Abstract: A method of forming a device, the method including: depositing a first photoresist layer over a substrate, forming an array of seed lenses by patterning and reflowing the first photoresist layer, a dimension of the array of seed lenses varying across the substrate, forming a second photoresist layer over the array of seed lenses, and forming a microlens array by patterning and reflowing the second photoresist layer.

Abstract: The present invention generally pertains to a corrugated transparent top panel provided useful for either increasing or decreasing harvesting of solar radiation and to methods thereof. A special use of this panel is in photovoltaic cells, solar cells, walls, windows and agricultural structures.

Abstract: An optical diffusing element includes a light emitting surface. The light emitting surface has microstructures, each microstructure has a border, the border of each microstructure is completely connected with the borders of the adjacent microstructures, each microstructure has a surface profile, and a functional formula of the surface profile is: s ? ( x ) = x 2 R + R 2 - ( ? + 1 ) ? x 2 ; s(x) represents the surface profile of each microstructure on an x-axis. The value x represents a vertical projection position of the surface profile on the x-axis. The value R represents a curvature radius of a vertex of each microstructure. The value ? represents a conic coefficient of each microstructure. The microstructures have the same value R and value ?. A light emitting assembly for three-dimension sensing includes the optical diffusing element and a light source.

Abstract: A backplane for controlling a display is disclosed. The backplane includes a plurality of tiles formed into an array. Each of the plurality of tiles includes a plurality of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor backplane dies. Edges of the backplane dies that form a perimeter of the array include electrical connections that direct electrical signals to at least one of the CMOS backplane dies. A display assembly is also disclosed wherein the display assembly includes a backplane having an array of tiles. Each tile includes a plurality of electrically coupled CMOS backplane dies, where edges of the tiles that form an outer perimeter of the array include electrical connections directing electrical signals to one or more of the plurality of CMOS backplane dies. The display assembly further includes at least one light emitting diode array electrically coupled with at least one tile.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present disclosure may provide a microlens array including: an optical substrate configured to define multiple cells; and multiple microlenses distributed on the optical substrate and having angle profiles or tilting profiles, wherein angle profiles of the multiple cells are defined based on the shapes of edges of the cells, and tilting profiles of the multiple cells are defined based on the tilts of the microlenses or the tilt of the optical substrate.

Abstract: An optical element including a body of optical material; and a plurality of microstructures along a surface of the body, wherein each microstructure of the plurality of microstructures has a sag profile. An optical system can include a light source; and an optical element having a body of optical material and a plurality of microstructures along a surface of the body, wherein each microstructure of the plurality of microstructures generates a super-cosine intensity profile that provides an irradiance over a field of view. Methods of making and using the optical element and optical system are also disclosed.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus including (A) an imaging lens; and (B) an image sensor array in which a plurality of image sensor units are arrayed, wherein, a single image sensor unit includes a single microlens and a plurality of image sensors light passing through the imaging lens and reaching each image sensor unit passes through the microlens and forms an image on the plurality of image sensors constituting the image sensor unit, an inter-unit light shielding layer is formed between the image sensor units themselves, and a light shielding layer is not formed between the image sensor units which constitute the image sensor unit.

Abstract: An apparatus for laser machining a workpiece includes a beam shaping device for forming a focal zone from an input laser beam incident on the beam shaping device, and a telescope device for imaging the focal zone into a material of the workpiece. The beam shaping device is configured to impose a phase on a beam cross section of the input laser beam in such a way that the focal zone extends along a longitudinal centre axis which is curved at least in certain portions. The telescope device is assigned a beam splitting device for splitting an output laser beam output coupled from the beam shaping device into a plurality of polarized partial beams, each of which has one of at least two different polarization states. The focal zone has an asymmetrical cross section in a plane oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal centre axis.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an optically-transparent device (100) comprising a main part (10) of dielectric material having a refractive index n2. Such an optically-transparent device is configured for forming a field intensity distribution in a near zone of said device, from electromagnetic waves incidentally illuminating said device, when said device is embedded in a dielectric material having a refractive index n1 lower than said refractive index n2.

Abstract: The present application provides a compound eye camera device comprising a plurality of ommatidia arranged in a column or a row, and each of the ommatidia comprises an optical element and corresponding photosensitive units; each of the ommatidium columns corresponds to at least one ommatidium-column visual plane, the at least one ommatidium-column visual plane passing through the optical center of each ommatidium in the ommatidium column and a position near the center of at least one photosensitive unit of each ommatidium; each photosensitive unit intersects at least one ommatidium-column visual plane, and sight line of each photosensitive unit passes through the center of the photosensitive unit and the optical center of the ommatidium where the photosensitive unit is located; and a processor is configured to generate images based on information received by the photosensitive units, and to process the images to obtain information regarding the photographed object.

Abstract: A backlight module, including: a first base, a mini light-emitting diode chip array, an encapsulation layer covering the mini light-emitting diode chip array and a superlens array sequentially arranged on a first substrate; and a second base, a wire grate array and a prism structure sequentially arranged on a second substrate. The superlens array, the wire grate array and the prism structure include a plurality of superlenses, a plurality of wire grates and a plurality of prism groups, respectively. The second base is a glass base, orthographic projections of the plurality of wire grates on the first base at least partially overlap with the orthographic projections of the plurality of superlenses on the first base, respectively, and orthographic projections of the plurality of prism groups on the first base are located between the orthographic projections of two adjacent wire grates on the first base, respectively.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for beam combining for multiple multimode semiconductor laser diodes includes achieving beam combining in radiant space to provide a directional laser beam with a uniform high radiant intensity level distribution over a large area at a long distance from the source. The method uses more than one broad area high-power multimode semiconductor laser diode and individual optics for collimation, and includes combining the beams of these emitters to provide a relatively homogeneous radiant intensity beam at a long distance for applications such as directed energy delivery, free-space laser communication, and directional infrared countermeasures.

Abstract: A light-source device includes a plurality of light emitters; and a plurality of optical elements through which laser beams emitted from the plurality of light emitters pass. The plurality of optical elements includes: a first optical element configured to emit a laser beam of a first divergence angle; and a second optical element configured to emit a laser beam of a second divergence angle smaller than the first divergence angle.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an apparatus includes an energy source, a support platform for holding a wafer, an optical path extending from the energy source to the support platform, and a photomask aligned such that a patterned major surface of the photomask is parallel to the force of gravity, where the optical path passes through the photomask, where the patterned major surface of the photomask is perpendicular to a topmost surface of the support platform.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an image reading device having a highly-accurate structure that enables an easy increase in depth of field, that is, improvement in the depth of the field, without need for a change in basic characteristics of lenses. An overlap preventer (5) disposed between a lens array (1) and a sensor element array (3) to prevent overlap of images formed by lenses (2) is included. A slit section (5) that is the overlap preventer (5) includes multiple slit plates (7) arranged in a main scanning direction and extending in a sub-scanning direction to partition off a space, and the slit plates (7) are fixed to fixing plates (13).

Abstract: A security device includes an arrangement of image icon focusing elements, wherein each image icon focusing element of the arrangement of image icon focusing elements is associated with a focal path. The device further includes an image icon layer with one or more image icons associated with a first characteristic color and one or more image icons associated with a second characteristic color and one or more regions between the image icons comprising a volume of substantially colorless material. At a first viewing angle, a color is visible through each image icon focusing element, and the color visible through each image icon focusing element at the first viewing angle is based on one or more of the first characteristic color, the second characteristic color, or the substantially colorless material.

Abstract: A device includes a host medium having a first refractive index value; a first layer comprising a first dielectric material having a second refractive index value, wherein the second refractive index value is greater than the first refractive index value, and wherein the first layer comprises a first step structure at a boundary between the first layer and the host medium; and a second layer comprising a second dielectric material and comprising a second step structure, the second layer having a third refractive index value higher than the first refractive index value of the host medium, wherein the second step structure is stacked on the first step structure, and, in response to an incident electromagnetic wave reaching the device, a first nanojet beam generated by the first step structure and a second nanojet beam generated by the second step structure are combined and focused around a first focusing point.

Abstract: A security device made up of a security film (130) having (i) an array of image elements (103); (ii) an array of focusing elements (106); and (iii) at least one anti-viscid agent (115), is provided. The array of focusing elements and the array of image elements are disposed relative to each other such that a synthetic image is projected by the security film when at least a portion of the array of image elements are viewed through at least a portion of the array of focusing elements. The anti-viscid agent is coupled with the array of focusing elements.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to apparatus and methods for semiconductor processing, more particularly, to a thermal process chamber. In one or more embodiments, a process chamber comprises a first window, a second window, a substrate support disposed between the first window and the second window, and a motorized rotatable radiant spot heating source disposed over the first window and configured to provide radiant energy through the first window.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an optical aperture multiplier is provided. A slice and a first optical structure are obtained. The slice has external faces including a pair of parallel faces, and a first plurality of partially reflective internal surfaces oblique to the pair of parallel faces. The first optical structure has external surfaces including a planar coupling surface, and a second plurality of partially reflective internal surfaces oblique to the coupling surface. The slice is optically coupled with the first optical structure such that one of the faces of the pair of parallel faces is in facing relation with the coupling surface to form a second optical structure. At least one optical aperture multiplier is sliced from the second optical structure by cutting the second optical structure through at least two cutting planes perpendicular to the coupling surface. The optical aperture multiplier is preferably part of a near eye display augmented reality system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a wavefront sensor for measuring a tilt of a wavefront at an array of locations across a beam of radiation, wherein said wavefront sensor comprises a film, for example of Zirconium, having an indent array comprising an indent at each of said array of locations, such that each indent of the indent array is operable to perform focusing of said radiation. Also disclosed is a radiation source and inspection apparatus comprising such a wavefront sensor.

Abstract: A microlens array device includes a substrate and a microlens array. The microlens array is disposed on the substrate and includes a plurality of first lenses and a plurality of second lenses. Each of the first lenses is used to project a first pattern on a far field. Each of the second lenses is used to project a second pattern on the far field. The first pattern has a first area on the far field. The second pattern has a second area on the far field. The first area is different from the second area. One of the two patterns is completely overlapped on the other one of the two patterns.

Abstract: The present application discloses an optical receiving device and an optical sensing device. The optical receiving device includes a lens assembly, a reflecting member, and a photosensitive member. The lens assembly includes at least one lens. The reflecting member is located on a transmission path of light passing through the lens assembly. The reflecting member has a reflecting surface. The reflecting surface is configured to reflect the light passing through the lens assembly. The photosensitive member has a photosensitive surface. The photosensitive surface is configured to receive light reflected by the reflecting surface. After passing through the lens assembly, a detecting echo light beam reflected back from a target object is reflected by the reflecting surface of the reflecting member, so that the light is transmitted to the photosensitive surface of the photosensitive member intensively.

Abstract: A lighting device comprises a light-emitting module with light-emitting elements, wherein the light-emitting elements are arranged adjacent to each other and are configured to emit light towards a light-emitting side. The light-emitting module is configured such that the light-emitting elements can be addressed partially independently of each other, such that some may be brought into a switched-on state while others are brought into a switched-off state. A top layer is disposed on the light-emitting module at the light-emitting side. Further comprising a switching material capable of a reversible change in transmittance for the light emitted by changing to a higher transmittance in regions where the top layer situated on light-emitting elements in the switched-on state or to a lower transmittance in regions of the top layer situated in the switched-off state. The invention further refers to methods for producing and operating a lighting device and using a lighting device.

Abstract: The optical manifold has multiple cores that each generates an outgoing LIDAR signal that carries one or more channels. Scanning heads are located apart from the manifold. Each scanning head is associated with one of the cores and is configured such that each scanning head receives an outgoing LIDAR signal from the associated core. The scanning heads are each configured to transmit one or more LIDAR output signals that each carries light from a different one of the channels and such that the different LIDAR output signals each travels away from the scanning head in a different direction. Each of the cores is associated with different core electronics. The core electronics are configured to tune a property of one of the outgoing LIDAR signals such that the tuning of the property causes a change to the direction that the one or more LIDAR output signals travel away from the scanning head associated with the core electronics.

Abstract: A structured surface reduces optical reflectance at a predetermined wavelength in a first wavelength range extending from 600 nm to 1700 nm. The structured surface includes a plurality of parallel linear structures arranged along a first direction and extending along an orthogonal second direction. Each linear structure includes opposing nonlinear facets meeting at a peak extending along the second direction. An average spacing between the peaks of adjacent linear structures is less than the predetermined wavelength, such that for light having the predetermined wavelength and incident on the structured surface in a direction substantially perpendicular to the first and second directions, the structured surface has a reflectance Rx<0.5% for light polarized along the first direction and a reflectance Ry<0.5% for light polarized along the second direction, where an absolute value of Rx?Ry is less than 0.3%. An optical ferrule may have an exit surface that includes the structured surface.

Abstract: An ophthalmic lens incorporating an array of microlenses.

Abstract: An anamorphic optical system and a display apparatus including the same are disclosed. The anamorphic optical system includes an illumination system having astigmatism, and first and second correction lenses that are provided to have tangential power and sagittal power respectively and correct the astigmatism in the illumination system. The first and second correction lenses are provided in which a difference between a distance from the first correction lens to a tangential image formed by the first correction lens and a distance from the second correction lens to a sagittal image formed by the second correction lens corresponds to a distance between the first correction lens and the second correction lenses, and at least one of the first correction lens and the second correction lens has an asymmetric stop to form the tangential image and the sagittal image on the same surface.

Abstract: A micro-optic security device with zonal color transitions includes a planar array of focusing elements, an image icon layer including a plurality of retaining structures, the plurality of retaining structures defining isolated volumes at a first depth within the image icon layer, a first zone of image icons, the first zone of image icons having a first predefined subset of the plurality of retaining structures, wherein the isolated volumes of retaining structures of the first predefined subset of the plurality of retaining structures contain cured pigmented material of a first color, and a second zone of image icons, the second zone of image icons including a second predefined subset of the plurality of retaining structures, wherein the isolated volumes of retaining structures of the second predefined subset of the plurality of retaining structures contain cured pigmented material of a second color, wherein the second color contrasts with the first color.

Abstract: An OLED display panel, a manufacturing method thereof and a display apparatus are provided. The display panel includes a substrate, a light emitting structure layer and a viewing angle improving layer which are arranged on the substrate. The light emitting structure layer is configured to emit light to the viewing angle improving layer. The viewing angle improving layer is disposed on one side of the light emitting structure layer away from the substrate and is configured to adjust the viewing angle of the display panel to allow the viewing angle of the display panel along a first direction to satisfy a first viewing angle range, and allow the viewing angle along a second direction to satisfy a second viewing angle range. The first direction is perpendicular to the second direction.

Abstract: A micro-lens array includes a shutter bezel substrate, a first lens substrate having a first inner surface in contact with a first surface of the shutter bezel substrate, a first lens array disposed at a first outer surface of the first lens substrate that is opposite to the first inner surface of the first lens substrate, a second lens substrate having a second inner surface in contact with a second surface of the shutter bezel substrate, and a second lens array disposed at a second outer surface of the second lens substrate that is opposite to the second inner surface of the second lens substrate. At least one of the first lens substrate or the second lens substrate includes an alignment mark that is configured to guide placement of the first lens array on the first lens substrate and the second lens array on the second lens substrate.

Abstract: A light emitting device includes a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, a first ink layer covering the PCB substrate, the first ink layer having a first refractive index, light emitters on the first ink layer, and a second ink layer on the first ink layer and spaced apart from the light emitters, the second ink layer having a second refractive index different from the first refractive index.

Abstract: An emitting device (26) for a scanning optical detection system of a vehicle for monitoring at least one monitoring region (14) for objects is described, having at least one light source (40a, 40b) for generating at least one optical emission signal (32a, 32b) and having at least one diffraction unit (50a, 50b), which has a diffractive effect on the at least one emission signal (32a, 32b), for controlling at least one beam direction (66a, 66b) of the at least one emission signal (32a, 32b). At least one diffraction unit (50a, 50b) which is settable to set the beam directions (66a, 66b) associated with the respective signal paths (41a, 41b), is arranged in at least two different signal paths (41a, 41b) of one emission signal or various emission signals (32a, 32b).

Abstract: The light-guiding optical unit (1) for a light device of motor vehicles comprises a light guide (2) that comprises at least one routing surface (3), and at least one light source (4) to generate light rays (10). The light-guide (2) further comprises a top surface (12) at least a part of which is constituted by the output surface (15), and a bottom surface (13) opposite the top surface (12) and fitted with a prismatic structure (16) comprising reflective surfaces (7).

Abstract: Provided is an imaging apparatus that captures a multispectral image of four bands or more. An imaging apparatus (1) includes an imaging optical system (10), an image sensor (100), and a signal processing unit (200). The imaging optical system (10) includes a bandpass filter unit (16) of which at least one of aperture regions transmits light beams of a plurality of wavelength ranges, and a polarization filter unit (18) that polarizes the light beams transmitted through the bandpass filter unit (16) in a plurality of directions, in a vicinity of a pupil thereof. The image sensor (100) receives light beams transmitted through a plurality of types of spectral filter elements and a plurality of types of polarization filter elements. The signal processing unit (200) processes signals output from the image sensor (100) to generate a plurality of image signals.

Abstract: According to an embodiment disclosed in this specification, an electronic device may include a cover glass, a back cover facing away from the cover glass, a display panel exposed through the cover glass, a plurality of pixels disposed on the display panel, a plurality of wires electrically connected to the plurality of pixels, a light source interposed between the display panel and the back cover, a lens interposed between the light source and the display panel and refracting light output from the light source, and a structure for passing through the light output from the light source such that the light output from the light source has a specified pattern. The structure may be interposed between the lens and the cover glass. Besides, various embodiments as understood from the specification are also possible.

Abstract: A radiation angle changing element bonded to a housing includes: a glass substrate; and a resin layer provided on the glass substrate and having an optically functioning part. In a bonding portion bonded to the housing, the resin layer is not formed on the glass substrate.

Abstract: A confocal optical system includes a light source and a spinning polarizer disposed in the optical pathway such the light emitted from the light source passes through the spinning polarizer. A first objective lens is disposed in the optical pathway to allow passage of light that passes through the spinning polarizer. A microlens array member is disposed adjacent the first objective lens to receive light. The microlens array member includes a plate having a plurality of holes arranged in an array pattern. A second objective lens is disposed in the optical pathway to receive and allow passage of light to a sample. The optical pathway is arranged such that, after reaching the sample, the light is directed back through the second objective lens, the microlens or microlens with filter array, and the first objective lens and a fluorescent filter cube as an emission beam to reach at least one camera which provides an image of the sample.

Abstract: Optical apparatus includes a plurality of emitters arranged in a row and configured to emit respective beams of optical radiation. Projection optics, which are configured to project the beams toward a target, include first cylindrical lenses, which have respective, mutually-parallel first cylinder axes and are aligned respectively with the emitters in the row so as to receive and focus the respective beams in a first dimension, and a second cylindrical lens, which has a second cylinder axis perpendicular to the first cylinder axes and is positioned to receive and focus all of the beams in a second dimension, perpendicular to the first dimension. A scan driver is configured to shift the second cylindrical lens in a direction perpendicular to the second cylinder axis so as to scan the beams across the target.

Abstract: Imaging systems and method of optical imaging. One example of an imaging system includes an optical scanning subsystem including an optical source and a MEMS MMA, the MEMS MMA being configured to direct optical radiation generated by the optical source over an area of a scene, a detection subsystem including an optical sensor configured to collect reflected optical radiation from the area of the scene, and a fused fiber focusing assembly including a fused fiber bundle, a plurality of lenses coupled together and positioned to receive and focus the reflected optical radiation from the area of the scene directly onto the fused fiber bundle, a microlens array interposed between the fused fiber bundle and the optical sensor and positioned to receive the reflected optical radiation from the fused fiber bundle, and a focusing lens positioned to direct the reflected optical radiation from the microlens array onto the optical sensor.

Abstract: A method for producing damper structures on a micromechanical wafer. The method includes: providing an at least partially UV-transparent master mold for molding damper structures; inserting and pressing a micromechanical wafer into the master mold so that micromechanical structures in the wafer are aligned in relation to the damper structures; filling the master mold with UV-curing LSR and subsequent UV irradiation; and mold release and removal of the connected structure of the micromechanical wafer with attached dampers. A method for producing a singulated MEMS chip comprising a UV-cured damper is also described.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device includes a semiconductor substrate having first and second faces. A first array of emitters are formed on the first face of the semiconductor substrate and are configured to emit respective beams of radiation through the substrate. Electrical connections are coupled to actuate selectively first and second sets of the emitters in the first array. A second array of microlenses are formed on the second face of the semiconductor substrate in respective alignment with the emitters in at least one of the first and second sets and are configured to focus the beams emitted from the emitters in the at least one of the first and second sets so that the beams are transmitted from the second face with different, respective first and second focal properties.

Abstract: An optical device that produces flicker-like optical effects is provided. The optical device employs directionally cured image icons. Specifically, the optical device is made up of at least one arrangement of image icons formed from one or more cured pigmented materials, and at least one arrangement of optionally embedded focusing elements positioned to form one or more synthetic images of at least a portion of the arrangement(s) of image icons. Some or all of the pigmented material(s) is cured using collimated light directed through the focusing elements toward the arrangement(s) of image icons at one or more angles relative to a surface of the optical device to form directionally cured image icons. The synthetic image(s) of the directionally cured image icons is viewable at the cure angle(s) and therefore visually appears and disappears, or turns on and off, as the viewing angle of the device moves through the cure angle(s).

Abstract: A device for altering vergence of light to improve human vision of an electronic display. The change in vergence is received at the pupil of the wearer. The altered light effectively recreates the rays emitted by a pixel such that they reach a presbyopic eye as though they were being viewed at a distance (i.e., the rays are substantially parallel). As such, the emmetropic presbyopic eye produces a sharp image of the electronic display. The device comprises: a refractive element that refracts rays, emitted from a pixel of an electronic display, at a predetermined vergence, wherein the refractive element is located directly adjacent or on the electronic display.

Abstract: Disclosed are a lamp for an automobile and an automobile. The lamp for an automobile includes a micro lens array (MLA) module which is provided in front of a light source and into which light is incident. The MLA module includes a light-incident lens array and a light-emitting lens array. At least a portion of optical axes of a plurality of light-incident lenses provided in a first section of the light-incident lens array is aligned with one of optical axes of a plurality of light-emitting lenses provided in an A section of the light-emitting lens array. At least a portion of optical axes of a plurality of light-incident lenses provided in a second section of the light-incident lens array is misaligned with all of the optical axes of a plurality of light-emitting lenses provided in a B section of the light-emitting lens array.

Abstract: A laser system is configured for providing a laser line (L) in a working plane (WP) for line illumination of an object. The laser line (L) extends in a first direction (x) over a significant length and in a second direction (y) over a small extent. The laser system includes a laser source for providing a laser beam as basis for an elongated input laser beam propagating along a propagation direction (z), and a homogenization and focusing unit for homogenizing the elongated laser beam to form the laser line (L). The laser system is, for example, suitable for providing a laser line (L) that can be stitched to another laser line (L?) of another laser system.

Abstract: An optical device that produces flicker-like optical effects is provided. The optical device employs directionally cured image icons. Specifically, the optical device is made up of at least one arrangement of image icons formed from one or more cured pigmented materials, and at least one arrangement of optionally embedded focusing elements positioned to form one or more synthetic images of at least a portion of the arrangement(s) of image icons. Some or all of the pigmented material(s) is cured using collimated light directed through the focusing elements toward the arrangement(s) of image icons at one or more angles relative to a surface of the optical device to form directionally cured image icons. The synthetic image(s) of the directionally cured image icons is viewable at the cure angle(s) and therefore visually appears and disappears, or turns on and off, as the viewing angle of the device moves through the cure angle(s).

Abstract: A solid-state optical phase scanning array component is provided, including: a plurality of optical units, each of the optical units including a high dielectric constant layer, and a first electrode and a second electrode located on two sides of the high dielectric constant layer, the refractive index of each high dielectric constant layer being changeable as the power supply condition supplied to first and second electrodes is changed; and a lens unit, being disposed to face toward a light-exiting side of the plurality of optical units, and including a light-incident face and a light-exiting face, being configured to guide light beam incident from the light incident surface to the plurality of optical units to change the path of the light beam, and then the light beam emitting out from the light exiting surface.

Abstract: A rotational image viewer for viewing an image on a mobile device having a display including a viewport. The image viewer monitors the orientation of the mobile device and enlarges/reduces the image responsive to the mobile device's orientation such that the viewport remains filled with at least a portion of the image (i.e., no letterboxing or pillarboxing within the viewport).

Abstract: Various embodiments provide optical lenses that include phase shift layers that transmit incident light with four or more distinct phase quantizations. In one embodiment, a lens includes a substrate, a first immersion material layer on the substrate, and a plurality of anti-reflective phase shift layers on the first immersion material layer. The phase shift layers define a first anti-reflective phase shift region that transmits received light without a phase shift, a second anti-reflective phase shift region configured to transmit the received light with a first phase shift, a third anti-reflective phase shift region configured to transmit the received light with a second phase shift, and a fourth anti-reflective phase shift region configured to transmit the received light with a third phase shift. The first, second, and third phase shifts are different from one another.