Abstract: The present invention provides a method for forming a pattern, containing: stacking a master having at least a two-dimensional pattern or a three-dimensional pattern formed thereon and a pattern-transferring material containing at least a recording layer which changes a state thereof as light is transmitted thereto; and transmitting light to the recording layer so as to transfer the pattern of the master onto the recording layer.

Abstract: A method for copy protection of digital content, wherein at least a part of the digital content is an active part enabling the execution of the digital content, includes steps of storing digital content in a storage, choosing reference storage blocks from the storage, creating dependencies between the digital content and the chosen reference storage blocks and executing by way of the active part the digital content only after verification of the dependencies in order to verify the presence of the chosen reference storage blocks. A storing medium also includes a digital content being copy protected according to the method and to a reproducing apparatus executes the steps of the above-described method.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: recording means for recoding contents; and transfer means for determining recording media at transfer destinations of respective contents recorded in the recording means among recoding media in recording devices linked via a network by comparing information about contents to be transferred with information about contents recorded in the recording media in the respective recording devices and transferring the contents.

Abstract: A system for high-speed access and recording includes a demodulator, a buffer memory, and a hard disk. During a write cycle, a content stream is stored in buffer memory and thereafter transferred to the demodulator. When the buffer memory reaches its storage capacity, its contents are transferred to the hard disk for storage. During a read cycle, contents from the hard disk are read and then stored in the buffer memory. The hard disk further includes includes a high-speed zone and a random-access zone, which are configured to operate in a high-speed mode, a random-access mode, and a buffer-cleaning mode.

Abstract: A video signal recording apparatus with a video and audio memorizing section for temporarily memorizing an inputted video audio signal, a time code generating section for generating a time-code of said video audio signal an auxiliary information memorizing section for temporarily memorizing auxiliary information appended to said video audio signal including said time code generating a regeneration value obtained from a time code to which one frame time is added to said recorded time code when a recording starts and correcting said regeneration value for an amount of delay corresponding to a storage volume temporarily memorized in said auxiliary information (time code, metadata, CUE audio signal, and the like) memorizing section and thus obtaining a corrected time code, and thereafter sequential time codes are generated from said corrected time code though said time code generating section.

Abstract: A reproducing system includes a reproducing unit for reproducing information data of a plurality of contents from a first disk-shaped recording medium, an external interface for outputting information data reproduced from the first disk-shaped recording medium to an external system so as to cause the external system to record the reproduced information data on a second disk-shaped recording medium, a selection unit for selecting, from among the plurality of contents recorded on the first disk-shaped recording medium, a content to be copied to the second disk-shaped recording medium, and a control unit for, in a copy mode in which information data of the content selected by the selection unit among information data recorded on the first disk-shaped recording medium is output to the external system and copied to the second disk-shaped recording medium, controlling the reproducing unit and the external system to record the information data to be copied on substantially the same recording position on the second d

Abstract: The effect of detection errors when detecting if a disc recording medium is in a disc drive is eliminated. A control unit 17 detects if an optical disc 11 was supplied to an optical disc drive 13 based on the operation of the transportation unit 16, causes the optical disc drive 13 to detect if an optical disc 11 is inside the disc drive, and compares the results of these detection operations. If the results do not match, the control unit 17 causes the optical disc drive 13 to repeat the operation discharging and loading the optical disc 11, and causes the optical disc drive 13 to again detect if an optical disc 11 is present after the discharge and loading operation. The control unit 17 then determines if the new detection result from the optical disc drive 13 and the detection result related to supplying the optical disc 11 to the optical disc drive 13 match, and based on the result of this evaluation detects an optical disc drive 13 operating error.

Abstract: Present invention provides a one-stop simplified mechanism of optical disc duplication and labeling, all done within the same integrated standalone system, saving the trouble of multi-step disc handling and the saving the cost of additional expenses related to the use of traditional labeling method such as ink, ribbons and other consumable items.

Abstract: A multi-station audio distribution apparatus having at least two listening stations, a data control mechanism and a listening station interface mechanism disposed between the listening stations and the data control mechanism. Each of the listening stations has a user input in the form of a bar code scanner to enter an audio material selection and each has an audio output. The data control mechanism retrieves digitized audio material corresponding to each of the user's audio material selections. The listening station interface mechanism transfers the user's input from each of the listening stations to the data control mechanism, receives the digitized audio materials corresponding to each user's input from the data control mechanism, converts the digital audio materials to analog audio signals and transfers the analog audio signals to each of the respective listening stations for the audio output.

Abstract: An audio-player comprises a loading-unit, a memory, an operating-unit, a dubbing-unit, a playback-unit, and a display-unit. The loading-unit loads a disc. The memory has a plurality of data-memory-areas. The operating-unit has direct keys for selecting the specific data-memory-area in the plurality of data-memory-areas. The dubbing-unit dubs sound-data recorded on the disc with a proper disc identification number which the disc has, into the data-memory-area selected by the direct key. The playback-unit plays back the sound-data stored in the selected memory area. The display-unit has a quantity-display-area and a location-display-area. The quantity-display-area has a plurality of display parts. The quantity of memory used for storing the sound-data in each of the data-memory-areas is indicated in each of the display parts. The location where the sound-data is being played back from or is stored in the memory, is indicated in the location-display-area.

Abstract: An editing apparatus and method for dividing or combining a data file(s) that is segmented into blocks of a predetermined data length and recorded in a non-volatile memory. An attribute file having a predetermined length is modified so as to reflect such dividing or combining. Such attribute file is recorded in the non-volatile memory.

Abstract: Information recording and playback apparatus, content management method, and content management program. When data of copyright-protected content is recorded in a general-purpose HDD, illegal copying of the content is prevented. Each time when content is recorded in the HDD and when content recorded in the HDD is moved to a Blu-ray disc (BD), a random number output section outputs unique verification information (a random number) and overwrites the unique verification information in the corresponding verification files of the HDD and an EEPROM. Then, when the content recorded in the HDD is to be moved to the BD, a verification section verifies the verification information (random number) recorded in the verification file of the HDD against the verification information (the random number) recorded in the verification file of the EEPROM, and permits the movement of the associated content only when they match.

Abstract: A method, a device, and a computer-readable medium for simulating a multilayer optical storage medium are disclosed. A multiple-layer optical storage medium is simulated by using a set of multiple single-layer media, wherein the number of multiple single-layer media is equal to or smaller than the number of multiple layers of the multiple layer optical storage medium, and each single layer of the set of multiple single-layer media comprises a copy of the corresponding layer of the multiple-layer medium. This is transparent to any application software accessing a device having such a single-layer medium inserted therein by the drive reporting to the application that a multi-layer optical storage medium has actually been inserted into the device for reading or writing. The device may be comprised in an audio-visual player and/or a recorder such as a DVD recorder.

Abstract: In an apparatus for recording a broadcast program on an optical disk, a broadcast reception section receives a broadcast signal containing various programs broadcasted from a broadcast station. A recording setup section specifies a program to be recorded on an optical disk among the various programs contained in the received broadcast signal. An information acquisition section acquires attribute information associative of content of the specified program from an electronic program guide of various programs.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for the automatic selection of a source drive and a destination drive when an operation to record content is performed. The method includes an evaluation of all removable media devices detected in the computing system, and the classification of the detected devices. All removable media detected in the computing system is also evaluated, and evaluation of a last used source drive and a last used destination drive is performed. When recording content to removable media, an algorithm is triggered to evaluate detected devices, evaluate detected media, and intelligently select an appropriate source drive and destination drive for the recording operation. The intelligent selection is performed automatically.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for copying the data content of a source multi-session DVD-storage medium to a destination multi-session DVD-storage medium, wherein the data content is organized in sessions and files, and each session contains a file allocation table storing at least the physical start address of each file within a session, and wherein the address space between two adjacent sessions on said DVD-storage media is different. The apparatus comprises a read unit for reading data from said first storage medium, a write unit for writing data on said second storage medium, and a controller unit for controlling said read unit and said write unit. An address converting unit adapted to analyze the file allocation table of each session and to apply a predetermined address offset to each address in the file allocation table before writing said data to the second storage medium is also provided.

Abstract: A recording apparatus includes a recording/reproducing unit to record/reproduce information data on/from each of a plurality of first recording media; an outputting unit to output the information data reproduced from the first recording media to a recording device in order to record the information data recorded on the first recording media on a second recording medium by the recording device; an obtaining unit to obtain sizes of respective pieces of the information data recorded on the first recording media; a generating unit to generate association information including identification information to identify the first recording media associated with each other and order information indicating order of the first recording media; and a determination unit configured to determine addresses used to record the respective pieces of the information data recorded on the first recording media on the second recording medium based on the association information and the obtained data sizes.

Abstract: A magnetic tape cartridge, a recording system, and a magnetic tape drive are configured to, for example, guard against tampering with a write once overwrite protection pointer which allows a rewritable magnetic tape to be treated as write once. In one embodiment, the magnetic tape cartridge comprises a magnetic tape and a cartridge memory. The magnetic tape is configured to provide at least one overwrite protection pointer, the overwrite protection pointer identifying data to be protected from being overwritten; and the cartridge memory is configured to provide the at least one overwrite protection pointer, the overwrite protection pointer identifying magnetic tape data to be protected from being overwritten.

Abstract: In a recording apparatus that is capable of recording information on a plurality of recording media, i.e., first and second memory cards, the information is recorded on the first and second memory cards simultaneously, the information that has been recorded only on one of the memory cards is left and the information recorded on the other is deleted in dependence upon the available capacities of the memory cards at the end of recording. Performing recording in this manner makes it possible to store continuous data collectively on a single recording medium to the greatest extent possible.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided a recording apparatus including a recording unit which copies first contents with a first number of producible copies and records second contents with a second number of producible copies in a recording region, and a management unit which arbitrarily distributes the second number of producible copies from the first number of producible copies when the recording unit copies the first contents to record the second contents in the recording region and, thereby rewrites the first number of producible copies with a new first number of producible copies subtracted by the distributing process and the copy process of the contents.

Abstract: A method for obtaining and setting recording setting information, including: obtaining device identification information of an optical disc recording/playback device; transmitting a recording setting information request signal including at least the device identification information to a server connected through a network; receiving recording setting information corresponding to at least the device identification information transmitted from the server based on the recording setting information request signal; and storing the received recording setting information in memory within the optical disc recording/playback device. Thus, for example, recording setting information as to all of optical discs may be obtained and set as much as possible in a case wherein access to the server can be performed, whereby even a case can be handled wherein data recording is carried out as to various types of optical discs later.

Abstract: An information recording device includes: acquisition elements for acquiring corresponding definition information, arrival time information, and display time information from a primary recording medium; processing elements for converting the display time indicated by the display time information into a display time indicated on the same time axis according to the arrival time information and outputting the processed display time information; and recording elements for recording a second whole stream in the form of the processed display time information which has been output and added to each packet of a plurality of partial streams constituting the second whole stream on a secondary recording medium. On the primary recording medium, the arrival time information indicating the arrival time of each packet and display time information indicating the display time are recorded.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described to inhibit automatic installation of software by an installer carried on a recording medium so as to enable copying of content data from the recording medium. When the recording medium is inserted into a reader, an inhibitor inhibits an installer carried upon the recording medium from installing a copy protector by mimicking prior installation of the copy protector.

Abstract: An optical recording medium having a read-only storage area and a writable storage area and a recording/reproducing apparatus and method therefor. The optical recording medium is a hybrid disc having both the read-only storage area, which is suitable for mass production of information having the same contents, and the writable storage area on which data can be recorded, updated or added at a user's option.

Abstract: A recording device executes unattended recording after suspending dubbing when a preset recording time draws near during the dubbing, and saves dubbing-status information showing the suspension position of the dubbing. The recording device reads the dubbing status information after the end of the unattended recording, and resumes the dubbing from the suspension position. If suspension/resumption during the dubbing of a single source content results in a plurality of duplicate contents, the recording device edits the duplicate contents into a single content or a single playback route.

Abstract: Data areas AR1 and AR2, lead-in areas LIN1 and LIN2, and lead-out areas LOUT1 and LOUT2 are provided on a disc. For example, in case of encrypting and recording data into the data area AR2, copyright management information R2 and key information K2 are recorded into the lead-out area LOUT2. Only information in a Q channel of a subcode is recorded in the lead-out area and this area is filled with dummy data. A position of the lead-out is obtained from TOC information. The fact that a light spot has entered the lead-out area can be judged from the information in the Q channel. The copyright management information and key information are recorded by using the lead-out area. The lead-out area is not rewritten or accessed by an ordinary CD player, so that the copyright management information and the key information can be safely held.

Abstract: A recording apparatus that can record a content on a first recording medium, and on a second recording medium taking longer time to record a content than the first recording medium does, the recording apparatus includes: a recording control means for controlling recording of a transferred content such a way that when the transferred content that is a content sent from another device is recorded on the second recording medium, the transferred content is recorded on the first recording medium prior to the second recording medium and the transferred content recorded on the first recording medium is recorded on the second recording medium; and a notifying means for notifying the another device that reception of the transferred content is completed at a time when the recording of the transferred content on the first recording medium is completed before the recording of the transferred content on the second recording medium is completed.

Abstract: An optical disk player includes: an installation judgment part judging whether or not a USB memory has been installed; a stored information judgment part, when the installation judgment part judges that the USB memory has been installed, judging whether or not the USB memory stores reproducible information; and a reproduction execution part, when the stored information judgment part judges that the USB memory stores the reproducible information, reading the reproducible information stored in the USB memory to achieve reproduction.

Abstract: A stream data recording apparatus records stream data in such a manner that the head of each video coding unit and the head of a series of audio coding unit corresponding to each video coding unit contained in the stream data coincide with the heads of access units of a recording medium. Utilizing the structure of stream data so recorded and the random accessibility of the recording medium, a stream data replaying apparatus and a stream data editing apparatus replay or edit the stream data freely on a video coding unit basis. By replacing stream data recorded on the recording medium on a video coding unit basis, the recording apparatus realizes endless recording that does not require complex file manipulation.

Abstract: A method and device for recording multiple information volumes on a record carrier, usually called multi-session recording, has a mapping unit (31) for opening a session by recording intro data including a first buffer zone at the beginning of the start zone of the volume, and a session control block (SDCB) in a remaining blank area of the start zone after the buffer zone. The session control block includes volume data indicative of the status and the contents of the session. The session is closed by recording session control data indicating that the information volume is closed in the remaining blank area, and closure data after the last user information recorded in the data zone for constituting the end zone of the volume. Further, the device has a detecting unit (32) for retrieving the session control block from said start zone.

Abstract: A digital rights management system for the distribution, protection and use of electronic content. The system includes a client architecture which receives content, where the content is preferably protected by encryption and may include a license and individualization features. Content is protected at several levels, including: no protection; source-sealed; individually-sealed (or “inscribed”); source-signed; and fully-individualized (or “owner exclusive”). The client also includes and/or receives components which permit the access and protection of the encrypted content, as well as components that allow content to be provided to the client in a form that is individualized for the client. In some cases, access to the content will be governed by a rights construct defined in the license bound to the content.

Abstract: Copying apparatus has a reader operable to access locations of a recording medium to read both content data and navigational command data that determines the order in which a player of the recording medium will access the content data. A navigator executes a navigation command in accordance with navigation data read by the reader. A controller controls the location of the recording medium accessed by the reader in accordance with the result of the execution of a navigation command executed by the navigator so as to cause the reader to follow a navigation path through the content data defined by the navigation data and to cause a presentation data storer to store data for enabling recording of the content data for the navigational path.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method for recording and compiling a music section, wherein multiple takes of the music section are recorded; and wherein the method uses a take folder to store the multiple takes. The take folder may belong to a single track. Sections of one or more takes can be selected to be part of a resulting compilation which is composed of the selected sections. In one embodiment, a method automatically ensures that selected sections do not overlap in time and that there are no breaks between adjacent selections. In addition, the present invention relates to programs, a storage media and data processing systems having the above features as well as to a storage medium containing the music produced thereby.

Abstract: The method and apparatus described utilise the fact that CDs manufactured from the same master will have distinctive physical characteristics attributable to the physical manufacturing process of the master to distinguish counterfeit CDs from genuine discs. For a genuine disc, the relative angular orientation of specified sections of the recorded data are determined and recorded. The relative angular orientation of the same sections of data on a test disc are also determined. Where the relative angular orientations are the same it is concluded that the test disc derives from the same source as the genuine disc and is therefore bona fide. Where there is no correlation, the test disc may be identified as counterfeit. The relative angular orientations, or other physical characteristics of the discs, may be physically measured, or may be calculated from information gained by reading the data on the disc. The disclosed technique can also be used to copy protect discs.

Abstract: A recording disc has a lead-in area and a data area. A scrambled version of a SID code word is read out from the lead-in area of the disc. The SID code word represents a producer of the disc. The readout scrambled version is de-scrambled to recover the SID code word. The recovered SID code word is collated with reference SID code words to decide whether or not the disc is legitimate. Main information is read out from the data area of the disc when it is decided that the disc is legitimate. Readout of the main information from the data area of the disc is inhibited when it is decided that the disc is not legitimate.

Abstract: A media distribution system is provided in which a primary means of transport for digital media is through a device with housing shaped as an optical disc and insertable into various current and future optical disc drive devices. Media travels from different digital sources such as a personal media library and other networked resources to embedded memory on the optical disc shaped device via a capable personal computer or electronic device. This media is then able to be presented in the most appropriate format in a number of different types of current and legacy devices with optical drives such as CD audio devices and DVD players.

Abstract: There is provided an electronic apparatus which once makes a user conscious of copyright and the like of digital data, such as audio data and image data, when the user records the digital data or performs the like processing, and then allows the user to use the digital data without annoying him any longer concerning the copyright and the like of digital data, a data recording method for the electronic apparatus, and a storage medium storing a program for executing the data recording method. The electronic apparatus is capable of performing a plurality of processes including a specific process execution of which is restricted in advance. A notification section notifies a user of a message calling the user's attention to the specific process in response to an instruction issued on the specific process. A function-setting section sets a specific function according to the notification of the message.

Abstract: A Copying Apparatus for copying a recoding medium, a method thereof and a computer program thereof is provided, wherein the recording medium is copy-protected by a predetermined method.

Abstract: A disc drive apparatus includes: a rotational driving unit rotating a disc-shaped recording medium; a recording and/or reproducing unit recording and/or reproducing an information signal on the information recording surface of the disc-shaped recording medium; a print head printing visible information onto a label surface of the disc-shaped recording medium; and a pulse signal generating unit detecting rotation of the rotational driving unit and generating a pulse signal. Further, the apparatus includes a signal processing unit generating a specified address signal where a pulse is generated when a specified address on the disc-shaped recording medium is reproduced; and a control unit carrying out, based on the pulse signal and the specified address signal, disc correlating processing correlating a disc base position where the specified address is recorded on the disc-shaped recording medium and the pulse signal to obtain position information for the disc-shaped recording medium from the pulse signal.

Abstract: The data transfer apparatus includes a recording unit which records image files on a first recording medium, a communication unit which communicates with a recording apparatus which records an image file on a second recording medium, and receives medium information associated with the second recording medium from the recording apparatus, a search unit which searches a plurality of image files recorded on the first recording medium for image files which are recordable on the second recording medium, based on the medium information, and a display control unit which displays representative images of the plurality of image files recorded on the first recording medium, and the display control unit displays, together with the representative images, information indicating a range of image files recordable on the second recording medium of the plurality of image files recorded on the first recording medium, based on a search result of the search unit.

Abstract: A backup method includes reading record information of an optical disc; when the reading operation fails, utilizing an optical disc drive to read backed up record information at a plurality of specified positions in the lead-out area; checking a status of a session as a preparation for following recording; utilizing the optical disc drive to record data into a session on the optical disc; updating record information of the optical disc to generate an updated record information when recording of the session is completed and simultaneously recording the updated record information including a TOC block within the lead-in area of the optical disc to a plurality of specified positions on the optical disc according to different data types of the record information to serve as backed up record information; and ending a recording operation of the session.

Abstract: The present invention provides a disc device capable of normally reproducing recorded information on a disc type recording medium while complementing the recorded information in a damaged portion of the recording medium with complementary information, and capable of constantly holding useful complementary information. The complementary information for complementing the recorded information in the damaged portion of the optical disc is acquired from a server and saved in a storage area of a storing unit, and the recorded information on the optical disc is reproduced while complementing the recorded information in the damaged portion with the complementary information.

Abstract: A record apparatus includes a media writing unit to record on a disc media information to be recorded stored in a predetermined storage location; a control circuit to record storage-location information of the media information to be recorded on the disc with the media writing unit in a RFID circuit element being attached to the disc and having an IC circuit part to store information and an antenna to transmit and receive information; a radio frequency circuit; and an antenna.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a press key operating type optical disk duplicating system, which comprises an optical disk burner, and the optical disk burner is connected to a personal computer for playing an optical disk (such as a CD or a DVD) loaded into the optical disk burner or performing the optical disk burning (copying of files to an optical disk) or optical disk duplication for an optical disk loaded into the optical disk burner. The optical disk burner comprises at least one function key, and each function key is connected to a control circuit, such that the function key is pressed as to turn on the control circuit and the corresponding program installed in the personal computer and execute a series of operations required for burning (writing to) or duplicating an optical disk.

Abstract: A reproduction method and apparatus for reproducing video data and/or audio data from a recordable medium having video data and/or audio data recorded thereon. The video data and/or audio data is generated by superimposing information concerning an attribute of a video signal and/or an audio signal on a signal of digitized video data and/or a signal of digitized audio data. Information concerning a copyright superimposed on the video data and/or audio data is reproduced from the medium, and a type of the medium is identified. Reproduction is stopped in response to a determination that the medium is illegally produced, the determination being based on a combination of the information concerning a copyright which is reproduced and the type of the medium identified.

Abstract: Audio information stored in the undulations of grooves in a medium such as a phonograph record may be reconstructed, with little or no contact, by measuring the groove shape using precision metrology methods coupled with digital image processing and numerical analysis. The effects of damage, wear, and contamination may be compensated, in many cases, through image processing and analysis methods. The speed and data handling capacity of available computing hardware make this approach practical. Two examples used a general purpose optical metrology system to study a 50 year old 78 r.p.m. phonograph record and a commercial confocal scanning probe to study a 1920's celluloid Edison cylinder. Comparisons are presented with stylus playback of the samples and with a digitally re-mastered version of an original magnetic recording. There is also a more extensive implementation of this approach, with dedicated hardware and software.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an information recording/reproducing apparatus that includes a first and a second recording/reproducing modules, a buffer memory to store information temporally, and a control module that switches between a first mode and a second mode when the information is dubbed from the first recording/reproducing module to the second recording/reproducing module. In the first mode, information in the first recording/reproducing module is reproduced and stored in the buffer memory. In the second mode, the information stored in the buffer memory is recorded in the second recording/reproducing module. The apparatus further includes a temperature detecting module. Depending on the temperature detected by this module, the apparatus changes the movement of the second recording/reproducing module in the first mode and the movement of the first recording/reproducing module in the second mode.

Abstract: A user-interactive program assists a user in locating files on optical media discs such as CD-ROMs and DVDs to enhance file-transfer rates and program installation times in computers with a Constant Angular Velocity (CAV) optical media disc drive. In addition, an application program calculates an optimal location for files and/or directories on an optical media disc so that the files are located near the location with the highest data transfer rate. This program may be used to compute an image file that defines where data will be located on an optical disc, or may be used to control transfer of data to the optical media disc.

Abstract: A recording and playback apparatus according to the present invention includes a duplicating section for duplicating music data from a music CD in a CD read-out section onto a hard disk and a preserving section which, if duplication by the duplicating section is interrupted, preserves TOC information identifying the music CD and duplicated-music-data information identifying duplicated music data such that the TOC information is associated with the duplicated-music-data information. The recording and playback apparatus further includes a playback section for playing back music data stored in the hard disk. When a music CD having a history of interrupted duplication is placed in the CD read-out section, the duplicating section resumes duplication onto the hard disk based on the TOC information and the duplicated-music-data information preserved in the preserving section.

Abstract: Apparatus nominally used for recording includes a reproduction section to play digital data from a recording medium recorded with that digital data and retrieval information, a recording section to write the digital data reproduced by the reproduction section and record the retrieval information on a control table, and a control circuit to search the control table by using the retrieval information when the digital data from the reproduction section is written by the recording section, thereby to permit the writing of digital data recorded on the medium with the recording section when the retrieval information is not recorded on the control table, and to prohibit the writing of digital data recorded on the medium with the recording section when the retrieval information is already recorded on the control table, and also to prevent the mistaken duplicate copying of the digital data with the recording section.