Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring AC voltage of an insulated conductor are provided, without requiring a galvanic connection between the conductor and a test electrode or probe. A non-galvanic contact (or “non-contact”) voltage measurement system includes a sensor subsystem, an internal ground guard and a reference shield. A common mode reference voltage source is electrically coupled between the internal ground guard and the reference shield to generate an AC reference voltage which causes a reference current to pass through the conductive sensor. Control circuitry receives a signal indicative of current flowing through the sensor subsystem due to the AC reference voltage and the AC voltage in the insulated conductor, and determines the AC voltage in the insulated conductor based at least in part on the received signal. The sensor subsystem includes at least two independent sensors that are used to compensate for conductor position while improving accuracy and dynamic range.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery module having a plurality of assembled batteries. Battery monitoring circuits are provided to correspond to each of the assembled batteries of the battery module. A control circuit controls operation of the battery monitoring circuits. A first signal transmission path transmits signals that are input and output between the battery monitoring circuits and the control circuit. A first isolation element is connected to the control circuit, and a second isolation element is connected to the battery monitoring circuit. The first signal transmission path is isolated from the control circuit by the second isolation element. The electrical potential of the first signal transmission path is a floating potential in relation to the electrical potentials of the control circuit and battery monitoring circuits.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are disclosed for interfacing process controllers in a process automation system with one or more intelligent electrical devices of an electrical automation system to use process and electrical control space information to perform actions and make decisions regarding actions in a connected enterprise system to facilitate energy management goals as well as process control goals in view of electrical control space information and process control space information.

Abstract: A method for tracking procedures performed on personal protection equipment (PPE) and actions of individuals includes the following steps. An article of PPE configured with a smart tag is provided to an individual prior to performance of a task. After the individual performs the task, the article of PPE is processed. Information is retrieved from the smart tag during at least one of: before, during and after processing the article of PPE. After the performance of the task, the individual's data is read and the individual enters into a designated area.

Abstract: A coordinated control method for a distribution network with DER and EV and coordinated control system thereof includes acquiring information from at least one DER controller, at least one EV controller and/or at least one load controller; calculating P/Q references and/or circuit breaker control commands for the DER, the EV and the load based on active/reactive power balance, voltage and/or frequency requirement; allocating the references and/or the control commands to the DER, the EV and the load based on their locations and available capacity; and outputting the allocated references and/or control commands to the DER, the EV and the load. The solutions minimize negative impacts from DER and EVs and maintain a controllable voltage and frequency stabilization.

Abstract: A distributed method is provided for controlling electrical power in a microgrid, wherein a plurality of distributed generators supply electrical power to the microgrid, and each of the distributed generators is connected to a controller for controlling the real and reactive output power from the distributed generator.

Abstract: Unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of a DC fault isolation system are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a power conversion system comprising a converter including a midpoint connection structured to receive AC power, a first converter arm, a second converter arm, and a control system. The control system is configured to operate the converter a fault condition mode in response to a DC fault condition, wherein the fault condition mode operates at least one full bridge cell of the second converter arm so as to interrupt current flowing between the midpoint connection and the second DC bus rail and operates the first converter arm so as to allow the AC power to flow between the midpoint connection and the first DC bus rail in response to detecting the DC fault condition.

Abstract: An emergency command device comprises: two safety inputs connectable to a control/evaluating unit to receive an input voltage; two safety outputs connectable to the control/evaluating unit; two electrical switching paths respectively extending between the two safety inputs and the two safety outputs; an emergency actuating unit comprising: a manually triggerable actuating element, a background element, and two switches connected to the actuating element and respectively disposed in the two electrical switching paths; a light emitting unit comprising red LEDs to backlight the actuating element and yellow LEDs to backlight the background element; a voltage detector detect an electrical output voltage at one of the two safety outputs; and a flashing circuit arrangement coupled to activate flashing of the yellow LEDs and/or the red LEDs in response to detection by the voltage detector of a drop in the output voltage below a preset or presettable threshold value.

Abstract: A resource management system includes first and second opening/closing control mechanisms and a grid manager. The first and second control mechanisms each include: a controller to transmit a signal between a resource supply source and a load, a monitor to monitor a state of a resource from the source, a storage to store a policy defining the signal corresponding to the state of the resource from the source; and a path controller to generate the signal based on a monitoring result of the monitor and the policy. The grid manager includes: a third monitor to monitor the state of the resource from the first source; and a third path controller to generate at least one of the first and second signals by controlling at least one of the first path and second path controllers based on a monitoring result of the third monitor.

Abstract: The present invention is concerned with simplified configuration as well as supervision and testing of load restoration functions in high or medium voltage substations of electrical power transmission or distribution networks. The invention takes advantage of the fact that all information for load restoration is available from a standardized configuration representation and from dynamically observable events. Specifically, the IEC 61850 Substation Configuration Description (SCD) file includes the substation single line, the bus bar or breaker failure protection functionality related to it, and the way how reclosing commands can be conveyed for the restoration process. A load restore function or load transfer application observes the execution of a protection trip function and the concurrent connection state of the bays to bus bars in order to automatically restore the power flow across a failed bus bar segment to a parallel healthy bus bar segment.

Abstract: An embedded system may distribute, e.g. at the point of coupling to a main power grid, information corresponding to one or more operational parameters (e.g. phase angle, frequency, amplitude, etc.) of a power delivery device to other power delivery devices, using a deterministic communication link. Updates of some or all of the information may be transmitted at future or past points in time, for example at defined time intervals. Time synchronization methods, e.g. a locked instantaneous interpolation mechanism may be used to create a coordinated time, shared among all power delivery devices. Various operating parameter mismatches, e.g. a phase mismatch between power delivery devices delivering power to the power grid, may thereby be reduced to less than a specified, negligible value. This creates tight time synchronization between the power delivery devices and allows them to interoperate in a manner that stabilizes rather than destabilizes the power grid.

Abstract: Systems and methods for power line event zone identification are disclosed. Power line event zone identification may include receiving measured data corresponding to a signal measured on a power line, determining from the measured data that a power line event has occurred, and identifying a probable one of at least two monitoring zones in which the power line event occurred. The at least two monitoring zones may be defined for an Intelligent Electronic Device (IED). The systems may include an IED connected to the power line and a processor linked to the IED.

Abstract: A testing device tests an intelligent electronic device of a power system. A PC generates failure data by performing: simulation calculation for a CT and a PT with respect to current waveform data of a current transformer and voltage waveform data of a potential transformer based on a characteristic of an instrument transformer; and simulation calculation for an MU with respect to the current waveform data of the current transformer and the voltage waveform data of the potential transformer based on a characteristic of the MU. The testing device acquires device information data indicating a circuit breaker of the power system, in synchronization with the failure data. The testing device transmits the failure data and the device information data to the intelligent electronic device via a process bus in accordance with a setting of outputting data to the process bus and a setting of sampling.

Abstract: A multilevel converter converting between AC and DC includes a phase leg having a first and a second phase arm, the first phase arm being connected between a first pole having a first potential and a first AC terminal and the second phase arm being connected between the first AC terminal and a second potential, where the phase arms include half-bridge and full-bridge cells, where each cell includes at least one energy storage element for providing the voltage contribution and cell switching units with cell switches and anti-parallel diodes for controlling the voltage contribution, where the full-bridge cells include a bypass switch controllable to bypass the corresponding energy storage element, and when a phase-to-ground fault occurs the cell switches are blocked and the bypass switches activated with a delay in relation to the blocking.

Abstract: A configurable industrial safety relay device allows individual adjustment of rated input currents for each safety input. The safety relay device can support a number of programmable configuration settings or parameters, including parameters that allow a desired input current to be individually selected for each safety input. In this way, an input current can be selected for each safety input that is appropriate for the safety circuit being monitored by the safety input. In particular, an input current can be selected that ensures reliable detection of the safety signal by the safety input while substantially minimizing power consumption by the safety relay device.

Abstract: A bypass device is used to bypass one or more automatic transfer switches mounted in an automatic transfer switch cabinet. The bypass device is physically coupled to one or more input power sources and to each respective output connection of a plurality of automatic transfer switches in the automatic transfer switch cabinet. The bypass device selectively feeds electrical power to one or more loads associated with a limited selection of automatic transfer switches to be bypassed. The bypass device comprises a selector device configured to route power from an input power source to respective output connections of the limited selection of automatic transfer switches to be bypassed. A plurality of output breakers are coupled to separate power outlets of each of the plurality of automatic transfer switches to isolate the respective automatic transfer switches.

Abstract: An electronic control unit is connected to an in-vehicle network bus in an in-vehicle network system including a plurality of apparatuses that perform communication of frames via the bus. The electronic control unit includes a first control circuit and a second control circuit. The first control circuit is connected to the bus via the second control circuit over wired communication and/or wireless communication. The second control circuit performs a first determination process on a received frame received from the bus to determine the conformity with a first rule related to at least a reception interval, and, upon determining that the received frame conforms to the first rule, executes a predetermined process based on the content of the received frame. The first control circuit performs a second determination process on the received frame, received via the second control circuit, to determine the conformity with a second rule different from the first rule.

Abstract: A load management module for disconnecting continuous loads for a predetermined amount of time when an excessive load is experienced to permit critical intermittent loads to remain energized. The load management module has a first group of relays and a second group of relays each connected to various intermittent loads (e.g., lighting branch circuits) and each controlled by a timer. The load management module activates the relays when a maximum power output of a secondary power source is exceeded. An automatic transfer switch capable of operating with larger disconnect/breaker sizes (e.g., 200 amps) for larger emergency backup systems. The automatic transfer switch comprises a plate operably connected to a drive system and a pair of breakers.

Abstract: The disclosed methods and systems employ a nonprobability-based detection scheme that measures conditions (e.g., voltage or current) at multiple locations on a circuit, such as a branch circuit, to detect for a presence of an arc fault condition. A centralized processing system, such as a controller (120), receives information corresponding to a branch origin voltage or current measurement sensed by a sensor (114, 116) at a branch origin upstream of the plurality of end-use devices (150) on the branch circuit (e.g. at a circuit breaker defining the branch), and receives information corresponding to a downstream voltage or current measurement at each of the end-use devices sensed by a corresponding downstream sensor (152, 154).

Abstract: The present invention disclose a charging circuit including: a first input/output end of a wired connection module is configured to connect to an output end, a second input/output end of the wired connection module connects to a first input end of a switch circuit, and the second input/output end connects to a first input/output end; a first input end of a control circuit connects to the second input/output end, and an output end connects to an enabling end of a wireless charging module; an output end connects to a second input end of the switch circuit; a first output end connects to an input/output end; a second input/output end of the shunt circuit connects to the input/output end, a third end of the shunt circuit connects to the output end; an output end of the charging management module is configured to connect to a battery.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery module having a plurality of assembled batteries. Battery monitoring circuits are provided to correspond to each of the assembled batteries of the battery module. A control circuit controls operation of the battery monitoring circuits. A first signal transmission path transmits signals that are input and output between the battery monitoring circuits and the control circuit. A first isolation element is connected to the control circuit, and a second isolation element is connected to the battery monitoring circuit. The first signal transmission path is isolated from the control circuit by the second isolation element. The electrical potential of the first signal transmission path is a floating potential in relation to the electrical potentials of the control circuit and battery monitoring circuits.

Abstract: A redundant control device of a high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system is provided. The redundant control device includes a first system and a second system that performs a function corresponding to that of the first system; and a first change over logic (COL) and a second COL that determine whether to switch between the first system and the system, wherein there are optical communication modules between the first system and the first COL, between the first COL and the second COL, and between the second system and the second COL to transmit and receive data, and the first COL and the second COL includes a monitoring control unit that checks a connection or wiring state of the optical communication modules and validity of transmission data.

Abstract: A controller for confirming the contact status of a latch relay embedded in an electric power meter according to the invention includes a microcomputer unit that is electrically connected to the latch relay for reading and providing the contact switching status information of the latch relay during a power failure, and read the contact switching status information stored during the power failure when a power recovers, and configured to output an opening control signal to the latch relay when the read contact switching status is an open state, and configured to output a closing control signal to the latch relay when the read contact switching status is a closed state; and a non-volatile memory that stores the contact switching status information of the latch relay provided by the microcomputer unit or provides the contact switching status information of the latch relay to the microcomputer unit during a power failure.

Abstract: A converter module for use in a switchgear assembly for power distribution, has: one or more AC supply bus bars for providing AC power supply; one or more AC or DC power distribution bus bars for distributing power to loads; and one or more converter units for converting AC power from the AC supply bus bars to AC or DC power onto AC or DC power distribution bus bars, respectively.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of differential protection in the power distribution networks based on phase difference principles. The method comprises the following steps: collecting the current and voltage signals of each loading switch; calculating phase difference between the corresponding currents at two adjacent loading switches, wherein at least one of the two adjacent loading switches accords with ?I? max>n·?IT+?Idz; tripping the two adjacent loading switches if the phase difference corresponding to the two adjacent loading switches being greater than a threshold then a section between the two adjacent loading switches being determined as a fault section. The method only needs to calculate the phase difference between the corresponding currents at the two adjacent loading switches, and achieves the fault determination according to the phase difference being greater than the threshold.

Abstract: A solar and/or wind inverter that uses an ultracapacitor for grid stabilization. The ultracapacitor may be directly tied to, and placed between, a power source and an inverter. The ultracapacitor may supply power to a grid via the inverter during a reduction of power or a loss in power from the grid.

Abstract: Disclosed is an alternating current conversion circuit including an AC input end, an AC output end, an intelligent conversion circuit, a voltage sampling circuit and a master control circuit. The intelligent conversion circuit is configured to output a standard voltage inputted by the AC input end to the AC output end, and convert a non-standard voltage inputted by the AC input end into a standard voltage and output the standard voltage converted to the AC output end, under the control of the master control circuit. The voltage sampling circuit is configured to sample the voltage inputted by the AC input end and the voltage outputted by the intelligent conversion circuit. The invention provides an intelligent AC conversion, allowing the electronic devices which are designed for a single power grid to be adapted to various power grids.

Abstract: A method for tracking procedures performed on personal protection equipment (PPE) and actions of individuals includes the following steps. An article of PPE configured with a smart tag is provided to an individual prior to performance of a task. After the individual performs the task, the article of PPE is processed. Information is retrieved from the smart tag during at least one of: before, during and after processing the article of PPE. After the performance of the task, the individual's data is read and the individual enters into a designated area.

Abstract: Described are power management systems having at least one fuel cell system, a power distribution unit, at least one galley insert, a galley network controller, a control panel, and/or at least one battery pack. The power management system compares a power output from the power distribution unit to a maximum load level and/or to a minimum load level, instructs the galley network controller to cycle the galley insert off and/or set an operation of the galley insert to a lower power consumption level when the power output approaches and/or is above the maximum load level, and instructs the galley network controller to cycle the galley insert on and/or set the operation of the galley insert to a higher power consumption level when the power output approaches and/or is below the minimum load level.

Abstract: A sub-system determines, based on an input instruction to transition a power state of an information processing apparatus to a power saving state, a power state from a plurality of power states in which the sub-system can operate, and notifies the main system of a recovery period that corresponds to the determined power state and that the sub-system requires to recover from the determined power state. The main system determines, based on the recovery period notified from the sub-system, a power state that the main system transitions to from a plurality of power states in which the main system can operate.

Abstract: A fail-safe device may be coupled to a main device for actuating a switch responsive to a failure. The fail-safe device may include a fail-safe circuit, and an isolation trench surrounding the fail-safe circuit and isolating the fail-safe circuit from the main device. The fail-safe device may include an internal power supply connection, an internal reference voltage connection, a self-biased drive block configured to drive the at least one switch, and a receiver configured to receive failure signals from the main device.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery module having a plurality of assembled batteries. Battery monitoring circuits are provided to correspond to each of the assembled batteries of the battery module. A control circuit controls operation of the battery monitoring circuits. A first signal transmission path transmits signals that are input and output between the battery monitoring circuits and the control circuit. A first isolation element is connected to the control circuit, and a second isolation element is connected to the battery monitoring circuit. The first signal transmission path is isolated from the control circuit by the first isolation element and is isolated from the battery monitoring circuit by the second isolation element. The electrical potential of the first signal transmission path is a floating potential in relation to the electrical potentials of the control circuit and battery monitoring circuits.

Abstract: Voltage applied to switching elements of a power conversion device is suppressed to be within a predetermined range. A power conversion device (1) includes a leg (31) in which switching elements (41, 42) are connected in series, a leg (32) in which switching elements (43, 44) are connected in series, a reactor (61) connected between the midpoint of the switching elements (41, 42) and the switching-element (43) end not connected to the switching element (44), a reactor (62) connected between the midpoint of the switching elements (43, 44) and the switching-element (42) end not connected to the switching element (41), and a DC power source (10) connected between the switching-element (41) end not connected to the reactor (61) and the terminal of the switching element (44) not connected to the reactor (62). Loads can be connected in parallel to the legs (31, 32).

Abstract: A single-wire safety system is provided that yields reliable safety device monitoring without the need for dual redundant signal channels. The safety system comprises a safety relay acting as a communications master device and one or more safety devices connected in series with the safety relay via a single-wire communication circuit. A smart tap device is used to interface safety devices that are not compliant with the single-wire protocol to the single-wire channel. The safety device or smart tap device farthest from the safety relay on the safety circuit modulates a safety signal with a recognizable pulse pattern that traverses the single-wire safety circuit to the safety relay via the intermediate safety devices or smart taps. The safety relay maintains safety mode as long as the pulse pattern is received and recognized. The architecture allows bi-directional communication of initialization, configuration, and diagnostic messages over the single-wire safety channel.

Abstract: A single-wire safety system architecture is provided that yields reliable safety device monitoring without the need for dual redundant signal channels. The safety system comprises a safety relay acting as a communications master device and one or more compatible safety devices connected in series with the safety relay via a single-wire communication circuit. The safety device farthest from the safety relay on the safety circuit modulates a safety signal with a recognizable pulse pattern that traverses the single-wire safety circuit to the safety relay via the intermediate safety devices. The safety relay maintains safety mode as long as the pulse pattern is received and recognized. The architecture allows bi-directional communication of initialization, configuration, and diagnostic messages over the single-wire safety channel, and can also allow safety devices to insert prognostic data into the safety signal in order to convey health information while the system is in normal operation mode.

Abstract: A single-wire safety system architecture is provided that yields reliable safety device monitoring without the need for dual redundant signal channels. The safety system comprises a safety relay acting as a communications master device and one or more compatible safety input devices connected in series with the safety relay via a single-wire communication circuit. The safety input device farthest from the safety relay on the safety circuit modulates a safety signal with a recognizable pulse pattern that traverses the single-wire safety circuit to the safety relay via the intermediate safety devices. The safety relay maintains safety mode as long as the pulse pattern is received and recognized. In addition to conveying the safety signal, the architecture allows bi-directional communication of initialization, configuration, and diagnostic messages over the single-wire safety channel.

Abstract: A method for tracking procedures performed on personal protection equipment (PPE) and actions of individuals includes the following steps. An article of PPE configured with a smart tag is provided to an individual prior to performance of a task. After the individual performs the task, the article of PPE is processed. Information is retrieved from the smart tag during at least one of: before, during and after processing the article of PPE. After the performance of the task, the individual's data is read and the individual enters into a designated area.

Abstract: A combined heating system and occupant sensing system for a vehicle seat includes first and second electrodes connected in series and a controller configured to direct a heating current to the first and second electrodes. The controller is configured to isolate the first and second electrodes from the heating current and, at the same time, provide a sensing current to only one of the first and second electrodes.

Abstract: A power supply system for an electronic device includes a main device and at least one slave device coupled to the main device. The main device includes a power module and a detection module. Each slave device includes a slave control module, a determination module, and a switch module. The power module supplies power for the slave devices via the switch module. The detection module detects a total consumption of power of the coupled slave devices and compares the total of consumed power to a power rating of a power source. Each determination module is configured to determine whether a posterior slave device is coupled to the local slave device. Each slave control module can deactivate the switch module of the local slave device when the total of power consumed exceeds the power rating and the local slave device disconnects from the posterior slave device.

Abstract: An advance warning lightning electromagnetic pulse (LEMP) storm detection device, system, and method for automatically protecting, disconnecting, and isolating electronic equipment in anticipation of a potential storm, thereby preventing damage to electronics susceptible to power surges caused by lightning strikes or earth ground fault events. The storm detection device can include a coaxial isolation switch, a radio receiver, a controller having a processor, wherein the controller further includes an isolation detection unit. In addition, the storm detection device can further include a drive motor, one or more input electrical contacts, and one or more output electrical contacts engaged with the input electrical contacts. Further, wherein in response to the radio receiver detecting one or more lightning strikes, the controller operates the drive motor to disengage the input electrical contacts and output electrical contacts from each other.

Abstract: A power management circuit includes a voltage sensing circuit and a supply voltage adjusting circuit. The voltage sensing circuit is arranged for sensing a plurality of voltages respectively of a plurality of nodes of a PCB to generate a sensing result. The supply voltage adjusting circuit is coupled to the voltage sensing circuit, and is arranged for determining a voltage level of a supply voltage supplied to a power plane of the PCB by referring to the sensing result.

Abstract: A method and system are provided. The method includes synchronously reconnecting a microgrid to a main grid after islanding of the microgrid. The synchronously reconnecting step includes calculating a phase angle difference between synchrophasor measurements collected from a common coupling on the main grid and synchrophasor measurements collected from a common coupling on the microgrid. The synchronously reconnecting step further includes calculating, by a controller, a frequency reference deviation based on the phase angle difference. The synchronously reconnecting step also includes adjusting a frequency of the diesel generator based on the frequency reference deviation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a differential protection method for bridge circuit in current converter control system, including the steps of: 1). obtaining sample values of the three-phase current for the current converter control system at AC side thereof, and calculating the absolute value of each sampling value respectively; 2). calculating a value of current at the AC side of the current converter control system; and 3). determining whether to perform a relay protection for the current converter control system according to the value current at the AC side of the current converter control system. The method of the present invention provided, is fast, convenient, and with a small amount of calculation. The current converter control system determines whether to perform a relay protection in a short time. Also it reduces the possibility that the equipment burned because of cannot break the circuit in time.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems for detecting a location of a fault on an electric power transmission line using a state-of-polarization traveling wave in an optical ground wire Various embodiments may also detect a traveling wave on a conductor of the transmission system. The arrival times of the state-of-polarization traveling wave and the electrical traveling wave may be compared. Using the difference in times and the known propagation velocities of the traveling waves, a distance to the fault may be calculated. Arrival time of the state-of-polarization traveling wave may be calculated using electrical signals from photodetectors in an optical channel with polarizing filters at different orientations or reference frames.

Abstract: A method of protecting a power distribution system from a fault on a feed conductor thereof, wherein an HFAC signal is provided to the feed conductor from a location downstream of the feed conductor in the power distribution system. The method includes, in a module located upstream of the feed conductor in the power distribution system, determining an HFAC signal magnitude in the module, the module including a circuit interrupter, and controlling operation of the circuit interrupter based on the determined magnitude.

Abstract: A method for controlling a thermally sensitive over-current protector is described. A battery current is monitored. It is then determined whether or not the monitored current has exceeded a predetermined threshold during the entirety of a predetermined time interval. If yes, then a current source is signaled to raise its current, so as to increase the heat being generated by a heating element that is being driven by the current source thereby tripping the thermally sensitive over-current protector. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A protection and control system includes a first merging unit which obtains an electric variable from a transformer, and digitally converts the obtained electric variable to output the converted electric variable as first electric variable information to a first network, a plurality of first protection and control devices, each of which obtains the first electric variable information from the first merging unit through the first network, judges whether or not a system fault occurs, and outputs main trip information to the first network when that the system fault occurs is judged, and a second protection and control device which obtains the first electric variable information from the first merging unit through the first network, judges whether or not the system fault occurs in the zone to be protected of the electric power system.

Abstract: A current regulating LED strobe drive circuit including an energy storage component, a current regulator electrically coupled to the energy storage component for sensing and regulating a current supplied by the energy storage element, a LED electrically coupled to the current regulator, a flash control element electrically coupled to the current regulator for generating a flash pulse signal that dictates a pulsed pattern with which current is allowed to flow from the current regulator to the LED, an output control having an operator interface for allowing an operator to select a desired light output level, wherein the output control is electrically coupled to the current regulator for varying the amount of current supplied to the LED, and an inrush control including a plurality of slow charge circuits, wherein each slow charge circuit is configured to provide a respective peak current for charging the energy storage component.

Abstract: A control device of a multi circuit load break switch according to the disclosure may include a first multiplexer selectively providing an output signal according to a remote close signal or remote open signal; a field closing switch selectively commanding a close operation; a field opening switch selectively commanding an open operation thereof; a second multiplexer selectively providing a field closing switch actuation signal or field opening switch actuation signal; a first exclusive-OR circuit unit outputting an open control signal; a second exclusive-OR circuit unit outputting a close control signal; an open command signal generation unit releasing an open command signal; a close command signal generation unit; a first photo coupler providing an open state signal to the open command signal generation unit; and a second photo coupler providing a close state signal to the close command signal generation unit.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for pre-processing of electrical power grid data for event-driven automatic generation control (AGC) are presented herein. An AGC application can determine AGC output data, for output to a unit controller that controls power generator(s) related to an electrical power grid, based on current values of a subset of electrical power grid data associated with the electrical power grid that has changed since a prior determination that the electrical power grid data has changed. A pre-process component can determine the subset of the electrical power grid data that has changed since the prior determination, and send the current values of the subset of the electrical power grid data to an area control error component. An event-driven component can determine information in response to an event trigger generated based on processing the current values of the subset of the electrical power grid data received from the pre-process component.