Abstract: A reduced first surface reflectivity electrochromic/electrochemichromic rearview mirror assembly provides improved glare reduction and substantially less noticeable double imaging. Preferably, the assembly includes an anti-reflective layer or coating on the outermost, front surface of the front glass substrate/panel. The coating can be a single thin film or a multiple layer thin film stack of suitable durability and index of refraction. Alternately, a gradient refractive index layer produced by surface leaching, dip coating and heating, or ion implantation may be used. The invention is especially useful in electrochemichromic mirror assemblies having a laminated front glass where unwanted total reflection and double imaging could otherwise be pronounced because of opportunities for nonparallel attachment of the multiple glass substrates.

Abstract: A copper mirror having improved resistance to aging as having a factor of luminous reflection which is stable and which, after the copper mirror has been subjected to a CASS Test for 120 hours, is at least 0.9 times what it was before the copper mirror was subjected to the CASS Test, the copper mirror including a transparent glass sheet bearing a copper reflective layer and at least one protective layer provided on the copper reflective layer, wherein the copper reflective layer is chemically desposited layer having an oxygen content which is low so as to be effective to provide the stable factor of luminous reflection.

Abstract: Optical reflectors and methods of constructing optical reflectors having high damage thresholds, durability and general applicability are disclosed in which a highly planar substrate, such as a single crystal silicon or other single crystalline material, is disposed within a deposition chamber and oriented to present a particular crystallographic plane. An epitaxial layer of reflective metal, such as aluminum, is grown upon the substrate by ion beam or other method of deposition and then covered with a transparent protective coating.

Abstract: An optical pH sensor and a gas sensor utilizing the pH sensor. The pH sensor includes an indicator whose absorbance is a function of the concentration of hydronium ions in a media surrounding the indicator. Light transmitted and reflected through the indicator of the sensor undergoes an absorption that is characteristic of the concentration of the hydrogen ion. The pH sensor can be used as to sense the concenration of a gas in a sample by surrounding the indicator with a liquid or liquid-containing media that changes pH as it is exposed to the gas, and separating the indicator and liquid or liquid-containing media from the gas with a membrane that is permeable to the gas to be measured. A measuring system used with the sensors transmits coherent radiation to the sensor through an optical fiber, separates the radiation returning from the sample into two wavelength bands, and digitally samples the photocurrents produced within the two wavelength bands.