Abstract: A voltage conversion system including a source configured to supply a voltage and a switch capacitor circuit electrically coupled to the source. The switch capacitor circuit is configured to switch between a discharging state and a charging state. The switching between the discharging state and the charging state produces a boost to the supplied voltage. The voltage conversion system includes a capacitor in the switch capacitor circuit configured to store charge during the charging state and drain charge during the discharging state. The voltage conversion system includes a switching arrangement having a plurality of switch pairs configured to supply a converted voltage to a load. The switch capacitor circuit and the switching arrangement are interfaced to produce a unified circuit.

Abstract: A sensor unit includes a plurality of bus bars connected to a plurality of switch modules, a terminal block that integrally links the bus bars, and a plurality of magnetoelectric conversion parts that detect currents flowing through the bus bars. Embedded parts of the bus bars embedded in the terminal block are aligned in a first predefined direction with spaces therebetween. The magnetoelectric conversion parts are provided in the terminal block such that they face the embedded parts. Extension parts, extending in the first predefined direction, of any two embedded parts adjacent to each other in a predefined direction adjoin each other in a second predefined direction that intersects the first predefined direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inverter which is capable of adjusting an output frequency of a three-phase voltage output to a motor based on a result of comparison in magnitude between the minimum operating voltage of the motor and a DC link voltage applied to a DC link. The inverter includes: a measurement part configured to measure a DC link voltage applied to a DC link; a conversion part configured to convert the DC link voltage into a three-phase voltage and output the three-phase voltage to the motor; and a control part configured to make comparison in magnitude between the DC link voltage and the minimum operating voltage of the motor and adjust an output frequency of the three-phase voltage based on a result of the comparison.

Abstract: A capacitor and a discharge resistor can be connected using a simplified configuration without using a bus bar. A connection of a capacitor and a discharge resistor of a power conversion device are carried out using wire harnesses that form positive and negative lines. The capacitor and the discharge resistor are integrated by being directly connected using a first wire harness. A second wire harness is drawn out from a terminal portion electrically separated from a first terminal portion of the capacitor; and a third wire harness is drawn out from the discharge resistor, where the second wire harness and the third wire harness are fastened.

Abstract: Different systems to achieve solar power conversion are provided in at least three different general aspects, with circuitry that can be used to harvest maximum power from a solar source (1) or strings of panels (11) for DC or AC use, perhaps for transfer to a power grid (10) three aspects can exist perhaps independently and relate to: 1) electrical power conversion in a multimodal manner, 2) alternating between differing processes such as by an alternative mode photovoltaic power converter functionality control (27), and 3) systems that can achieve efficiencies in conversion that are extraordinarily high compared to traditional through substantially power isomorphic photovoltaic DC-DC power conversion capability that can achieve 99.2% efficiency or even only wire transmission losses. Switchmode impedance conversion circuits may have pairs of photovoltaic power series switch elements (24) and pairs of photovoltaic power shunt switch elements (25).

Abstract: A power converter comprises a buck converter portion, an energy storage portion, and a controller. A first inductor is connected between the cathode of a first diode at an input node, and a capacitor at an output node. The input node is connected to an input voltage via a first switch. A second inductor in the energy storage portion is magnetically coupled to the first inductor and is connected to a second diode. The cathode of the second diode is connected to a first terminal of the energy storage element, and a second terminal of the energy storage element is connected to a second terminal of the second inductor. The first terminal of the energy storage element is connected to the input node via a second switch. When the input voltage is not less than a threshold, the second switch is opened.

Abstract: This application provides a method and an apparatus for controlling a grid-tie inverter. The method includes: acquiring an output voltage of the grid-tie inverter and an output current value of the grid-tie inverter at a current moment; calculating N output current values of the grid-tie inverter at a next moment that is in one-to-one correspondence to N switch states of the grid-tie inverter based on the output current value at the current moment, and N is a natural number greater than or equal to 2; acquiring a first reference current based on the output voltage; acquiring a second reference current based on the output current and the first reference current; determining a first switch state; and controlling the grid-tie inverter to perform power transmission in the first switch state at the next moment.

Abstract: A method performed by a network controller of an electrical microgrid having a plurality of energy storages. Each of the energy storages is associated with a respective storage controller. The method includes receiving information about a measurement made at a remote location in the microgrid. The method also includes obtaining respective participation factors in respect of the remote location for each of at least a first energy storage and a second energy storage of the plurality of energy storages. The method also includes obtaining respective states of charge for each of the at least first and second energy storages. The method also includes, for each of the at least first and second energy storages, calculating a reference value for the energy storage, and sending the reference value to the storage controller with which the energy storage is associated. The calculating includes calculating the reference value based on the obtained participation factors and the obtained states of charge.

Abstract: A method of controlling a power converter, connected to an electrical grid, to mimic a synchronous generator, by: determining a frequency control error with respect to a setpoint and actual frequency of the grid, determining an input power to an inertia model of a synchronous generator based on the frequency control error, regulating by means of the input power a rotational frequency of the inertia model, determining a voltage control error with respect to a setpoint and actual voltage, determining an exciter parameter of a synchronous generator model based on the voltage control error, regulating by means of the exciter parameter an output voltage of the synchronous generator model, adjusting the rotational frequency or a phase angle obtained from the rotational frequency, and the output voltage based on a virtual impedance of a stator of the synchronous generator model, and controlling the power converter based on the adjusted rotational frequency or the adjusted phase angle and on the adjusted output volta

Abstract: A method is provided for setting an operating parameter for a DC to DC voltage converter. A load is operated, using a controller, with the operating parameter at a first value. A measurement of an actual inductor current at an inductor of the DC to DC voltage converter, a measurement of an actual load current are provided. The method then determines a reference value for the inductor current, based on the actual load current combined with an inductor current adjustment value based on a desired output voltage at the DC load. The reference value for the inductor current is then compared to the actual inductor current, and the operating parameter is maintained at the first value if the reference value is greater than the actual inductor current. The operating parameter is changed to a second value if the reference value is less than the actual inductor current.

Abstract: A voltage control system includes: a converter controlling portion; a current value acquisition portion; and a voltage value acquisition portion. The converter controlling portion sets a duty ratio in a present cycle by adding an addition term to a feedforward term, the addition term being determined by use of a current deviation, which is a difference between a target value of an output current in the present cycle and a current measured value in a previous cycle, and the duty ratio in the previous cycle, the addition term being corresponding to an increase of the output current in the present cycle.

Abstract: In a switching power supply device including an overload protection circuit, when a load state turns into an overload state due to a decrease in an input voltage, an overload protection signal is activated in response to activation of an overload detection signal, and the overload protection signal is deactivated when an input low voltage detection signal is in an inactive state.

Abstract: A conversion apparatus with oscillation reduction control includes a conversion circuit and an oscillation reduction control circuit. The conversion circuit includes a transformer, a rectifying circuit, and a first switch. The oscillation reduction control circuit stores a leakage inductance energy of the transformer when the first switch is turned off, and the oscillation reduction control provides the leakage inductance energy to a primary-side winding of the transformer when the first switch is turned on.

Abstract: A multi-level boost apparatus. Voltage allocation among N first switches is achieved by connecting N voltage dividing modules, sequentially connected in series, in parallel with the N first voltage switches, respectively. Thereby, a voltage across each of the N first switches is within a safety range. Even if an input voltage is high and a voltage across a flying capacitor is zero at an instant of being powered, it is prevented that a second one to an N-th one of the N first switches break down due to overvoltage.

Abstract: In this invention we introduce the concept of energy injection in a resonant circuit with initial conditions which is part of almost all of the present topologies. The patent will present in details several methods of energy injection in a resonant circuit with initial conditions and how it is applies to different topologies. The patent presents also a simple and economical method of driving the clamp switch in a flyback topology operating in discontinuous mode and a bias circuit in a flyback topology wherein the output voltage varies over a large range.

Abstract: A system and a method for locally controlling delivery of electrical power along the distribution feeder by measuring certain electricity parameters of a distribution feeder line using a substation phasor measurement unit (PMU) electrically coupled to a substation distribution bus at a first node on the feeder line, and at least one customer site PMU electrically coupled to a low voltage end of a transformer at a customer site, wherein the transformer is coupled by a drop line to a second node on the distribution feeder line and the customer site is coupled by another drop line to the transformer, and by controlling at least one controllable reactive power resource and optionally a real power resource connected to the second node or at the customer site. Related apparatus, systems, articles, and techniques are also described.

Abstract: A DC-DC power converter including: input terminals for receiving an input voltage; a pulse wave generator for generating a pulse wave; a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding and a magnetizing inductance; a DC blocking capacitor; a rectifier; a filter capacitor; at least one resonant inductor connected in series with the transformer; a resonant capacitor connected to the rectifier; output terminals; and a control unit for controlling operation of the pulse wave generator such when the duty cycle of the pulse wave voltage varies, high efficiency is maintained.

Abstract: Discussed is a photovoltaic module including: a solar cell module including a plurality of solar cells; a converter to convert a level of first direct current (DC) power input from the solar cell module, and to output second DC power; an inverter to convert the second DC power supplied from the converter into alternating current (AC) power; and a controller to control the converter and the inverter, wherein the converter comprises: a full-bridge switching part to switch the first DC power; a transformer having an input side connected to an output terminal of the full-bridge switching part; and a half-bridge switching part connected to an output side of the transformer, wherein the controller changes a switching frequency of the full-bridge switching part and the half-bridge switching part in a first section of a waveform.

Abstract: An inverter system is provided that includes switches that alternate between closed and open states to conduct or block conduction, respectively, of electric current through the switches and switch controllers that control operation of the switches between the closed and open states. In a first operating mode, the controllers control operation of the switches to convert direct current into a single, common phase of an alternating current from a same phase output from each of the switches to power a higher-demand load of a powered system with the single phase of the alternating current. In a second operating mode, the controllers control operation of the switches to convert the direct current into multiple, different phases of the alternating current to power a lower-demand load of the powered system with the multiple, different phases of the alternating current. Each of the switches outputs a different phase of the multiple phases.

Abstract: Techniques to achieve higher power/shorter pulses with a laser diode. By initially applying a static reverse bias across the laser diode, the laser diode can turn on at a larger inductor current. When the laser diode is initially reverse biased, depletion charge and diffusion charge can be populated before the laser diode will lase. This causes the laser diode to initially turn on at a larger inductor current, which will reduce the rise time, thereby achieving higher power/shorter pulses.

Abstract: An apparatus for permanently controlling an electronic switching unit, the apparatus including a controlling driver unit for supplying a control signal to the electronic switching unit using a charge storage device, and a charging driver unit for recharging the charge storage device.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device including an input terminal including a P terminal and an N terminal; a laminated circuit substrate connected to the input terminal; a power substrate provided above the laminated circuit substrate; a connecting section electrically connecting the laminated circuit substrate and the power substrate; a capacitor provided in a conduction path between the P terminal and the N terminal; and a resistor provided in series with the capacitor in the conduction path between the P terminal and the N terminal. The capacitor may be provided in a region where the input terminal or the connecting section is provided, in an overhead view.

Abstract: A flyback power converter circuit includes: a transformer; a primary side switch, for controlling a primary winding to convert an input voltage to an output voltage and an internal voltage; a primary side control circuit, which is powered by the internal voltage; the primary side control circuit generates a switching signal according to a feedback signal, to operate the primary side switch; a secondary side control circuit, which generates the feedback signal according the output voltage; and a dummy load circuit, which is coupled to the output voltage, wherein when the output voltage drops to or is lower than a predetermined threshold, the dummy load circuit generates a dummy load current, to determine the feedback signal, so that the internal voltage is not undesirably low. When the output voltage exceeds the predetermined threshold, the dummy load circuit adjusts the dummy load current to zero current.

Abstract: A method for monitoring and controlling IGBT temperature in a power converter of an electrical power system includes generating a plurality of temperature signals from a plurality of switching devices via a plurality of temperature sensors. The method also includes selecting a primary switching device from the plurality of switching devices to estimate a primary temperature thereof. Further, the method includes determining the primary temperature of the primary switching device via a temperature measurement circuit communicatively coupled to the primary switching device. Moreover, the method includes comparing remaining temperature signals (or a function thereof) to the primary temperature via at least one comparator circuit. If one of the remaining temperature signals (or the function thereof) exceeds the primary temperature, the method also includes implementing a control action to address the increased temperature.

Abstract: A radio frequency power system is provided that includes bias modules, a switch, a matching network, and a control module. The bias modules are configured to generate respectively DC bias voltages. The switch is configured to (i) receive current from the bias modules, and (ii) control flow of the current from the bias modules to generate a radio frequency bias voltage signal. The matching network is configured to (i) receive the radio frequency bias voltage signal, and (ii) based on the radio frequency bias voltage signal, supply at least a portion of a radio frequency output voltage signal to an electrode of a substrate support in a processing chamber. The control module is connected to the switch and configured to control a state of the switch based on the radio frequency output voltage signal to shape a waveform of the radio frequency bias voltage signal.

Abstract: A vehicle driving device includes a permanent magnet motor, an inverter that drives the permanent magnet motor, a DC-to-DC converter that is a buck-boost converter and connected to the inverter, and a driving battery that is connected to the DC-to-DC converter. The DC-to-DC converter outputs, to the inverter, (i) a voltage inputted to the DC-to-DC converter of a positive electrode of the driving battery as-is and (ii) a voltage inputted to the DC-to-DC converter of a negative electrode of the driving battery after increasing the voltage in a negative direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to systems and methods that use separation of time scales to mitigate interaction between unintentional islanding detection schemes and GSFs.

Abstract: A multi-level switched capacitor boost inverter includes a series connection of a two-switched capacitor circuit, a source module and at least one one-switched capacitor circuit. Level-shifted pulse width modulation is used to apply gate pulses to the switches. The multi-level switched capacitor boost inverter uses only three capacitors and a single DC voltage source to generate thirteen voltage levels at load terminals with a voltage gain of three. The capacitors of the two-switched capacitor circuit are self-balancing. Additional one-switched capacitor circuits can be added in series with the inverter. Each additional one-switched capacitor circuit increases the number of levels and increases the gain by one.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, an inspection apparatus inspects an inverter circuit including three pairs of arms. The apparatus includes a current controller and a control signal generator. The current controller generates a control output for controlling a current to be output by the inverter circuit. The control output enables the current to approach a target value of the current. The control signal generator generates a first control signal for controlling ON/OFF of a first arm as one of the three pairs of arms based on the control output, a second control signal for fixing a second arm paired with the first arm, in an OFF-state, and a third control signal for fixing at least part of arms other than the first arm and the second arm in an ON-state.

Abstract: A DC transmission system transmits AC power generated by a generator to an AC distribution grid and a DC distribution grid using DC power. The DC transmission system includes an AC/DC converter, a DC/DC converter, and a DC/AC converter. The AC/DC converter outputs DC power by converting AC power from the generator. The DC/DC converter boosts a first voltage of the DC power outputted from the AC/DC converter, into a second voltage. The DC/AC converter outputs, to the AC distribution grid, AC power by converting the DC power outputted from the DC/DC converter. When the second voltage changes, the DC/DC converter controls the first voltage in response to the change in the second voltage.

Abstract: An inverter circuit (120) is configured so as to perform synchronous rectification by six switching elements (130). The switching element (130) is formed of an unipolar device (SiC MOSFET in this case) using a wideband gap semiconductor. The inverter circuit (120) uses the body diode (131) of SiC MOSFET (130) as a freewheeling diode during synchronous rectification.

Abstract: Provided is an active power filter-based modular multilevel converter, relating to the field of power electronics. According to the converter, an active power filter circuit is provided between upper and lower arms of each phase in a modular multilevel converter. The active power filter circuit includes two switch power devices, two submodules, a capacitor, and an inductor. The upper and lower bridge-arms are connected in series by means of two submodules, the two switch power devices are connected in series and then connected in parallel to ends of intermediate submodules which are connected in series, and the capacitor and the inductor are connected in series and then connected in parallel to two ends of the switch power device connected to the lower bridge-arm. The defect of large capacitance of submodule in conventional modular multilevel topology is overcome.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a method includes driving a predetermined load using a driver circuit according to a drive pattern; supplying power to the driver circuit using a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) configured to be coupled to at least one external component; and verifying functionality of the SMPS while driving the predetermined load. Verifying the functionality includes monitoring at least one operating parameter of the SMPS, where the at least one operating parameter of the SMPS is dependent on the drive pattern and the at least one external component, comparing the at least one operating parameter to at least one expected operating parameter to form a first comparison result, and indicating an error condition based on the first comparison result.

Abstract: A method for determining a switching current of at least one switching element of a converter of a system for inductive power transfer, including determining a phase current of at least one AC phase line of the converter; determining at least one switching time point of the at least one switching element and the phase current value at said switching time point; and determining switching current of the at least one switching element depending on the at least one phase current value.

Abstract: A structure for controlling a Y-capacitor for reducing common mode noise of an electric power conversion system of an environmentally-friendly vehicle. The structure cooperates with an infotainment system for a vehicle and reduces common mode noise of an electric power conversion system. In particular, the structure includes: a switching element connected to a high-voltage power source coupled to the vehicle and to attenuate noise occurring at the time of PWM control; and an electric power conversion part which receives common mode noise occurring from the power source and controls ON/OFF of the switching elements in order to reduce the received common mode noise.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a motor driving device and a method for measuring a phase current in a motor driving device, and specifically relates to a technique of measuring three phase currents of a three-phase brushless motor using a current sensor for measuring the DC bus current in the inverter. The control unit according to the present invention shifts a pulse phase of a PWM pulse such that pulse phases of the three phase PWM pulses in a first PWM cycle of the PWM control differ from those in a second PWM cycle of the PWM control, and measures the three phase currents from the output of the current sensor in these two first and second PWM cycles. The control unit calculates an offset error of the current sensor from these three phase current measurements and learns a correction value used for performing offset correction on the electric-current measurement.

Abstract: A DC to AC inverter includes a plurality of power units. Each power unit has a pair of switches, a DC linking capacitor, AC and DC bus bars, and a monolithic insulating material that encapsulates the switches, capacitor and bus bars. Each switch is sandwiched between one of the AC bars and one of the DC bus bars. The monolithic insulating material exposes external surfaces of at least one the bus bars sandwiching each switch.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reducing switching losses in an electrical system in an aircraft are provided. In one example implementation, a method can include receiving DC power at an inverter of an electrical power system of an aircraft. The inverter can be a multiphase inverter having at least one bridge circuit for each output phase of the inverter. Each bridge circuit can include a plurality of switching elements. The method can include generating, by one or more control devices, a plurality of duty cycle commands for operation of the plurality of switching elements for each bridge circuit. The method can include operating, by the one or more control devices, the inverter in accordance with the plurality of duty cycle commands to generate a multiphase AC power output from the inverter. The plurality of duty cycle commands can be generated at least in part using a space vector modulation process.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is an electrical system allowing conversion of a direct voltage into another direct voltage, including: a resonant DC-DC converter including an LLC converter circuit, a control unit including: a first module for determining the rms resonance current value from a measurement of the output current, a second module for determining a maximum value of the voltage at the terminals of each resonance capacitor and a minimum value of the voltage at the terminals of each resonance capacitor using rms resonance current value, a comparison module, a disconnection element configured to stop operation of the resonant DC-DC converter in the event of an overload.

Abstract: A module for connecting to a second module of the same type to provide an electrical converter system or, a battery system, wherein the module comprises an energy storage, at least five internal switching elements, and at least two connections on each side of the module, wherein the energy storage is connected directly to at least one of the at least two connections and the internal switching elements are arranged and connected in such a way that the internal switching elements, independently of a switching state of corresponding internal switching elements of the second module of the same type, can realize all switching states in order to dynamically switch an electrical connection between the energy storage and a corresponding energy storage of the second module. The invention further relates to an electrical converter system and to a battery system.

Abstract: A power supply includes a controller integrated circuit that controls a switching operation of a primary switch based on a feedback voltage indicative of an output voltage of the power supply. The controller integrated circuit starts the switching of the primary switch when the feedback voltage reaches a first threshold voltage and stops the switching of the primary switch when the feedback voltage reaches a second threshold voltage. The controller integrated circuit adjusts the feedback voltage relative to the first threshold voltage to reduce the delay time to start switching the primary switch to increase the output voltage in response to changing load conditions.

Abstract: A semiconductor device according to the present invention incudes a semiconductor chip, a conductive member for supporting the semiconductor chip, a joint material provided between the conductive member and the semiconductor chip, and a release groove formed on the surface of the conductive member and arranged away from the semiconductor chip with the one end and the other end of the release groove connected to the peripheral edges of the conductive member, respectively.

Abstract: A converter is provided. The converter is capable of generating a loading current at an output node. The converter includes a high efficiency power channel and a fast transient response channel. The high efficiency power channel and the fast transient response channel share an inductor that is coupled to the output node. The high efficiency power channel has an additional inductor that is connected in series with the inductor coupled to the output node.

Abstract: A gate driving apparatus for a power semiconductor device may include: a first off-resistor and a second off-resistor each having a first end connected to a gate of the power semiconductor device; a first off-switch configured to determine a connection state between a second end of the first off-resistor and a ground based on a gate driving signal for determining an on/off state of the power semiconductor device; a second off-switch configured to determine a connection state between a second end of the second off-resistor and the ground; an electric current detector configured to detect an electric current flowing from a collector (drain) of the power semiconductor device to an emitter (source) of the power semiconductor device; and a controller configured to determine an open/closed state of the second off-switch based on the gate driving signal and a magnitude of the electric current detected by the electric current detector.

Abstract: A system and a method in which a contactor coil control unit, which applies an operation signal to a contactor coil (relay coil) that opens or connects contact points of a contactor (Relay), during a travelling of a vehicle applies an abnormal signal to the contactor coil by an external reason or a failure, the abnormal signal is detected in real time, so that it is possible to prevent the contact point of the contactor from being unintentionally opened by the abnormal signal, and it is possible to prevent an operating vehicle from being suddenly stopped by determining whether the vehicle actually travels based on a maintenance time of the abnormal signal and whether the abnormal signal is applied due to an actual failure of the contactor coil control unit.

Abstract: A virtual synchronous generator device disclosed. The device includes an inverter and inverter controller having a power control portion, a power reserve portion, a power point tracking control portion, and a virtual inertia control portion. The power reserve portion determines an amount of power to be reserved and sends a signal, indicative of the determined amount of power to the power point tracking controller. The power point tracking controller determines a power point that is less than a MPP, and provides a signal to the power control portion indicative of the determined power point. The inertia control portion determines a virtual inertia and provides a signal indicative of the virtual inertia to the power control portion. The power control portion provides a power control signal to the inverter based on the power point tracking signal and the inertia command signal.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a voltage adjusting block (VAB) coupled to a light emitting diode (LED) string. The VAB includes a first switch having a first lead connected to a voltage input, and having a second lead, the first switch having a controllable duty cycle, a first diode having a cathode connected to the second lead of the first switch, and having an anode, a first inductor having a first lead connected to the cathode of the first diode, and having a second lead, and a first capacitor having a first lead connected to the anode of the first diode and having a second lead connected to the second lead of the first inductor. The VAB may provide a variable voltage across the anode of the first diode and the second lead of the first capacitor dependent upon a number of LEDs in the LED string being turned on.

Abstract: A transmitter device is configured to transfer energy to multiple receiver devices. The transmitter device includes multiple transmitter coils, and a shared power converter is coupled to each transmitter coil. The shared power converter includes a leading half bridge and multiple trailing half bridges. Each transmitter coil is coupled between the leading half bridge and a respective one of the trailing half bridges. The shared power converter is dynamically configurable in that the leading half bridge may be coupled to multiple trailing half bridges when energy is to be transferred wirelessly to two or more receiver devices. The leading half bridge simultaneously operates with each trailing half bridge as an independent full-bridge phase shift inverter. A signal supplied to each transmitter coil is independently regulated by controlling a phase shift of a respective trailing half bridge with respect to the leading half bridge.

Abstract: The power supply apparatus includes a control unit configured to perform control of gradually changing a turn-on duty of a first switching element when a first voltage mode is switched to a second voltage mode or when the second voltage mode is switched to the first voltage mode.

Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) power cell (100) for arranging in a multi-cell power supply (500) includes a housing assembly (102) with a multiple section housing (104, 106), and a PCB assembly (120) positioned within the housing assembly (102), wherein the housing assembly (102) and the PCB assembly (120) are configured to provide an integrated voltage isolation of the power cell (100) which supports an output voltage of the multi-cell power supply (500). Furthermore, a multi-cell power supply (500) including a PCB power cell (100) with isolation is described.