Abstract: A multi-layer mirror includes a multi-layer stack. The multi-layer stack includes a plurality of alternating layers with a multi-layer stack top layer and a spectral filter top layer arranged on the multi-layer stack. The spectral filter top layer includes a first spectral purity enhancement layer that includes a first material m1 and has a first layer thickness d1, an intermediate layer that includes a second material m2 and has a second layer thickness d2. The intermediate layer is arranged on the multi-layer stack top layer. The first material is selected from SiN, Si3N4, SiO2, ZnS, Te, diamond, CsI, Se, SiC, amorphous carbon, MgF2, CaF2, TiO2, Ge, PbF2, ZrO2, BaTiO3, LiF or NaF. The second material includes a material different from the first material, and d1+d2 has a thickness between 1.5 and 40 nm.

Abstract: A multilayer mirror aims to reduce incidence angle dependence of reflectivity. A substrate is made of low thermal polished expansion glass with 0.2 nm RMS or less roughness of the surface. On the surface thereof formed is a Ru/Si multilayer having a wide full-width half maximum of peak reflectivity, and on the Ru/Si multilayer formed is a Mo/Si multilayer having a high peak reflectivity value. This enables higher reflectivity than when Ru/Si alone provided and a reflectivity peak having a wider full-width half maximum than when the Mo/Si multilayer alone provided. Since Ru absorbs EUV ray more than Mo does, higher reflectivity is obtainable than that of a structure having the Ru/Si multilayer formed on the Mo/Si multilayer. The multilayer with a wide full-width half maximum has small incidence angle dependence of reflectivity in spectral reflectivity, thereby achieving high imaging performance in projection optical system.

Abstract: A security element 2, 4 for embedding in or application to a security document in such a way that it is visually recognizable from both sides of the security document 1, is structured in a multilayer fashion and includes two interference elements I1, I2 with color shift effect, a metallic reflection layer R located in between as well as, optionally, diffraction structures 8. Depending on the disposition of the layers I1, R, I2 and the optionally present diffraction structures 8 on a transparent substrate S the color shift effect and/or the diffractive effects are perceptible from one or from both sides of the security element 2, 4. The security element is particularly suitable as a two-sided window thread 4 and as a label or transfer element 2 above a hole 3 in the security document 1.

Abstract: A random amorphous copolyester is synthesized by using diacid monomers and diol monomers. The random amorphous copolyester has a structure of the formula (I): wherein R1, R2 is an aromatic or aliphatic monomer, A is 0-0.8, B is 0-0.8, C is 0-1, D is 0-1, E is 0-0.8, F is 0-0.8, C+D<0.2 and A+B+E+F<0.8. The diacid monomer comprises TPA and an aromatic or aliphatic diacid monomer, the diol monomer comprises EG, 1,3 and 1,4-CHDM, and an aromatic or aliphatic diol monomer.

Abstract: A reflector laminate, and backlights and displays incorporating such reflector laminates are disclosed. The reflector laminate includes a substrate and a reflector that are adhered together by a plurality of adhesive protrusions. The adhesive protrusions provide for a plurality of voids between the reflector and the substrate, so that a free reflector surface is adjacent to an air gap between the reflector and substrate. The reflector can include a multilayer interference reflector, and the presence of the air gap ensures high reflectivity for the laminate. The reflector can be adhered to a solid lightguide, a frame enclosing a portion of a backlight, a frame enclosing a hollow lightguide cavity, or an optical sheet positioned at the output surface of a backlight.

Abstract: There is provided a distributed Bragg's reflector (DBR) comprising a substrate and an unit distributed Bragg's reflector (DBR) layer, wherein a multi-layer is laminated on the substrate. The unit DBR layer is composed of a multi-layer laminated structure of unit digital-alloy multinary compound semiconductor layer/multinary compound semiconductor layer or unit digital-alloy multinary compound semiconductor layer/unit digital-alloy multinary compound semiconductor layer. The unit digital-alloy multinary compound semiconductor layer is composed of the multi-layer laminated structure of the first layer of multinary compound semiconductor and the second layer of a different multinary compound semiconductor on said first layer. The digital-alloy distributed Bragg's reflector of the present invention has a uniform quality on the substance area and the filter and reflector having uniformly high quality can be mass produced by using the reflector.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multi-layer panel having a curved reflective and/or transmitting facing layer that includes the steps of increasing and/or decreasing pressure on a side of a thin membrane to form a pressure differential across the thin membrane that causes the thin membrane to deform to a required shape; applying a first layer of material to an outer surface of the thin membrane while the thin membrane is maintained in the required shape by the increase and/or decrease in pressure, and allowing the first layer of material to cure for a pre-determined time.

Abstract: An optical mirror element includes an optically transmissive element having a first surface and a second surface, and a reflective coating layer on the first surface that defines a mirror surface. A first portion of the first surface does not include the reflective coating layer such that the first portion defines an optically transmissive window in the mirror surface. Q method of forming an optical mirror element having a window portion includes providing an optical element, masking a first portion of a first surface of the optical element, and thereafter applying a reflective coating to the first surface so as to define a reflective surface, wherein the masked portion defines a transmissive region in the reflective surface. The exposed portion of the first surface may be coated with an anti-reflective coating, either before or after the reflective coating is applied.

Abstract: To provide a laminated glass for a vehicle window which can prevent the temperature increase in a vehicle. A laminated glass for a vehicle window which comprises a glass plate 12 to be disposed on the car exterior side when the laminated glass 1 is assembled in a vehicle, and an infrared reflection film 21 provided on the side of an infrared shielding interlayer 30 having infrared shielding fine particles dispersed therein, of the glass plate 12, wherein the reflectance to light at all wavelengths of from 900 to 1,100 nm is from 30 to 50%, the absorptivity to light at all wavelengths of from 1,100 to 1,300 nm is from 35 to 60%, and the transmittance to light at all wavelengths of from 900 to 1,500 nm is at most 30%.

Abstract: To provide a laminated glass for a vehicle window which can prevent the temperature increase in a vehicle. An infrared reflection glass plate which is a glass plate with an infrared reflection film, wherein the infrared reflection film has a stacked coating film (X) having a coating film (1) made of a high refractive index inorganic material having a refractive index of at least 1.90 and a coating film (2) made of a low refractive index inorganic material having a refractive index of at most 1.56 alternately stacked in this order from the glass plate side; the total number of the coating film (1) and the coating film (2) is at least 3; and the geometrical thickness of the coating film (1) is from 70 to 150 nm and the geometrical thickness of the coating film (2) is from 100 to 200 nm.

Abstract: Multilayer-film (MLF) reflective mirrors are disclosed that have a highly precise surface profile. An exemplary MLF reflective mirror includes multilayer film in which layers of molybdenum (Mo) and layers of silicon (Si) are periodically deposited in an alternating manner on the surface of a mirror substrate. One or more selected regions of the multilayer film have been “shaved” away layer-wise as required to impart an in-plane distribution of removed material sufficient to correct a wavefront error in light reflected from the mirror. After such “layer-machining,” a single-layer film of Si (or Si-containing material) is applied to fill in the machined areas and restore the original contour, as designed, for the surface of the multilayer film. I.e., the Si film has a thickness distribution corresponding to the depth profile of material removed from the multilayer film. A capping layer can be deposited uniformly on the surface of the single-layer film.

Abstract: A cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) mirror is constructed to resist migration of a maximum reflectance peak during use where the CRDS mirror may become accreted with contamination that would otherwise cause the maximum reflectance peak to migrate. The mirror includes a mirror stack disposed on a mirror substrate and a plurality of alternating laminates including a first film with a first index of refraction and a second film with a second index of refraction. Each film is a one-quarter wavelength thickness of a given light energy that is to illuminate the mirror. A subsequent laminate is disposed on the plurality of alternating laminates. The subsequent laminate includes a quarter wavelength thickness first film and a second film with a wavelength thickness in a range from greater than 1.5 quarter wavelength and less than 2 quarter wavelength.

Abstract: A multilayer minus filter for reflecting a light having a predetermined wavelength and transmitting a light having a wavelength longer than and shorter than the predetermined wavelength, includes a repetition layer such that a sum of an average value of optical thickness of a high refractive index layer and an average value of optical thickness of a low refractive index layer is substantially equal to a reflection wavelength ?0 with respect to a vertically incident light, wherein, when a rate H/L between the optical thickness H of the high reflective index layer and the optical thickness L of the low reflective index layer in the repetition layer of the high refractive index layer and the low refractive index layer is larger than 0.5 and smaller than 2, a reflection band formed in the reflection wavelength ?0 by the repetition layer is utilized.

Abstract: Now, according to the present invention, multiple band optical reflectors are provided that utilize a stack of metal and dielectric layers to create a reflection curve in the visible spectrum that has multiple peak intensities. Reflectors of the present invention comprise at least two dielectric layers that have differing thicknesses, with metal layers disposed therebetween. The use of metal layers in the present invention, as opposed to using alternating layers of dielectric materials, results in a reflector that is substantially thinner than a conventional two dielectric reflector.

Abstract: An exposure mirror includes a substrate and an effective region for EUV light including an aperiodic multilayer film formed on the substrate. The exposure mirror is provided with a first evaluation region composed of a periodic multilayer film formed in a region different from the effective region on the substrate.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a multilayer mirror that includes a substrate and a multilayer film formed on the substrate, and has a reflection surface shape includes the steps of estimating a surface shape variation amount as a difference between a surface shape of the substrate before the multilayer film is formed on the substrate and a surface shape of the multilayer mirror after the multilayer film is formed on the substrate, processing the surface shape of the substrate into a shape generated by subtracting the surface shape variation amount from the reflection surface shape, and forming the multilayer film on the substrate processed by the processing step.

Abstract: An optical element includes plural multilayer mirrors, wherein the multilayer mirrors are renewable.

Abstract: A folding mirror includes a substrate and a dielectric multilayered film formed on a surface of the substrate. The dielectric multilayered film includes a first period layer with a structure represented by a formula (0.58H1.16L0.58H)N1, a second period layer with a structure represented by a formula (0.8L1.6H0.8L)N2, and a third period layer with a structure represented by a formula (0.95L1.9H0.95L)N3, wherein, H represents a thickness of a high refractive index layer being set at ¼ of a reference wavelength associated with the film, and L represents a thickness of a low refractive index layer being set at ¼ of a reference wavelength associated with the film, all of the N1, N2, and N3 represent the numbers of repetitions of the structures, enclosed by the corresponding parentheses, forming the first period layer, the second period layer, and the third period layer respectively.

Abstract: A dichroic mirror includes a substrate, a first film stack, and a second film stack. The first film stack is deposed on the substrate and has a structure represented by a first formula: (2HL)n. The second film stack is deposed on the first film stack and has a structure represented by a second formula: (0.325H0.65L0.325H)m. ‘2HL’ and ‘0.325H0.65L0.325H’ respectively represent a double-layer sub-structure of the first film stack and a sandwiched sub-structure of the second film stack, and ‘n’ and ‘m’, which are integers, respectively represent the number of repetitions of the double-layer sub-structures and sandwiched sub-structures ‘H’ and ‘L’ respectively represent a high refractive index layer and a low refractive index layer, both of which have a height equal to ¼ of the reference wavelength of the dichroic mirror, and ‘2’, ‘0.325’ and ‘0.65’ are height coefficients.

Abstract: A dichroic mirror includes a substrate and a dielectric multilayered film formed on a surface of the substrate. The dielectric multilayered film includes a first period layer with a structure represented by a formula (0.33HO.66LO.33H)n and a second period layer with a structure represented by a formula (2HM)m. Wherein H represents a high refractive index layer, L represents a low refractive index layer, M represents a middle refractive index layer, all of the H, L and M are set at ¼ lambda of a reference wavelength associated with the film, the m and n represent the number of repetitions of the structure, enclosed by the parentheses, used in the correspond first period layer or second period layer.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems for generating the color white in displays created from interferometric modulators and more specifically, to the generation of the color white through the use of reflected light at two wavelengths. In one embodiment, a display device displays the color white. The color white is generated by reflecting light from two pluralities of interferometric modulator types. The first modulator type reflects colored light at a specific wavelength. The second modulator type reflects colored light selected to be at a wavelength complementary to the first. The combined light reflected from the two types appears white in the display.

Abstract: In a mirror including a substrate and a dielectric multilayer coating structure formed on the substrate, the multilayer coating structure includes two mirror-function layer portions, each formed by a plurality of Layers deposited one on another, and a cavity layer that is arranged between the two mirror-function layer portions, and which causes light having a predetermined wavelength to resonate between the two mirror-function layer portions. Further, a dispersion value with respect to the light having the predetermined wavelength is in the range of ?600 fs2 to ?3000 fs2 and a reflectance with respect to the light having the predetermined wavelength is in the range of 97% to 99.5%.

Abstract: A projection optical system having a multilayered film mirror arranged to provide an approximately uniform reflectance throughout a predetermined light incidence angle range to thereby assure a desired optical performance. A projection exposure apparatus having such a projection optical system, and a device manufacturing method using such an exposure apparatus. A non-periodic film is used in a reflection multilayered film upon a mirror having a largest light incidence angle range or a mirror having a largest average of light incidence angle, and this effectively reduces a pupil transmittance distribution in the projection optical system.

Abstract: A device includes a pair of two partially transmitting optical surfaces positioned approximately parallel to each other and spaced apart. A high reflectance metal etalon coating is formed on each of the optical surfaces. An enhancing stack is coupled to the metal etalon coating on each of the optical surfaces.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multilayer structure wherein a first layer of a first material having an outer surface and a refracted index between 2 and 4 extends across an outer surface of a second layer having a refractive index between 1 and 3. The multilayer stack has a reflective band of less than 200 nanometers when viewed from angles between 0° and 80° and can be used to reflect a narrow range of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum ranges. In some instances, the reflection band of the multilayer structure is less than 100 nanometers. In addition, the multilayer structure can have a quantity defined as a range to mid-range ratio percentage of less than 2%.

Abstract: This invention relates to a non-chemical device for repelling flies from a building entrance or outside area. The device repels flies from such environments using the prismatic effect of ambient light passing through the clear rigid housing of the device, through the fluid contained within, and reflecting off a reflective element within the fluid. The device may be constructed such that a vacuum is created within the housing in order to prevent the growth of aerobic organisms within the device.

Abstract: A reflector having a structure in which a high refractive index layer, a low refractive index layer, and a metal layer mainly composed of silver or aluminum are sequentially arranged on a polymer base. The reflector can realize a higher reflectance than the conventional reflective bodies by using a polymer base wherein the atoms measured by XPS which constitute the surface of the polymer base are substantially identical with those constituting the inside of the polymer base. Furthermore, such a reflector can be used for a reflector, a reflector under a light-guiding plate, a backlight device and a liquid crystal display. The polymer base can be obtained by bringing a polymer base and a liquid into contact with each other.

Abstract: An electronic device for at least partially displaying a pixel of an image, the device comprising first and second reflectors defining an optical cavity therebetween, the optical cavity being selective of an electromagnetic wavelength at an intensity by optical interference, the device having a concentric control structure comprising at least an inner and an outermost electrode, the optical cavity being controlled only by the inner electrode.

Abstract: A multilayer mirror aims to reduce incidence angle dependence of reflectivity. A substrate is made of low thermal polished expansion glass with 0.2 nm RMS or less roughness of the surface. On the surface thereof formed is a Ru/Si multilayer having a wide full-width half maximum of peak reflectivity, and on the Ru/Si multilayer formed is a Mo/Si multilayer having a high peak reflectivity value. This enables higher reflectivity than when Ru/Si alone provided and a reflectivity peak having a wider full-width half maximum than when the Mo/Si multilayer alone provided. Since Ru absorbs EUV ray more than Mo does, higher reflectivity is obtainable than that of a structure having the Ru/Si multilayer formed on the Mo/Si multilayer. The multilayer with a wide full-width half maximum has small incidence angle dependence of reflectivity in spectral reflectivity, thereby achieving high imaging performance in projection optical system.

Abstract: The tunable add/drop multiplexer including a tiltable mirror, a fixed thin film filter, and first and second retro-reflector elements for redirecting express channels back out an input/output port and for redirecting drop channels back out an add/drop port, respectively.

Abstract: An optical element which includes an optical block having a cavity part formed on an optical path and an inclined face formed in an internal face of the cavity part at a prescribed inclining angle with respect to a traveling direction of light. Multilayer films of the same structure are formed at least on the internal face of the cavity part and on an interface between a light incident end and/or emission end of the optical block and outside. The multilayer film formed on the incline face in the internal face of the cavity part has at least a wavelength selecting function for light to be used.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a control technique for reducing wavelength dependence of wavelength dispersion values and also for suppressing a change in wavelength transmission characteristic with a temperature variation or the like, in a VIPA-type wavelength dispersion compensator.

Abstract: The invention concerns an optically variable element and a security product having such an optically variable element, a foil, in particular an embossing foil or a laminating foil having such an optically variable element, and a process for producing such an optically variable element. The optically variable element has a thin film layer succession with at least one spacer layer for producing color shifts by means of interference. In a first region of the thin film layer succession the spacer layer is of a different layer thickness from in a second region of the thin film layer succession. In that case the layer thicknesses of the spacer layer in the first and second regions are so selected that in the first region of the thin film layer succession a first color shift is produced by means of interference and in the second region of the thin film layer succession a second color shift which is different from the first color shift is produced.

Abstract: A UV-bandpass filter for transmitting therethrough light having a wavelength included in a UV-region. The bandpass filter is an optical filter including a thin silver film; wherein the thin silver film includes an entrance face and an exit face opposing the entrance face, for emitting light having a wavelength included in a specific UV-region whose wavelength ranges from 250 nm to 400 nm in the light having reached the entrance face, and has such a thickness as to yield a transmittance of 10% or less with respect to light having a wavelength excluding the specific UV-region.

Abstract: A method for forming a color shifting film on a support, the film comprising a reflective stack disposed adjacent to the support and an image is disclosed. The reflective stack comprises an at least partially transparent spacer layer comprising a substituted acrylamide polymer disposed between a partially reflective first layer and a reflective second layer. The acrylamide layer has a thickness sufficient to produce an interference color.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate having a plurality of pixel electrodes formed thereon in a matrix fashion, a second substrate having a common electrode formed thereon as facing the pixel electrodes with a specific gap, a liquid crystal filled in the gap, and a multi-layered optical film formed on the pixel electrodes. The multi-layered optical film has a first optical film that exhibits a first refractive index, a second optical film formed on the first optical film, the second optical film exhibiting a second refractive index higher than the first refractive index, and a third optical film formed on the second optical film, the third optical film exhibiting a specific resistance ranging from 1×109 ?cm to 8×1012 ?cm.

Abstract: A multilayer reflector useable to reflect or transmit light over the visible wavelength range includes optically thick constituent layers. The optical thickness of the constituent layers through the thickness of the reflector defines a layer thickness profile. The layers are arranged so that the thickness profile has a tailored non-uniform distribution, such as a graded distribution or a randomized distribution. The layers desirably have an optical thickness in a range from about one to five or one to ten design wavelengths. The reflector can be a polarizer, reflecting only one normally incident polarization state, or a mirror, reflecting two normally incident orthogonal polarization states.

Abstract: Color transmissive displays have historically used only backlight for forming the color image, and have not used ambient light. Usually, such a display is not used in bright sunlight, since the color image becomes washed out. Transflective color displays form an image by reflecting ambient light or by transmitting backlight, and can be used in bright sunlight. The transflector in such displays reflects the ambient light while also transmitting the backlight. The requirements on the transflector, however, are different from those used in monochromatic displays. According to the invention, a color transflective display device uses comprises a transmissive display unit having a viewing side and a back side and defining picture elements. A structured transflector is disposed to the back side of the color display unit. The structured transflector includes a structured surface and a layered dielectric reflector disposed over the structured surface.

Abstract: Interferometric modulators having a separable modulator architecture are disclosed having a reflective layer suspended from a flexible layer over a cavity. The interferometric modulators have one or more anti-tilt members that inhibit undesirable movement of the reflective layer, such as curling and/or tilting. The stabilization of the reflective layer by the anti-tilt members can improve the quality of the optical output of the interferometric modulators, as well as displays comprising such interferometric modulators.

Abstract: A multilayer mirror aims to reduce incidence angle dependence of reflectivity. A substrate is made of low thermal polished expansion glass with 0.2 nm RMS or less roughness of the surface. On the surface thereof formed is a Ru/Si multilayer having a wide full-width half maximum of peak reflectivity, and on the Ru/Si multilayer formed is a Mo/Si multilayer having a high peak reflectivity value. This enables higher reflectivity than when Ru/Si alone provided and a reflectivity peak having a wider full-width half maximum than when the Mo/Si multilayer alone provided. Since Ru absorbs EUV ray more than Mo does, higher reflectivity is obtainable than that of a structure having the Ru/Si multilayer formed on the Mo/Si multilayer. The multilayer with a wide full-width half maximum has small incidence angle dependence of reflectivity in spectral reflectivity, thereby achieving high imaging performance in projection optical system.

Abstract: A thin optic electro magnetic radiation polarization converter, available in various combinations, used to convert non-polarized radiation into a single polarization state, which may be utilized in many devices requiring polarized radiation. A unique geometric configuration and positioning of optic layers that cause polarization separation by radiation concentration, reflection and polarization conversion utilizing birefringent materials to convert incident radiation to a linear polarization.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a light-generating unit for generating a primary light in a first wavelength range, a wavelength-converting member connected to the light-generating unit for converting a portion of the primary light into a secondary light in a second wavelength range, and an omnidirectional reflector connected to the wavelength-converting member for receiving the secondary light and the remainder of the primary light which was not converted by the wavelength-converting member. The omnidirectional reflector is made from an omnidirectional one-dimensional photonic crystal having a reflectance characteristic that substantially permits total reflection of the remainder of the primary light with any incident angle and polarization back to the wavelength-converting member.

Abstract: A multi-layer mirror includes on top of the multi-layer mirror a spectral purity enhancement layer, for example for application in an EUV lithographic apparatus. This spectral purity enhancement layer includes a first spectral purity enhancement layer, but between the multi-layer mirror and first spectral purity enhancement layer there may optionally be an intermediate layer or a second spectral purity enhancement layer and intermediate layer. Hence, multi-layer mirrors with the following configurations are possible: multi-layer mirror/first spectral purity enhancement layer; multi-layer mirror/intermediate layer/first spectral purity enhancement layer; and multi-layer mirror/second spectral purity enhancement layer/intermediate layer/first spectral purity enhancement layer. The spectral purity of normal incidence radiation may be enhanced, such that DUV radiation is diminished relatively stronger than EUV radiation.

Abstract: A CWDM filter of the present invention comprises a first portion and a second portion. The first portion includes at least two Fabry-Perot cavity structures, and the second portion comprises a non ?/4 multi-layer structure which has a plurality of alternately superposed high refraction index layers and low refraction index layers on the first portion thereof. The thicknesses of the non ?/4 layers are randomly produced as per a pre-set wavelength range which takes 1470 nm as the center wavelength thereof by computer.

Abstract: A spectrally tunable optical detector and methods of manufacture therefore are provided. In one illustrative embodiment, the tunable optical detector includes a tunable bandpass filter, a detector and readout electronics, each supported by a different substrate. The substrates are secured relative to one another to form the spectrally tunable optical detector.

Abstract: In an optical filter, a thin film is formed by laminating low refractive index layers alternatingly from a substrate side with high refractive index layers. The thin film is provided with first, second, and third laminated portions. In the first laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers become gradually higher. In the second laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers are substantially equal to the highest refractive index of the high refractive index layers constituting the first laminated portion. In the third laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers become gradually lower, and the refractive indices of the low refractive index layers are substantially equal to the lowest refractive index of the low refractive index layers constituting the second laminated portion.

Abstract: A polygon mirror of a laser scanning unit includes reflective surfaces to reflect laser beams, and first to third dielectric layers laminated on the reflective surfaces. The second dielectric layer comprises TiO2 which can reduce a reflectivity deviation of the wavelengths of the laser beams to below 2%.

Abstract: In an optical filter, a thin film is formed by laminating low refractive index layers alternatingly from a substrate side with high refractive index layers. The thin film is provided with first, second, and third laminated portions. In the first laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers become gradually higher. In the second laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers are substantially equal to the highest refractive index of the high refractive index layers constituting the first laminated portion. In the third laminated portion, the refractive indices of the high refractive index layers become gradually lower, and the refractive indices of the low refractive index layers are substantially equal to the lowest refractive index of the low refractive index layers constituting the second laminated portion.

Abstract: A beam mixer for increasing intensity symmetry along a selected axis of a beam (wherein the beam extends from a first edge to a second edge along the axis) is disclosed and may include a plurality of mirrors establishing a spatially inverting path. For the beam mixer, the inverting path may have a beginning and an end and may be characterized in that a part of the beam near the first beam edge at the beginning of the path translates to the second beam edge at the end of the path. For this aspect, the beam mixer may further include an optic dividing the beam into first and second beam portions, the optic placing the first portion onto the inverting path and recombining the first and second portions onto a common path after the first portion has traveled along the inverting path thereby mixing the beam.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a composition comprising an isocyanate-reactive compound and a catalyst comprising a bismuth carboxylate and a zirconium carboxylate, wherein the catalyst is present in an amount sufficient to catalyze a reaction with the isocyanate-reactive compound and a polyisocyanate. Also disclosed is a process for preparing a composition, which comprises contacting an isocyanate-reactive compound with a polyisocyanate, in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst comprising a bismuth carboxylate and a zirconium carboxylate, under reaction conditions sufficient to form a composition containing at least one urethane group.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for stretching a pulse, shaping a stretched pulse, and modeling a stretched and/or shaped pulse are disclosed. An etalon has a port, a partially reflective surface, and a fully reflective surface. A base pulse is introduced into the etalon, and a plurality of portions of the base pulse propagating from the etalon are collected. The collected portions are then combined to generate a stretched pulse whose width is proportional to the width of the base pulse. This can be modeled by assigning a transmission factor value to each one of a plurality of tags and a reflection factor value to each one of the taps, excepting only one tap. A transport delay for is assigned to each tap to which a reflection factor value was assigned, wherein the transport delay is proportional to the width of a base pulse.