Abstract: A method of producing a microlens array includes a patterning step of forming a first optical resin layer having a first refractive index on a transparent substrate and forming a plurality of microlens planes arrayed in a two-dimensional pattern on the front surface of the first optical resin layer; a planarizing step of forming a planarized second optical resin layer; a joining step of providing a support layer on which a transparent protective film is previously formed; and a removing step of removing the support layer in such a manner that only the protective film remains on the second optical resin layer. The planarizing step is performed by filling irregularities of the microlens planes with a resin having a second refractive index and planarizing the front surface, opposed to the microlens planes, of the resin, to form the planarized second optical resin layer, and the joining step is performed by joining the support layer to the planarized second optical resin layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal cell having a cholesteric liquid crystal color filter; an integrated collimating polarizer under the liquid crystal cell, the integrated collimating polarizer having a collimating layer and a circular polarizer on the collimating layer; a backlight under the integrated collimating polarizer; a diffusing layer over the liquid crystal cell; a retardation layer over the diffusing layer; and a linear polarizer over the retardation layer.

Abstract: A method of producing a microlens array includes a patterning step of forming a first optical resin layer having a first refractive index on a transparent substrate and forming a plurality of microlens planes arrayed in a two-dimensional pattern on the front surface of the first optical resin layer; a planarizing step of forming a planarized second optical resin layer; a joining step of providing a support layer on which a transparent protective film is previously formed; and a removing step of removing the support layer in such a manner that only the protective film remains on the second optical resin layer. The planarizing step is performed by filling irregularities of the microlens planes with a resin having a second refractive index and planarizing the front surface, opposed to the microlens planes, of the resin, to form the planarized second optical resin layer, and the joining step is performed by joining the support layer to the planarized second optical resin layer.

Abstract: A method of producing a microlens array includes a patterning step of forming a first optical resin layer having a first refractive index on a transparent substrate and forming a plurality of microlens planes arrayed in a two-dimensional pattern on the front surface of the first optical resin layer; a planarizing step of forming a planarized second optical resin layer; a joining step of providing a support layer on which a transparent protective film is previously formed; and a removing step of removing the support layer in such a manner that only the protective film remains on the second optical resin layer. The planarizing step is performed by filling irregularities of the microlens planes with a resin having a second refractive index and planarizing the front surface, opposed to the microlens planes, of the resin, to form the planarized second optical resin layer, and the joining step is performed by joining the support layer to the planarized second optical resin layer.

Abstract: A neutralizing sheet for an autostereoscopic image viewing system. The image viewing system includes a lenticular sheet covering a display screen. The neutralizing sheet including a pliable portion and is movable between a first position and a second position. The pliable portion has a refractive index similar to the lenticular sheet. When pressed into the lenticular sheet to define the first position, the pliable portion deforms to assume the shape of the lenticular sheet. Thus, refraction through the lenticular sheet is neutralized and viewing of planar images is enabled. In the second position, the neutralizing sheet is separated from the lenticular sheet and viewing of stereoscopic images is enabled.

Abstract: A container with a lenticular lens system integrally formed in a clear sidewall with the lenticular material or lenticules on an exterior or outer surface of the sidewall and a registration framework or system on the interior or inner surface of the sidewall. The registration framework includes a side registration post with a pair of side registration shelves for receiving side edges of an inserted label. The framework includes upper and lower registration shelves extending about the periphery of the interior surface of the sidewall between a top and a bottom portion of the side post between the pair of side registration shelves. The registration shelves define a registration area having a shape and size corresponding to the label. Sealing flaps extend along the shelves for sealing the label within the cup. The label includes image strips covered by an adhesive layer for bonding with the sidewall surface.

Abstract: A micro-lens array with a precisely aligned aperture mask, and a method of forming the same, is provided. The aperture mask is formed by projecting light onto a mask layer using each lenslet in the micro-lens array. The intensity of the light and the mask layer material are chosen so that the light forms apertures in the mask layer via a non-ablative process. The resulting apertures are automatically aligned with their respective lenslets.

Abstract: A microlens array having a resin layer forming convex lenses, wherein the resin layer comprises a cured product of a polycarbodiimide resin represented by formula: wherein R represents a diisocyanate residue; R1 represents a monoisocyanate residue; and n represents an integer of 1 to 100.

Abstract: A microlens of an inorganic material having a relatively high index of refraction is formed with a convex lower surface for refracting light from above through an underlying spacer layer to converge on a photodiode therebelow. The microlens and photodiode may be replicated in an array of such elements along with color filters and CMOS circuit elements on a semiconductor chip to provide an image sensor. The spacer layer, which has a relatively low refractive index, is subjected to a selective isotropic etch through an opening in an etch mask to define a concave surface that forms an interface with the convex lower surface of the microlens upon subsequent conformal deposition of the material of the microlens.

Abstract: In a method and system for imaging using multiple apertures, the present invention uses an array of lens elements to form the aperture for a high resolution imaging system. The light from each lens element is properly phased and reduced in volume to form a compact imaging system that captures images with higher resolution possible with each individual element, potentially the resolution will correspond to an aperture equivalent to the size of the lens array.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a micro-lens array substrate according to the present invention includes the steps of: (1) disposing a stamper having a first micro-lens array pattern formed on one surface of the stamper and a second micro-lens array pattern formed on other surface of the stamper between a first transparent substrate and a second transparent substrate facing each other; and (2) removing the stamper, after forming micro-lens arrays which are made of first and second light transmitting resins respectively between the first transparent substrate and the stamper and between the second transparent substrate and the stamper, so as to fix a third light transmitting resin between the two micro-lens arrays, thereby manufacturing a micro-lens array substrate.

Abstract: The light diffusing plate includes a lens substrate, a plurality of microlenses disposed on a surface of the lens substrate, a plurality of light exit areas, each having a circular or rectangular form a center of which is coincident with an optical axis of the microlens, and a light shield layer formed on another surface of the lens substrate, and covering other area than the light exit areas. When n and t are a refractive index and a thickness of the lens substrate, respectively, and C (R; diameter, A, B; sides of rectangle) is a size of light exit area, a size of the microlens Sr satisfies the following formula in the light diffusing plate: Sr?2t×tan ?+C (with the proviso that ?=sin?1(1/n)).

Abstract: The light collimating plate includes a lens substrate, a plurality of microlenses disposed on a surface of the lens substrate, a plurality of light entrance areas, each having a circular or rectangular form a center of which is on an optical axis of the microlens, and a light shield layer formed on another surface of the lens substrate, and covering other area than the light entrance areas. When n and t are a refractive index and a thickness of the lens substrate, respectively, and C (R; diameter, A, B; sides of rectangle) is a size of light entrance area, a size of the microlens Sr satisfies the following formula in the light collimating plate: Sr?2t×tan ?+C (with the proviso that ?=sin?1 (1/n)).

Abstract: Disclosed is a transparent polymeric film having a top and bottom surface comprising a plurality of complex lenses on at least one surface thereof and containing as its primary ingredient a polymer sufficient to impart to the film a light transmission of at least 92% based on a film thickness of 125 micrometers.

Abstract: A supporting structure for supporting an optical element. The supporting structure includes a first supporting member for supporting the optical element, a second supporting member arranged in an outer diameter side of the first supporting member for supporting the first supporting member, and an elastic member placed between the first supporting member and the second supporting member in the radial direction of the optical element. The inner diameter side of the elastic member is connected to the first supporting member while an outer diameter side of the elastic member is connected to the second supporting member. The elastic member is elastically deformable in the radial direction.

Abstract: An IR sensor device in accordance with the present invention includes an optical train, a focal plane array (FPA) for receiving incoming ray bundles that have passed through the optical train, and a decentered plano-convex field lens positioned therebetween the filed lens is decentered in that it is positioned so that the optical axis intersects the fields lens at an offset distance from the geometric center of the lens perimenter. When the field lens is positioned in this manner, optical ray bundles that pass through the field lens establish a revised image plane. To compensate for the revised image plane, the FPA is titled until the FPA is co-planar with the revised image plane. Any reflected optical ray bundles are refracted as they pass back through the field lens and directed away from the pupil, to prevent reflected optical ray bundles from entering the optical train and leaving the sensor as an IR retro-reflection during operation of the device.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus includes an illumination optical system for illuminating an original with ultraviolet light, a projection optical system for projecting a pattern of the original onto a substrate to be exposed and a gas purging means for replacing an inside space, which contains optical components of at least one of the illumination optical system and the projection optical system, with a gas having substantially no water content.

Abstract: The disclosed hybrid microlens enables the economical production of large diameter, high numerical aperture refractive microlens by microfabrication. The hybrid microlens has a combination of a refractive microlens formed on a thin layer of high index material such as silicon and a spacer layer of a low index material such as fused silica. Advantages include substantially reduced lens sag, fast etching of the microlens, small wafer stack thickness, large diffraction angle in the low index spacer, large optical beam diameter, high optical performance, and low cost. Also disclosed is a design for substantially reduced optical return signal and small polarization dependent optical loss from an optical fiber which is perpendicular to and butt-coupled to a planar optical surface. This design is to form a small slanted surface on the planar optical surface in the vicinity of the optical fiber core and fill the space between the fiber and the slanted surface with an index-matching optical epoxy.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a microlens array includes the step of forming second light transmitting layers 36 on a first light transmitting layer 26. The first light transmitting layer 26 has a plurality of recessed parts 28 and partitions 32 for delimiting the recessed parts 28, wherein at least a portion of the inner surface of each recessed part 28 is a lens surface 30. The second light transmitting layers 36 are formed in the respective recessed parts 28 in such a manner that the second light transmitting layers 36 avoid the partitions 32 of the first light transmitting layer 26. The second light transmitting layers 36 are formed in such a manner that the surfaces of the second light transmitting layers 36 form lens surfaces 38 for the respective recessed parts 28.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of producing a transmissive screen having a structure including light-absorption-material patterns that are formed on locations corresponding to locations of lens members, which are provided side by side on a light-transmissive substrate, and to locations of boundary portions between the corresponding lens members. In this method, lens compositions are discharged onto and are caused to land on the light transmissive substrate, and, by drops of the lens compositions, very small lens members or precursors thereof are formed. It is possible to provide a method of producing a transmissive screen, which makes it possible to realize, at a low cost, a bright transmissive screen which has high contrast ratio and which can display a high-quality image having reduced or no moiré and reduced or no speckles.

Abstract: A conventional solid-state imaging device in which a sealing resin is applied onto a microlens has a low condensing efficiency. There are provided a photodiode 14 for receiving light, a microlens 4 made of a resin set on the photodiode 14 and having a refractive index of n3, a thin-film lens 3 formed on the microlens 4 and having a refractive index of n2, a sealing resin 2 formed on the thin-film lens 3 and having a refractive index of n1, and cover glass 1 formed on the sealing resin 2 to seal the sealing resin 2. The refractive index n2 of the thin-film lens 3 is set to a value smaller than n1 and n3. In this case, it is assumed that values of n1 and n3 are substantially equal to each other and the thin-film lens 3 is made of fluoride and/or oxide.

Abstract: A protected lenticular product includes a lenticular substrate having an index of refraction NL, the substrate having a lenticular surface with a plurality of peaks and valleys forming a plurality of respective lenticule lenses. An optical medium is provided on the lenticular surface, the medium having an index of refraction NC substantially less than NL.

Abstract: A lenticular lens sheet having (1) a light-transmitting lens sheet body with a lenticular lens group formed of multiple lenticular lenses placed on a surface of the body and a silver salt emulsion light-shielding layer laminated to the other surface of the light-transmitting lens sheet body. Light-transmitting areas in the light-shielding layer correspond to light-converging parts of the lenticular lenses on the body. The positions of the light-shielding areas correspond to non-light-converging parts of the lenticular lenses. The light-shielding characteristics result from the darkened silver dispersed in the silver salt emulsion. A method for making the lenticular lens sheet is disclosed also.

Abstract: A transmission screen sheet which is given a large number of lens-like forms on the surface like ridges and has a thickness of 0.1 to 2.0 mm, wherein (i) the sheet is formed from a thermoplastic resin whose inclination (W) obtained from the relationship between melt viscosity (Y) and load (X) satisfies the following expression (1) when the melt viscosity is in the range of 102 to 103 Pa·s, and (i) the lens-like forms change in height substantially non-stepwise from the center portion or a portion near the center portion to the end portions of the sheet in a direction perpendicular to the ridges: 2×10−2≦W≦6×10−2  (1) wherein W is represented by the following equation: W=−(log Y/X) wherein X is a load (MPa) and Y is the melt viscosity (Pa·s) of the resin.

Abstract: A processing for producing a microlens array is provided, the process contains the steps of: producing a microlens array master by the photo-electrodeposition method or the photocatalytic method using a substrate for forming a microlens array master containing an insulating substrate having thereon an electroconductive thin film and a photosemiconductor thin film; producing a template by forming a layer of a template resin material on the surface of the master, followed by releasing; and forming a layer of a microlens array resin material having a controlled refractive index on the template, followed by releasing.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a microlens includes: forming on a transparent substrate a first film which has an etching rate higher than the transparent substrate, forming on the first film a mask in which a pit is provided at a position corresponding to a center of the microlens to-be-formed, and wet-etching the first film and the transparent substrate through the mask, to thereby excavate in the transparent substrate a non-spherical recess which defines a curved surface of the microlens.

Abstract: A tunable microlens is disclosed that having a substrate with a non-zero radius of curvature in a way such that the microlens is able to achieve a new directional view without manual repositioning. The directional view of the microlens is altered by applying a voltage to at least one of a plurality of electrodes and thereby causing a voltage differential between the at least one of a plurality of electrodes and a conducting droplet of liquid disposed on the substrate with a non-zero radius of curvature. As the droplet moves to a different point along the surface of the substrate having a non-zero radius of curvature, the directional view the microlens changes in a way such that light originating from the new directional view is more advantageously focused into an image on a detector. The field of view of the microlens is limited only by the area on the substrate over which the droplet can move. An array of such microlenses may be used to facilitate a wider field of view.

Abstract: A lens array and a method for fabricating the lens array are described herein. The lens array is made from a photosensitive glass plate containing a relatively small amount of a photosensitive agent (e.g., silver, gold or combination thereof) such that when the photosensitive glass plate is subjected to an exposure step, a heat treatment step and an optional ion exchange step it becomes a glass composite plate that includes glass regions which are lenses and also includes an opaque opal region located around each of the lenses. The lens array has clear, colorless lenses exhibiting greater sag heights than those yellow lenses found in a traditional lens array made from the traditional photosensitive glass plate which was subjected to similar exposure, heat treatment and ion exchange steps.

Abstract: A known display device consists of a sheet-like support which is covered with liquid thermocromic crystals. The crystals are tempered by individual power supply to individual heatable elements, which lie close to the crystals and are placed between the sheet-like support and the crystals. The crystals assume different shades of color dependent on the given temperature so that hereby the color of the crystals will form a certain pattern. In order to improve the possibilities to control the tempering of the individual crystals and also protect them from being effected by the ambient temperature and from mechanical damage, the crystals have an underlying arrangement which is controlled to cool down th crystals and/or keep the sheet-like support of the crystals at a certain temperature. This temperature is lower than the temperature, at which the crystals are colored. Further the crystals are covered by a coating of lacquer over the complete sheet-like support.

Abstract: A lens sheet body 2 is prepared by laminating, to a transparent film 6, a lenticular lens layer 7 having a plurality of lenticular lenses arranged, and a silver salt emulsion layer 10 is laminated to this lens sheet body 2 on its light-emerging surface side. For example, lamination of the silver salt emulsion layer 10 to the lens sheet body 2 is conducted by backing a silver salt emulsion layer 10 with a transparent film 8 to obtain a silver salt photosensitive film 5 and adhering this silver salt photosensitive film 5 to the lens sheet body 2 with the use of an adhesive agent layer 9, with the transparent film 8 of the silver salt photosensitive film 5 facing the lens sheet body 2. Next, parallel rays 40 are applied to the lens sheet body 2 from the lenticular lens layer 7 side to expose those parts of the silver salt emulsion layer 10 that correspond to the light-converging parts of the lenticular lenses 3a. Thereafter, the silver salt emulsion layer 10 exposed is developed.

Abstract: A method includes the steps of disposing a substrate having a conductive thin film and a photo-semiconductor thin film in this order on an insulative base in an aqueous electrolyte material that solubility is lowered by a change of pH, irradiating with light a selected region of the photo-semiconductor thin film and precipitating the material to the selected region of the photo-semiconductor thin film to form a micro-lens array layer.

Abstract: Recent advances in surface techniques have lead to the development of extremely small (sub-micron) scale features. These techniques allow the formation of polymer micro-lenses as well as variable focus liquid lenses. The present invention primarily concerns the use of small scale lenses for the fabrication of novel displays which exhibit three-dimensional (3D) effects. Both still images and video images (or other motion images) can be generated.

Abstract: In the production of optical elements, not only flat substrates but also spherical or aspherical substrates are used. The costs of such a substrate can exceed the coating costs by a multiple. Particularly in development work, cost savings may be achieved if a substrate can be used repeatedly. To recover a substrate, it is proposed to provide an interlayer between the substrate and the functional layers, which comprises at least one layer of chromium and one layer of scandium. By immersing the optical element into a hydrochloric acid solution, this interlayer is dissolved, so that the functional layer is also removed from the substrate and the substrate is ready for reuse.

Abstract: An image display generator for use in a head-up display includes an array of light emitting devices such as LEDs or VCSELs formed on a semiconductor layer deposited on one surface of a glass like, e.g. Sapphire, sheet in which a plurality of lenses are formed on the opposite surface with each lens aligned with a respective one of the LEDs or VCSELs. A layer of transparent insulating material is disposed over the semiconductor layer and is coated with a reflecting material. Light emitted by the LEDs is directly incident onto respective over the lenses and is indirectly reflected onto the lenses by the reflecting material.

Abstract: Micro lens systems and articles thereof that may be applied to LCD display systems and/or projection systems include carrier media layers having attached arrays of micro lens systems for modification of a light path, either horizontally and/or vertically. The micro lens systems may have light dispersing surfaces and/or may contain an isotropic light disperser, such as light diffusing particles or other types of bulk diffuser. The carrier media layers may include combinations of reflective material, highly transparent material, light absorbing material, opaque material, photosensitive film, light dispersing material, metallic material, prism-like optical material, retarding material, polarizing material and/or any other functional material to provide extra modification of optical performance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a collimator assembly for use in an optical switch. The collimator assembly includes an integrated LED/photodiode plane disposed in a dual microlens array. The integrated LED/photodiode plane results in a relatively simple way to manufacture high port count collimator arrays with integrated monitoring capabilities. The LED/photodiode plane can be readily produced using standard electronics manufacturing technology.

Abstract: A lens sheet of the present invention comprises: a lens layer having a plurality of unit lenses, each of which is adapted to fully reflect a part of an incident light beam on a fully reflecting portion so as to emit it from a light emitting portion, arranged in a one- or two-dimensional direction on a light emitting side; and reflection attenuating layers for reflecting the light beam incident from an incident light side and attenuating the light beam incident from the light emitting side, the reflection attenuating layers being formed of a material, which can form the layers via a vacuum film forming method, on the fully reflecting portion.

Abstract: By forming a microlens of negative photoresist, economical microlens fabrication processes may be used which, in some embodiments, may achieve microlenses having good optical clarity and high thermal stability. In one embodiment, a positive photoresist may be used as a pattern mask to transfer a pattern to the negative photoresist. The microlenses may be formed by dry etching the positive photoresist which acts as a mask to transfer a pattern to the underlying negative photoresist. At the same time a scratch protection layer may be formed over regions not overlying optical sensors.

Abstract: A light beam polarization converter for converting non-polarized light beams of an illumination source having a plurality of polarization states into a single polarization state is disclosed. The light beams from the bottom converged by the lower surface of the under plate and further parallelized by the upper surface thereof enter the converter. After a series of optical processes of polarization splitting, reflection or total reflection, and phase retardation within the converter, the light beams will pass through the converter as light beams of a single polarization state.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a micro lens array comprising a step of forming a color pattern layer including a plurality of pixels in a predetermined arrangement on a light transmitting substrate, and a step of curving surfaces of the pixels in the color pattern layer corresponding to lens surfaces, wherein in the step of curving the surfaces of the pixels, the pixels are melted by heating to cause the surfaces of the pixels to convexly curved by surface tension.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a microlens array including the steps of forming a reflecting layer as a mark composed of at least one of a raised part and a recessed part in a first light-transmitting layer having a plurality of lenses and the mark, the reflecting layer having a higher reflectance than that of the first light-transmitting layer; and forming a second light-transmitting layer so as to cover at least the lenses.

Abstract: Microlens arrays, especially useful for optical coupling in optical switches of fiber optic telecommunications systems are produced with optical quality requisite for such applications with a replicating tool. This tool is made using a form tool set up in a rotating spindle of a precision air bearing milling machine at an angle of inclination such that the point of zero surface velocity is maintained outside of the surface of substrate machined to make the tool for replicating the arrays. The tip of the form tool has a profile corresponding to the profile of the lenses of the array, such as a generally circular profile having a radius centered at the axis of rotation of the form tool. The form tool is reciprocated with respect to the surface so as to form cavities of the desired profile, radius and depth which corresponds each identical lens of the array. To provide arrays the form tool is raised and the substrate is translated to preprogrammed positions.

Abstract: A light beam polarization converter converts non-polarized light beams of an illumination source having a plurality of polarization states into a single polarization state. The light beams from the bottom converged by the lower surface of the under plate and further parallelized by the upper surface thereof enter the converter. After a series of optical processes of polarization splitting, reflection or total reflection, and phase retardation within the converter, the light beams will pass through the converter as light beams of a single polarization state.

Abstract: A lens system which has a first optical boundary with a radius of curvature R, a second optical boundary located substantially a distance R from the first boundary, and a third optical boundary nearer to the second optical boundary than R. Secondly, a lens system providing optical field limitation using total internal reflection. Also, an array of lenses for reproduction, capture and display of three dimensional images discussed.

Abstract: A conventional solid-state imaging device in which a sealing resin is applied onto a microlens has a low condensing efficiency. There are provided a photodiode 14 for receiving light, a microlens 4 made of a resin set on the photodiode 14 and having a refractive index of n3, a thin-film lens 3 formed on the microlens 4 and having a refractive index of n2, a sealing resin 2 formed on the thin-film lens 3 and having a refractive index of n1, and cover glass 1 formed on the sealing resin 2 to seal the sealing resin 2. The refractive index n2 of the thin-film lens 3 is set to a value smaller than n1 and n3. In this case, it is assumed that values of n1 and n3 are substantially equal to each other and the thin-film lens 3 is made of fluoride and/or oxide.

Abstract: A rod lens array has a construction in which a number of rod-shaped lens elements are arrayed in at least one row between two side plates, and the clearances are filled with resin to form a single integral unit. Two side plates are formed of glass plates, the surfaces of these two glass plates facing the lens elements are flat and smooth, the outer surfaces on the opposite sides are formed with reflection-preventing portions, the side surfaces of both of the glass plates on the beam-exit side are formed with beam-shielding zones from the outer edges inwardly along almost the whole length. The width of the light-tight zone Ts satisfies the relation; Tg>Ts>Tg−Z×D×{2+{square root over (3)}×(n−1)}/{2×(TC−Z)}, where Tg is a thickness of the glass plate, D is a diameter of lens element, Z is a length of lens element, TC is a conjugate length, and n: number of columns of lens element.

Abstract: In a lighting system for motor vehicles, light from a HID or MPXL lamp is collected by a collector which surrounds the light source at least partly and is guided further to a separator of optical waveguide material, which separator forms a desired light beam via a specially shaped light outlet surface so as to obtain as high as possible a light output.

Abstract: A compact image pickup optical system capable of providing a clear image of minimal distortion even at a wide field angle, and an image pickup apparatus using such an image pickup optical system. The image pickup optical system forms an object image on the surface of an image pickup device (8). At least a rear optical unit (4) is provided on the image side of a pupil plane (1). The rear optical unit (4) has at least one reflecting surface decentered such that the whole surface is tilted with respect to an axial principal ray (2) defined by a light ray emanating from the object center and passing through the pupil center to reach the image center. The reflecting surface has a rotationally asymmetric surface configuration that corrects rotationally asymmetric decentration aberrations caused by decentration, thereby reducing rotationally asymmetric aberrations of the object image.

Abstract: A tunable liquid microlens includes an insulating layer, a droplet of a transparent conducting liquid, and a lubricating layer disposed on a first surface of the insulating layer and between the droplet and the insulating layer. The microlens also includes a plurality of electrodes insulated from the droplet by the insulating layer and the lubricating layer, the plurality of electrodes being disposed such that they may be selectively biased to create a respective voltage potential between the droplet and each of the plurality of electrodes, whereby an angle between the droplet and a plane parallel to the first surface of the insulating layer may be varied and the droplet may be repositioned relative to the insulating layer.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, this application describes a system for pixilating a window. A means is provided for separating electromagnetic energy entering a window according to its focal point. Means are provided for separating trajectories of electromagnetic radiation at a curve where its focal points form and for selecting which trajectories of electromagnetic energy will exit the window. A means if provided for selecting at what trajectory said selected electromagnetic energy will exit the window. Multiple users of the window will each see the same views from their different respective vantage points.