber. The dark polymer material, preferably a black matrix resin or a polyimide black matrix resin, when ashed in an oxygen rich atmosphere for a short period of time, forms a surface that is capable of absorbing light as well as randomly refracting light it does not absorb. A protective cap layer may be formed on top of the ashed dark polymer material to provide protection for the dark polymer material.

Abstract: This invention provides a display element comprising an electrolyte between opposed electrodes. The electrolyte contains silver, or a compound containing silver. The opposed electrodes are driven and operated so that silver is dissolved and precipitated. The display element is characterized in that this electrolyte satisfies the following requirements a to c: a. a cyclic carboxylic acid ester having a dielectric constant of not less than 30 and not more than 50 is contained as an organic solvent; b. formula (1) is satisfied: 0<[x]/[Ag]?0.1 (1) wherein [x] represents the total molar concentration (mol/kg) of halogen ions or halogen atoms contained in halide molecules; and [Ag] represents a total molar concentration (mol/kg) of silver or a compound containing silver; and c. the concentration of silver or a compound containing silver in an organic solvent is not less than 0.2 mmol/g and not more than 0.5 mmol/g.

Abstract: An optical power limiting and switching device comprises at least one plate made of transparent dielectric material, and a thin limiting solid mixture coated on one side of the plate. Upon being exposed to an optical power beam having a power level exceeding a predetermined limit power, the layer of solid mixture limits the power transmission by scattering out part of the impinging energy. When the power increases to the damage threshold, the solid mixture forms a plasma or catastrophic breakdown, damaging the solid mixture material and thereby rendering the portion of the plate surface under the impinging beam opaque to light.

Abstract: A display element having circuitry adapted to at least partially electrochemically dissolve a first layer by means of supplying an electrical current through the first layer. The first layer separates a first reservoir filled with a liquid from a second reservoir. By dissolving the first layer at least partially, at least a portion of the liquid can flow from the first to the second reservoir. Consequently, the display element transitions from a first to a second optical state.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a mesh-like body, and charged particles At least a surface of the mesh-like body is formed of an insulating material, and the mesh-like body is interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The charged particles are dispersed in a space formed by a surface of the first substrate opposing the second substrate, a surface of the second substrate opposing the first substrate, and a surface of the mesh-like body. The charged particles can form desired images by moving within the space in response to an electric field generated between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A display medium includes: a first substrate having transparency and provided with a transparent electrode on one face thereof, a member having a plurality of penetration holes, the member being placed on a surface of the transparent electrode, the penetration holes penetrating the member from the transparent electrode surface side, the ratio of the length of each of the penetration holes to the largest hole diameter being two or more; a second substrate placed so as to face the transparent electrode side of the first substrate; an electrolytic solution containing a metal ion and placed so as to fill a space between the first and second substrates; and a counter electrode placed in a position so as to be insulated from the transparent electrode and in contact with the electrolytic solution.