Abstract: A vehicle interior monitoring system to identify, locate and monitor occupants, including their parts, and other objects in the passenger compartment and objects outside of a motor vehicle, such as an automobile or truck, by illuminating the contents of the vehicle and objects outside of the vehicle with electromagnetic, and specifically infrared, radiation and using one or more lenses to focus images of the contents onto one or more arrays of charge coupled devices (CCD arrays). Outputs from the CCD arrays are analyzed by appropriate computational means employing trained pattern recognition technologies, to classify, identify or locate the contents or external objects. In general, the information obtained by the identification and monitoring system is used to affect the operation of some other system in the vehicle.

Abstract: A method for detecting the seismic discontinuity in acoustic impedance caused by an acoustically hard, reflective object buried a few feet below poroelastic soil using seismic activity induced through acoustic coupling with a remote sound source. The abrupt change in the soil impedance caused by the buried object causes sound to reflect between the object and the surface and increase the amplitude of the seismic vibrations induced by the incident acoustic energy. The change in the seismic displacement of the soil is on the order of angstroms which can be detected using remote optical test equipment such as a laser-doppler vibrometer (LDV) commonly used in nondestructive testing. A sound source emits sound at frequencies that induce significant seismic coupling with the poroelastic soil. Part of a beam of laser light of an LDV is scanned over the ground. The laser light is shifted in frequency from its source frequency by an amount intended to approximate the frequency of the anticipated seismic vibrations.

Abstract: An image processing system for estimating acoustic properties emitted from a movable sound source on a point in the sound field thereof comprises photoelectric sensors 11 and 12 for measuring a velocity and a moving direction of the sound source; a microphone array 13 for detecting an acoustic energy from the sound source on a detection surface at plural points having an interval smaller than one half of the wave length of the acoustic property, the microphone array 13 moved in a direction perpendicular to the detection surface; a multiplexer 14 for multiplexing signals inputted from the photoelectric sensors 11 and 12 and the microphone array 13 through a single output line, wherein the signals represent a value of the acoustic energy, a velocity and a moving direction of the sound source, and a velocity and a moving direction of the microphone array 13, respectively; and a personal computer 15 for setting relative coordinate systems comprising a hologram coordinate system and a detective coordinate system,

Abstract: A wideband holographic cylindrical surveillance system including a transceiver for generating a plurality of electromagnetic waves; antenna for transmitting the electromagnetic waves toward a target at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; the transceiver also receiving and converting electromagnetic waves reflected from the target to electrical signals at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; a computer for processing the electrical signals to obtain signals corresponding to a holographic reconstruction of the target; and a display for displaying the processed information to determine nature of the target. The computer has instructions to apply Fast Fourier Transforms and obtain a three dimensional cylindrical image.

Abstract: A method for reconstructing the acoustic field on the surface of a vibrating object based on measurements of the radiated acoustic pressure includes solving the Helmholtz equation directly using the expansion of a set of independent functions that are generated by the Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization with respect to the particular solutions to the Helmholtz equation. The coefficients associated with these independent functions are determined by requiring the assumed form of solution to satisfy the pressure boundary condition at the measurement points. The errors involved in these coefficients are minimized by the least squares method. Once these coefficients are specified, the acoustic pressure at any point, including the source surface, is completely determined.

Abstract: A wideband holographic surveillance system including a transceiver for generating a plurality of electromagnetic waves; antenna for transmitting the electromagnetic waves toward a target at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; the transceiver also receiving and converting electromagnetic waves reflected from the target to electrical signals at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; a computer for processing the electrical signals to obtain signals corresponding to a holographic reconstruction of the target; and a display for displaying the processed information to determine nature of the target. The computer has instructions to apply a three dimensional backward wave algorithm.

Abstract: A holographic surveillance system including means for generating electromagnetic waves; means for transmitting the electromagnetic waves toward a target at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; means for receiving and converting electromagnetic waves reflected from the target to electrical signals at a plurality of predetermined positions in space; means for processing the electrical signals to obtain signals corresponding to a holographic reconstruction of the target; and means for displaying the processed information to determine nature of the target.The means for processing the electrical signals includes means for converting analog signals to digital signals followed by a computer means to apply a backward wave algorithm.

Abstract: A preferred embodiment of the optical reconstruction assembly 50 in which the assembly 50 includes an assembly housing 52 that is a unitary unit for supporting a spatial filter 72 and a light source 74 in a single plane at the optical length "L" from a collimating lens 86. A liquid container 88 is mounted to the assembly housing 52 containing the holographic liquid 90. The light source 74 and the spatial filter 72 are spaced a fixed distance "A" which is less than the optical diameter "D" of the collimating lens 86.

Abstract: An acoustic device and related method for measuring the shape of an object. The device includes a plurality of transmitters for transmitting acoustic waves at an object to be measured and a plurality receivers for receiving the acoustic waves reflected by the object. A phase detector measures phase data of the reflected acoustic waves, the phase data being processed to calculate a value representing a shape of the object as a function of the phase data. This value is then compared with known reference value to accurately identify the shape of the object.

Abstract: A three-dimensional object imaging method is implemented on a computer for imaging an object. The three-dimensional object imaging method includes the steps of irradiating ultrasonic waves having two mutually different frequencies on the object which is to be imaged, measuring sound pressures of scattering waves from the object so as to obtain two acoustical holography images thereof, and obtaining a three-dimensional shape of the object based on a phase error between the two acoustical holography images.

Abstract: A detection panel for acoustic holography with real time image reconstruction includes, a flat cell containing a mixture of nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals whose composition provides a refractive index which varies as a function of acoustic pressure. The cell has at least one acoustic window and at least one optical window.

Abstract: The shape and position of objects in space can be reconstructed from at least two projections of these objects as obtained by transmission of waves influenced by their passage through said objects.The method includes determining for each point of the projections the distance traversed through an object by each ray derived from each of the sources, in determining the volume which contains the object and the rays which are derived from the at least two sources and pass through said object, in plotting the distances traversed by the rays within the object from external limits of the volume containing the object to define a first space which is located within the object, then in plotting the distances from the external limits of the first space to define a second space which is necessarily located outside the object but within the initial volume, and so forth.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for a personal identification card system includes a card having a plurality of lamina joined permanently together, with identification information written on the inner surfaces of the lamina. The information is not visible from the exterior of the card, and is written as analog and digital indicia and images adapted to be read by ultrasonic imaging means. An ultrasonic imaging card reading terminal may include either pulse-echo, through-transmission, or tomographic amplitude sensing devices, or may include acoustic holographic imaging sensors for appropriately formed indicia and images. The personal identifying data contained within the card may include a fingerprint image or an acoustic vocal spectrogram of the individual, as well as personal identifying numbers, signature, and the like.

Abstract: A system for simultaneously locating a plurality of targets and distinguishing the targets from noise which utilizes phase detector techniques to generate complex voltage signals and obtain phase information. Spectral analysis is performed on the complex voltage temporal functions to generate doppler frequency functions. Both spectral phase functions and spectral amplitude functions are generated from the doppler frequency functions. Spectral phase functions are analyzed using interferometry techniques to determine if a potential target has a common locational source from returns of a plurality of sensors. A zenith angle is also generated using interferometry techniques to provide locational information of the multiple targets. Range gating and two frequency range detection methods provide high resolution range information as to the location of the targets. High resolution range information and two dimensional zenith angle information are used to provide an image of the targets.

Abstract: A system for measuring angles, including a lens or antenna for focusing the radiation from an object scene onto an image sensor which is shifted by a clock, thereby producing the real time imaging of the object scene wherein each element of the object scene is detected as a pulse, representing the element angular displacement from the lens, at the output of the image sensor. A system for measuring angles of objects relative to the centerline of a lens or antenna. A goniometer for measuring the bearing of objects. A system for measuring the vector speed of objects. A velocity meter for measuring the speed of objects. A system for tracking objects. A system for motion compensation. A search, track or track-while-scan detection system. Without the lens or antenna, a system for recording and reproducing halograms.

Abstract: A system to measure geometric and electromagnetic characteristics of objects. Wave energy of a single frequency (or very narrow band of frequencies) is directed upon an object which reflects (or otherwise interacts with) the wave energy. The reflected wave energy is sensed by many spatially spaced sensors to provide electric signals whose amplitude and phase components are combined to give a quantity from which geometric and/or electromagnetic characteristics of the object can be ascertained.

Abstract: In the disclosed method and structure a pulse of a sound filed to be mapped is illuminated at at least two extremes values at different moments with a laser beam of short duration compared to the period of the illuminated sound pulse and interference produced between the resulting reflected beam and a reference beam. A holographic image is formed. The relative phase of the laser pulse and the reference is changed between the individual illuminations by a preselectable amount which deviates from .pi. and which suppresses the optical and/or acoustical noise. Specifically, a time delay initiates the first illumination process when an extreme value is reached at the beginning of the sound pulse to be mapped. A counter is started by this time delay and counts the half and quarter waves of the sound pulse. The counter initiates an additional illumination process after a preselectable odd number has been reached. A phase shifter changes the relative phase between the object beam and the reference beam.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for holographically generating visual representations of acoustical characteristics of sound sources. A planar array has a lattice of microphone receiving points are disposed such that evanescent wave energy from the sources is detected along with propagating wave energy. The microphone outputs are sampled, resolved into phase and amplitude components, digitized and subjected to fast Fourier transform operations to provide computer graphic display means with holographic reconstruction parameters corresponding to the sources under analysis.

Abstract: A sonar bearing determining system comprises a generator for radiating a sonar signal and a receiver for receiving echo signals. The receiver comprises an array of spaced receiving transducers and a modulating and sampling arrangement which consists of a multiplexer driven by a clock signal for producing a combined signal. The combined signal is of the form of a repetitive sequential sample of each of the received signals modulated by a signal equal to the multiplexing signal but phase displaced relative thereto. A bearing determining device is arranged to determine the bearing of an object providing an echo in dependence upon the frequency component of the combined signal or in dependence upon the time displacement of the combined signal relative to a predetermined time value. The modulating and sampling means is arranged to route selectively samples of each of the received signals and thereby to effect both modulating and sampling functions.

Abstract: The invention relates to the acousto-optical imagery of objects transmitting ultrasonic waves; an optical image diffracted by the action of an ultrasonic wave is detected by coherent detection in an electro-optical and photoconductive holographic recording material under an applied field by holographic recording of the interferences between the diffracted order to be imaged formed by the optical wave of pulsation .omega..sub.o +.omega..sub.s (or .omega..sub.o -.omega..sub.S) and an optical reference wave having the same pulsations. Imagery is effected in real time by restoration of the object wave by a reading wave having the same pulsation as the reference wave.

Abstract: Echo ranging flaw detecting, characterizing and studying apparatus in which the work is scanned simultaneously by acoustic energy focused at a point from an acoustic-lens transducer and by acoustic energy focused along a line along which it is propagated from a focused-arc transducer. The acoustical echos from the lens transducer are combined with an electrical analog of an acoustical reference wave to produce an acoustical interference pattern which is reconstructed into a holographic display or hologram by a laser beam. The echos from the focused-arc transducer produce a cathode-ray tube display or are stored in a memory.

Abstract: An underwater apparatus is described for acoustically inspecting a submerged object at considerable depths such as the lower structural portion of an off-shore drilling rig to determine if the structure has internal defect which cannot be optically detected. The apparatus is intended to operate in depths of up to 500 meters. The apparatus includes an underwater craft for transporting both humans and equipment to the submerged object. The apparatus includes a hand held acoustical and optical probe that is movable by a diver over the surface of the submerged object. The probe includes an array of acoustical transducers that are sequentially activated to acoustically scan the interior of the object. The acoustical transducers are mounted in a flexible support material to accommodate the array to the contour of the surface. The probe additionally includes a real-time display of the acoustical information to assist the diver in effectively inspecting the object.

Abstract: An arrangement is provided for locating and identifying objects using holographic techniques. Improvements are achieved by array configuration and particularly with the use of a plurality of arrays to provide different types of information related to the same object. In one embodiment, a high resolution narrow field-of-view array is provided in combination with a low resolution wide field-of-view array. The low resolution array resolves the ambiguity for object location and the high resolution array permits object identification; wherein the combination of a high resolution narrow field-of-view array and a low resolution wide field-of-view array provides significant advantages over the conventional high resolution wide field-of-view array.A general purpose high resolution wide field-of-view array may be provided for obtaining desired information. In a mode requiring high computational rates, portions of the general purpose array may be selected to provide specific information.

Abstract: Structure-borne intensities in a vibrating plate radiator having at least one source of vibration are measured without contacting the radiator by producing a pressure hologram of the pressure radiated from the surface of the radiator, determining the normal velocity of the radiator surface from the pressure hologram, and determining at least one component of the structure-borne intensity from the normal velocity.