Abstract: Variations of the techniques, systems, devices, and methods discussed herein pertain to a pixel-level mask for a photo-detector. Such a mask may have a layer of reconfigurable phase-change material (PCM) configured to vary between a first refractive index and a second refractive index. Such a PCM layer may be divided into individual pixel areas such that each individual pixel area may be set to have the first refractive index or the second refractive index. The PCM layer may be disposed on a photo-detector such that incident radiation detected by the photo-detector must pass through the PCM layer in order to be detected. The mask may also include or otherwise be operably connected to a PCM controller that can control the refractive index of an individual pixel area or a group of pixel areas aggregated into a superpixel.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical element including a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to face each other; an insulating film covering a surface of the first electrode facing the second electrode, the insulating film including a dielectric layer, an ion barrier layer, and a water repellent layer laminated in order; and a polar liquid and a non-polar liquid enclosed between the insulating film and the second electrode and having refractive indices different from each other. The dielectric layer has a larger permittivity than that of the ion barrier layer, the ion barrier layer suppresses permeation of an ion contained in the polar liquid, and the water repellent layer is located in an uppermost layer of the insulating film and exhibits an affinity for the non-polar liquid.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image projection system implemented with a spatial light modulator (SLM) to modulate an illumination light projected from a light source wherein said SLM comprising a first conductive layer to wire and function as a bit line; a second conductive layer to wire and function as a word line; and a first conductive and second conductive capacitor layers functioning as a capacitor wherein the bit line is wired along a direction crossing the word line and the capacitor is disposed in parallel with the bit line.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus that includes a waveguide and one or more pixels deployed adjacent the top surface of the waveguide which contains TIR light therein. Each pixel includes a deformable active layer having a first conductor and a driver electronics layer having a second conductor. The driver electronics layer is deployed in spaced-apart relation to the active layer and opposite the waveguide. In a quiescent state of a pixel, the active layer is in contact or near contact with the top surface of the waveguide so as to optically couple light out via FTIR (i.e., pixel's ON state). To actuate the pixel, the electronics layer is configured to selectively apply an electrical potential difference to the second conductor thereby causing the active layer to move away from the top surface so as to prevent the optical coupling of light out of the waveguide (i.e., pixel's OFF state).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a brightness enhancement structure comprising micro-reflectors. The process comprises forming an array of micro-structures by embossing; and depositing a metal layer over the surface of the micro-structures. The present invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a display device comprising micro-reflectors. The present invention further relates to a display device comprising micro-reflectors and color filters.

Abstract: A 3D image display system with high resolution is disclosed. The system may deflect left and right eye images to a left and right eye of a viewer, respectively. As such, the viewer can see 3D images. With a time-sharing mode, all of electronically switchable light modulating cells are configured to modulate all of the images deflected to the left eye of the viewer during a first period, and modulate all of the images to the right eye of the viewer during a second period, and the first period and the second period are alternate periods. Alternatively, a part of the electronically switchable light modulating cells are configured to modulate left eye images deflected to the left eye of the viewer, and another part of the electronically switchable light modulating cells are configured to modulate right eye images to the right eye of the viewer during the same period.

Abstract: An electrooptic device having a simple structure that can efficiently increase deflection of a beam is provided. The device includes: an electrooptic crystal (11) having an electrooptic effect; an electrode pair of a positive electrode (12) and a negative electrode (13) for generating an electric field inside the electrooptic crystal; and a power source for applying a voltage between the electrode pair so as to generate a space charge inside the electrooptic crystal. With this arrangement, by using a simple structure, a change in a deflection angle is temporally rapid, and a large deflection angle that cannot be obtained by a conventional electrooptic crystal prism can be acquired at a low applied voltage.

Abstract: A decorative housing (11) for a mobile device (10) includes a first faceted cell (12) having a first angled electro-optic element (14) disposed therein. A second faceted cell (16) is adjacent the first cell (12) and has second angled electro-optic elements (18). A liquid (20) is in fluid communication with each faceted cell (12, 16) and moveable to a first position (22) in response to a first electric field (24) applied to one of the first and second electro-optic elements (14, 18) and moveable to a second position (26) in response to a second electric field (28) applied to the other of the first and second electro-optic elements (14, 18). An electronic modulator (30) is coupled to the first electro-optic element (14) and the second electro-optic element (18) to electronically modulate between the first electric field (24) and the second electric field (28).

Abstract: Various embodiments include interferometric optical modulators comprising a substrate layer having a thickness between about 0.1 mm to about 0.45 mm thick and a method for manufacturing the same. The interferometric modulator can be integrated together with a diffuser in a display device. The thin substrate permits use of a thicker diffuser. The thinner substrate may increase resolution and reduce overall thickness of the inteferometric modulator. The thicker diffuser may provide increased diffusion and durability.

Abstract: The present invention provides a spatial light modulator, comprising: a pixel array comprises a plurality of pixel units. Each of the pixel units comprises a memory cell. A plurality of word lines and a plurality of plate lines to electrically communicate with the pixel units. A plurality of bit line sets wherein each of the sets includes a pair of bit lines each connected to a memory cell, wherein at least one pair of the memory cells connected to the pair of bit lines are on a same row connected to a same word line.

Abstract: The invention relates to an illumination unit for point illumination of a medium comprising a plurality of light emitters in the form of light guides, which are arranged to illuminate at least one illumination face via a light valve arrangement, said light valve arrangement comprising a plurality of electrically controlled light valves, at least one of the light emitters (1) being arranged to illuminate a plurality of light valves.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to luminance enhancement structures for reflective display devices. The structure comprises columns and grooves, wherein each of said grooves has a cross-section comprising an apex angle and two edge lines. The structure increases the overall reflectance by reducing the total internal reflection, and as a result, the brightness of a display device is increased.

Abstract: An opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) includes an SOI substrate, a set of composite optical transmitters, a set of composite optical receivers, and control electronics disposed in the substrate and electrically coupled to the set of composite optical transmitters and receivers. Each of the composite optical transmitters includes a gain medium including a compound semiconductor material and an optical modulator. Each of the composite optical receivers includes a waveguide disposed in the SOI substrate, an optical detector bonded to the SOI substrate, and a bonding region disposed between the SOI substrate and the optical detector. The bonding region includes a metal-assisted bond at a first portion of the bonding region and a direct semiconductor-semiconductor bond at a second portion of the bonding region. The OEIC also includes control electronics disposed in the SOI substrate and electrically coupled to the set of composite optical transmitters and the set of composite optical receivers.

Abstract: An electrowetting display device includes a first and a second transparent substrates, multiple partition walls, a polar liquid, a non-polar liquid, and a phosphor layer. The non-polar liquid is opaque and immiscible with the polar liquid. The phosphor layer is formed on at least one of the first and the second transparent substrates. The phosphor layer comprises a first part that transforms the short-wavelength light into red light, a second part that transforms the short-wavelength light into green light, and a third part that transforms the short-wavelength light into blue light or allows the short-wavelength light to pass therethrough without transformation. Each of the first, the second, and the third parts is corresponding to one pixel unit.

Abstract: To provide a variable-focal length lens capable of altering its focal length at high speed. The variable-focal length lens has an electrooptic material and electrodes formed on an incident surface of light and on an exit surface of the light of the electrooptic material. An optical axis is set so that the light is inputted into a gap where the electrodes of the incident surface are not formed and is outputted from a gap where the electrodes of the exit surface are not formed. A focus of the light that is transmitted through the electrooptic material becomes variable by varying an applied voltage between the electrodes of the incident surface and the electrodes of the exit surface.

Abstract: A full color range analog controlled interferometric modulation device is provided. The device includes a transparent substrate, and a transparent fixed-position electrically conductive electrode with a bottom surface overlying the substrate. A transparent spacer overlies the fixed-position electrode, and an induced absorber overlies the spacer. An optically reflective electrically conductive moveable membrane overlies the induced absorber. A cavity is formed between the induced absorber and the moveable membrane having a maximum air gap dimension less than the spacer thickness. In one aspect, the distance from the top surface of the fixed-position electrode to a cavity lower surface is at least twice as great as the cavity maximum air gap dimension. In another aspect, at least one anti-reflective coating (ARC) layer is interposed between the substrate and the fixed-position electrode, and at least one ARC layer is interposed between the fixed-position electrode and the spacer.

Abstract: An illumination device is provided and has a light guide plate, a light source and a light modulator, wherein the light modulator has a pair of transparent substrates a pair of electrodes and a light modulator layer. The light modulator layer includes a first region being changed between a transparent state and a scatterable state depending on intensity of an electric field, and a second region being more transparent than the first region in a scatterable state at an electric field having a certain intensity, the electric field being applied when the first region is changed between the transparent state and the scatterable state, and an occupancy rate of the first region in the light modulator layer is increased with increase in distance from the light source.

Abstract: An electro-wetting apparatus includes a liquid having conductivity or polarity and a first electrode and a second electrode that apply voltage to the liquid. The electro-wetting apparatus also includes a dielectric layer provided between the liquid and the first electrode. The electro-wetting apparatus further includes a voltage-applying unit that applies a voltage signal between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the voltage signal is periodically changed between a first voltage of zero (0) volt or more and a second voltage of larger than the first voltage.

Abstract: An illumination device is provided and includes: a light guide member; a light source provided on one or more side faces of the light guide member; and a light modulating element including a pair of transparent substrates disposed to oppose each other with a gap therebetween, a first electrode provided on a surface of one of the transparent substrates, a second electrode provided on a surface of the other of the transparent substrates, and a light modulation layer provided in the gap and expressing a scattering property or a transparency to light from the light source in accordance with a magnitude of an electric field. The first electrode, the second electrode, or both thereof is patterned, and a density of pattern of the first electrode, the second electrode, or both thereof to which the patterning is applied is varied depending on a distance from the light source.

Abstract: An adaptive plasma optics cell includes a housing defining a chamber, and a gas disposed within the housing chamber. A first light transmissive electrode layer is coupled to a first side of the housing and a first light transmissive dielectric layer is coupled between the first light transmissive electrode layer and the housing chamber. A second electrode layer is coupled to a second side of the housing such that the housing chamber is at least partially disposed between the first and second electrode layers and a second dielectric layer coupled between the second electrode layer electrode and the housing chamber. In operation, a power supply is controlled such that the power supply selectively supplies an electric signal sufficient to cause the gas to generate a plasma having a desired plasma gradient.

Abstract: A display for providing several viewing modes of different angular viewing characteristics comprises a display device and a passive optical device (9) of a parallax optic of fixed optical characteristics. The display device comprises a light emitting or modulating layer (7) between first and second electrode arrangements (5, 10, 11). The first electrode arrangement (5) comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes defining pixels of the display device. The second electrode arrangement comprises a plurality of counter electrodes (10, 11) arranged so that each of the pixel electrodes (5) faces a portion of each of the counter electrodes. The counter electrodes are controllable so as to select which portion of each pixel is active. This provides, in cooperation with the optical device (9) the plurality of display viewing modes.

Abstract: This invention deals with the general topic of adaptive electronic redirection of sunlight by means of an active matrix of transistors, electrodes, and optical elements. The scale of the system may range from small portable systems to large-scale arrays for industrial processes such as solar power plants used for the production of environmentally benign energy. It may be integrated directly into buildings and other platforms without the need for heliostats to hold photovoltaic cells or other energy conversion devices above the building or other host platform. It makes solar energy harvesting systems practical by allowing the separation of tracking, collection, concentration, aggregation, distribution, and energy conversion. This novel system is unique and distinct from other sun tracking and energy conversion systems because it allows adaptive solid-state electronics to be used in place of conventional mechanical tracking heliostats.

Abstract: A visibility region produced through superimposed light bundles is tracked within a large angular range in front of a light modulator through controllable electrowetting cells having a prism function. Negative effects of buckling of the light bundle cross section are minimized by deflecting the light bundle in the prism cell. Light bundles, modulated by a controllable light modulator, impinge the modulator cells with a defined intensity distribution and pass by a controllable deflection device including a prism cell and a controllable electrode arrangement that adjusts boundary surfaces between a plurality of non-mixable materials. The altered intensity distribution is compensated in the light path of the light bundle in the visibility region by reducing the intensities of secondary diffraction order maxima such that the effective surface of a modulator cell has a shape that is tailored to the altered intensity distribution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a brightness enhancement structure comprising micro-reflectors. The process comprises forming an array of micro-structures by embossing; and depositing a metal layer over the surface of the micro-structures. The present invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a display device comprising micro-reflectors. The present invention further relates to a display device comprising micro-reflectors.

Abstract: An electrooptic device having a simple structure that can efficiently increase deflection of a beam is provided. The device includes: an electrooptic crystal (11) having an electrooptic effect; an electrode pair of a positive electrode (12) and a negative electrode (13) for generating an electric field inside the electrooptic crystal; and a power source for applying a voltage between the electrode pair so as to generate a space charge inside the electrooptic crystal. With this arrangement, by using a simple structure, a change in a deflection angle is temporally rapid, and a large deflection angle that cannot be obtained by a conventional electrooptic crystal prism can be acquired at a low applied voltage.

Abstract: An optical unit for dynamically shaping a wavefront is disclosed, having light modulation cells disposed regularly in cell fields, and locally influencing partial light waves in a propagating light wavefront. Each cell field is connected to a cell controller separately adjusting the optical behavior of the light modulator cells. Serially-disposed fields, each having modulator cells, are located in the light path of the light wavefront. Cell control means adjust the modulator cells in a first cell field such that the modulator cells discretely implement a phase shift having a continuous phase value, and in a second cell field such that the modulator cells implement a prism function having a continuous directional value for the partial light waves. A focusing means for the emitted wavefront is also located in the light path of the optical unit, guiding the partial light waves at an output pupil of the optical unit.

Abstract: A lens array device and an image display device using the lens array device, which allow a lens effect characteristic different from that of a single variable lens array to be easily obtained, are provided. The lens array device includes a variable lens array and a fixed lens array. The variable lens array includes a plurality of variable lenses each having electrically-adjustable refracting power. The fixed lens array includes a plurality of fixed lenses each provided in correspondence to each of the plurality of variable lenses. Each of the fixed lenses has a refracting power which, once a corresponding variable lens has come to have a first refracting power, allows the first refracting power to be cancelled out.

Abstract: An optical deflector includes a substrate, an electrode layer on the substrate, an insulating layer at a predetermined peripheral region on the electrode layer, exposing the central region of the electrode layer. First electrode sandwiched wall is on the insulating layer. Second electrode sandwiched wall is on the insulating layer corresponding to the first electrode sandwiched wall. A pair of insulating walls is between the first electrode sandwiched wall and the second electrode sandwiched wall in enclosing to form an inner space. An outer wall encloses the pair of insulating layers, the first and the second electrode sandwiched walls at outside. A cap layer covers on the outer wall. A first liquid is filled into the inner space in contact with the electrode layer. A second liquid is filled into the inner spacer without solving to each other and forms a liquid interface.

Abstract: Electrowetting display devices and fabrication methods thereof are presented. The electrowetting display device includes a first substrate and a second substrate with a polar fluid layer and a non-polar fluid layer insolvable to each other and interposed between the first and second substrates. A first transparent electrode is disposed on the first substrate. A second electrode is disposed on the second substrate. A dielectric layer is disposed on the second electrode. A hydrophilic partition wall structure is directly disposed on the dielectric layer defining a plurality of pixel regions. A layer of low surface energy material is disposed on the dielectric layer within each of the pixel region.

Abstract: A decorative housing (11) for a mobile device (10) includes a first faceted cell (12) having a first angled electro-optic element (14) disposed therein. A second faceted cell (16) is adjacent the first cell (12) and has second angled electro-optic elements (18). A liquid (20) is in fluid communication with each faceted cell (12, 16) and moveable to a first position (22) in response to a first electric field (24) applied to one of the first and second electro-optic elements (14, 18) and moveable to a second position (26) in response to a second electric field (28) applied to the other of the first and second electro-optic elements (14, 18). An electronic modulator (30) is coupled to the first electro-optic element (14) and the second electro-optic element (18) to electronically modulate between the first electric field (24) and the second electric field (28).

Abstract: Image display apparatus (2) comprising a spatial light modulator (4), at least one light source (6) for producing a light beam which illuminates a portion of the spatial light modulator (4), light beam redirecting means (8) to redirect the light beam such that all portions of the spatial light modulator (4) are able to be illuminated, first control means for controlling the redirection of the light beam as a function of video data (12) input to the image display apparatus (2), second control means (14) for controlling the spatial light modulator (4) as a function of the video data (12) input to the image display apparatus (2), and third control means for controlling the illumination intensity of the light beam as a function of the video data input to the image display apparatus (2).

Abstract: A display device includes the following elements. A display has a display area and includes an electro-optic layer and a light-reflecting layer reflecting light emitted from the electro-optic layer to the viewing side of the display device, the light-reflecting layer being arranged in the display area. A plate-shaped exterior has a frame area including a portion located outside the periphery of the display. An antireflective plate continuously covers both of the display area and the frame area. The antireflective plate prevents external light, which enters the viewing side of the display device and is reflected by the light-reflecting layer or the frame area, from emerging on the viewing side.

Abstract: An electro-wetting apparatus includes a liquid having conductivity or polarity and a first electrode and a second electrode that apply voltage to the liquid. The electro-wetting apparatus also includes a dielectric layer provided between the liquid and the first electrode. The electro-wetting apparatus further includes a voltage-applying unit that applies a voltage signal between the first electrode and the second electrode, where the voltage signal is periodically changed between a first voltage of zero (0) volt or more and a second voltage of larger than the first voltage.

Abstract: A light source module includes at least one light emitting device and a focus adjustable lens array. The light emitting device is adapted to emit a light beam, the focus adjustable lens array is disposed in the transmission path of the light beam and includes a plurality of focus adjustable lenses arranged in an array. Each of the focus adjustable lenses includes a first light transmissive plate disposed in the transmission path of the light beam, a first electrode disposed on a peripheral area of the first light transmissive plate, a second light transmissive plate disposed in the transmission path of the beam, a second electrode disposed on a peripheral area of the second light transmissive plate, and a focus adjustable solution disposed between the first light transmissive plate and the second light transmissive plate. The focus adjustable solution includes a solvent and an electrotaxis solute.

Abstract: An optical coherence tomography device includes a wavelength scanning laser light source (10) provided with two Fabry-Perot resonators (13A, 13B) provided in a light path for laser oscillation. The values of FSR (free spectral range) of the Fabry-Perot resonators are set so as to be proximate to each other. The resonator length of at least one of the two Fabry-Perot resonators is periodically varied within a preset range to cause the two Fabry-Perot resonators (13A, 13B) to operate as a wavelength length varying filter of a narrow pass band capable of varying the selection wavelength by the vernier effect to output laser light that has wavelength temporally scanned.

Abstract: Provided are a display pixel using an electroactive polymer and a display apparatus employing the display pixel. The display pixel includes: an electroactive polymer layer, of which shape and/or size is displaced when a voltage is applied thereto; a diffraction grating, of which a pitch and a diffraction angle change according to a displacement of the electroactive polymer layer; and a liquid crystal layer disposed on the diffraction grating and controlling gradation according to a voltage applied thereto.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to autostereoscopic display systems operable to provide increased number of views and related methods. One embodiment of the display systems comprises a light-modulating display panel comprising a first set of colored subpixels and a second set of colored subpixels, and the number of subpixels in the first set of colored subpixels is greater than the number of subpixels in the second set of colored subpixels. The display system further comprises a lenticular sheet disposed in light paths of the colored subpixels of the display panel.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to miniaturize a projection display device, enhance reliability of the device, and reduce speckle noise. A blue laser (1), a red laser (2), and a green laser (3) emit blue laser light, red laser light, and green laser light, respectively. A spatial light modulation element (14) modulates the blue laser light emitted from the blue laser (1), the red laser light emitted from the red laser (2), and the green laser light emitted from the green laser (3). A projection lens (15) projects the laser light modulated by the spatial light modulation element (14) onto a screen. First and second light diffusing elements (8 and 9) are arranged on an optical axis between the blue laser (1), the red laser (2), and the green laser (3); and the spatial light modulation element (14) to change the degree of diffusion of the blue laser light, the red laser light, and the green laser light temporally and electrically.

Abstract: An optical apparatus includes a first substrate including an optical functional element, and a second substrate including a movable micromechanical functional element, the first substrate and the second substrate being connected in a stacked manner, so that a light path exists which is convoluted between the first substrate and the second substrate, the movable micromechanical functional element and the optical functional element being arranged in the light path. In addition, a method of producing an optical apparatus includes producing a first substrate including an optical functional element, and producing a second substrate including a movable micromechanical functional element, as well as connecting the first and second substrates, so that a light path exists which is convoluted between the first and second substrates, the movable micromechanical functional element and the optical functional element being arranged in the light path.

Abstract: An electro-optic device includes first and second pixels that form first and second images, respectively. The first and second pixels are arranged alternately in a first direction. A light blocking element overlaps the pixels in plan view. The pixels are divided into pixel groups, each corresponding to every two pixels, which are one of the first pixels and one of the second pixels adjacent to each other in the first direction. The light blocking element has openings, each corresponding to one of the pixel groups and located in a region that overlaps the two pixels of the pixel group in plan view. Each first pixel has a light blocking region that partially intercepts light emitted from the first pixel. Each second pixel has a light blocking region that partially intercepts light emitted from the second pixel. The light blocking regions are positioned symmetrically to each other in plan view.

Abstract: A displaying apparatus that includes a plurality of electromechanical system elements arranged in rows. The electromechanical system elements of each of the rows are further arranged in subrows. The subrows of each row are electrically connected. Certain of the electromechanical system elements have a hysteresis stability window that is nested with another hysteresis stability window of certain others of the electromechanical system elements. A method of manufacturing a displaying apparatus that includes forming a plurality of electromechanical system elements arranged in rows. The electromechanical system elements of each of the rows are further arranged in subrows. The subrows of each row are electrically connected. Certain of the electromechanical system elements have a hysteresis stability window that is nested with another hysteresis stability window of certain others of the electromechanical system elements.

Abstract: Examples of the present invention include a gradient index element formed from a material such as a metamaterial, the material having an index profile and an index gradient profile, where the index profile includes at least one discontinuity and the index gradient profile is substantially continuous.

Abstract: An illumination obscurement device for controlling the obscurement of illumination from a light source which is optimized for use with a rectangular, arrayed, selective reflection device. In a preferred embodiment, a rotatable shutter with three positions is placed between a light source and a DMD. The first position of the shutter is a mask, preferably an out of focus circle. This out of focus circle creates a circular mask and changes any unwanted dim reflection to a circular shape. The second position of the shutter is completely open, allowing substantially all the light to pass. The third position of the shutter is completely closed, blocking substantially all the light from passing. By controlling the penumbra illumination surrounding the desired illumination, DMDs can be used in illumination devices without creating undesirable rectangular penumbras.

Abstract: A display comprising: a plurality of MEMS elements arranged in rows, wherein the MEMS elements of each of the rows are further arranged in subrows and wherein the subrows of each row are electrically connected; and wherein the physical property of at least one MEMS element in at least one subrow is different from the physical property of at least one MEMS element in other subrows. The physical property can be a spring constant associated with a movable mirror, a film thickness, an electrode width, a damping force caused by air between a movable mirror and a fixed mirror, a mass of a movable mirror, a material or geometry of the respective MEMS element.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes transmitting one or more light beams by a first portion of a light modulator formed outwardly from a substrate. The one or more transmitted light beams are spatially integrated. A second portion of the light modulator is formed outwardly from the substrate. The second portion of the light modulator spatially integrates the transmitted light beams.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for accurately retrieving the position of an optical feature. The method uses the optical properties of biaxial crystals to conically refract the optical feature and transform the image of the optical feature to a circular ring structure. The position of the optical feature is then calculated by locating a center point associated with the circular ring structure.

Abstract: The present invention provides a spatial light modulator, comprising: a pixel array comprises a plurality of pixel units. Each of the pixel units comprises a memory cell. A plurality of word lines and a plurality of plate lines to electrically communicate with the pixel units. A plurality of bit line sets wherein each of the sets includes a pair of bit lines each connected to a memory cell, wherein at least one pair of the memory cells connected to the pair of bit lines are on a same row connected to a same word line.

Abstract: Improvements in an interferometric modulator that has a cavity defined by two walls.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are provided for an electrooptical modulator. One method embodiment includes receiving an optical input signal to an electrooptical modulator. A first voltage input is applied to a first drive electrode associated with a first optical path in the electrooptical modulator. A second voltage input is applied to a second drive electrode associated with a second optical path in the electrooptical modulator at times alternative to applying the first voltage input to the first drive electrode.

Abstract: A picture display device includes display elements reflecting specific wavelengths of visible light; and shape deformation portions for inducing elastic deformation of the display elements. The individual display elements have colloidal particles arrayed at regular spacing, and an elastically deformable filler material intervening between the colloidal particles. The shape deformation portion includes a shape retention component formed of a material capable of reversible plastic deformation by external force.