Abstract: Techniques discussed herein facilitate generation of uplink control information for Enhanced Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Format(s) (EPF(s)). One example embodiment employable in a User Equipment (UE) is configured to: determine Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest-Acknowledgment (HARQ-ACK) information; generate a PUCCH for a BandWidth Part (BWP) based at least in part on the HARQ-ACK information, wherein the PUCCH has an EPF; determine a PUCCH resource for the PUCCH and a first PRB index for the PUCCH, wherein the PUCCH resource is determined based at least in part on an index of a first Control Channel Element (CCE) of an associated Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a number of CCEs in a Control Resource Set (CORESET) of the associated PDCCH; and map the PUCCH to at least one PUCCH interlace based on the PUCCH resource and the first PRB index for the PUCCH.

Abstract: A method and system for configuring a fifth generation (5G) network may include utilizing software-defined networking (SDN) for separating a data plane from a control plane of a 5G network. The separated control plane may be run across a low earth orbit (LEO) system between an edge network and a core network of the 5G network such that the LEO system exclusively directs the control plane. A pathway for the data plane may be determined and generated by the LEO system exclusively using the control plane. In some examples, SDN control may be established exclusively on a LEO system based on a service request. A pathway for the data plane from a first location to a second location may be determined and generated based on the service request and the control of the control plane on the LEO system.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a terminal information processing method for determining exception information of a terminal. The method includes: obtaining, by a data analytics network element, data of a first terminal on an application function network element, where the data includes exception information of the first terminal; obtaining, by the data analytics network element, first terminal information of the first terminal on one or more network elements; and determining, by the data analytics network element, exception information of a second terminal based on the exception information of the first terminal and the first terminal information.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive, from a base station, an indication that demodulation reference signal (DMRS) bundling is to be used for channel estimation by the base station for one or more physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) repetitions, where the indication is a semi-static configuration or a dynamic indication. The UE may transmit, to the base station, the one or more PUCCH repetitions by maintaining a phase continuity among DMRSs of the one or more PUCCH repetitions based at least in part on receiving the indication that DMRS bundling is to be used. Numerous other aspects are described.

Abstract: Systems and methods for adjusting the behavior of an endpoint security agent based on a network location are provided. According to an embodiment, an agent of an endpoint device detects whether the endpoint has moved to a new network by monitoring for changes to an IP address associated with the endpoint. When the detecting is affirmative, the agent further determines whether a trusted network determination service associated with a cloud-based security service is reachable. When the determining is affirmative, the agent further identifies whether the new network is among a set of trusted networks that have been previously registered with the cloud-based security service by querying the trusted network determination service. When the identifying is affirmative, a particular security feature on the endpoint is configured for operation within a trusted network and when the identifying is negative, the particular security feature is configured for operation outside of a trusted networks.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive an activation command for a pathloss reference signal (PLRS). The UE may estimate a pathloss using the PLRS based at least in part on an applicable time for the PLRS that indicates a time at which the PLRS is to be ready for use in estimating the pathloss. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a mobility measurement method in a radio resource control (RRC) idle or inactive state and a device. The method includes: adjusting measurement attribute information of inter-frequency frequencies, according to an inter-frequency measurement result and/or a serving cell measurement result of a terminal device and configuration information from a network device, where the measurement attribute information of the inter-frequency frequencies includes at least one of: a frequency type, a quantity of frequencies of different frequency types, or a measurement requirement of frequencies of different frequency types, the frequency type includes a first performance frequency or a second performance frequency, and a measurement requirement of the second performance frequency is lower than a measurement requirement of the first performance frequency.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment may receive bandwidth part configuration information configuring a dormancy profile for a first bandwidth part of a plurality of bandwidth parts; communicate, on a second bandwidth part, a plurality of types of signaling; and communicate, on the first bandwidth part, a subset of the plurality of types of signaling, such that at least one type of signaling, of the plurality of types of signaling, is suppressed in accordance with the dormancy profile. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removal of a parasitic coupling of a signal source to an output of an antenna array comprising at least one antenna element connected via an associated controllable switch to a signal receiver connected to the output of said antenna array, the method includes measuring a parasitic coupling signal received by the signal receiver connected to the output of said antenna array while all switches of the antenna array are switched off and a first reference signal received by a reference signal receiver; measuring a total reception signal for each antenna element and a second reference signal; calculating a parasitic coupling free reception signal for each antenna element by subtracting a ratio between the measured parasitic coupling signal and the measured first reference signal from a ratio between the total reception signal.

Abstract: In one aspect, an apparatus may include at least one processor and storage accessible to the at least one processor. The storage may include instructions executable by the at least one processor to receive a transcription of audio from a first client device. The audio may be detected at the first client device and may be streamed from the first client device as part of a video conference. The instructions may also be executable to determine that a second client device is not presenting a first part of the audio. Based on the determination, the instructions may be executable to send a first part of the transcription to the second client device and/or to present the first part the transcription at the second client device.

Abstract: A method of transmitting information includes: determining one or more physical resource blocks (PRBs) for transmitting one or more associated channels of a current physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and transmitting the one or more associated channels on the one or more determined PRBs. The one or more determined PRBs include one or more PRBs other than a current PRB for transmitting the current PDCCH. By determining one or more PRBs for transmitting the one or more associated channels of the current PDCCH or for repeatedly transmitting the current PDCCH, with the one or more determined PRBs including one or more PRBs other than the current PRB for transmitting the current PDCCH, when the one or more associated channels are transmitted on the one or more determined PRBs, it can avoid service congestion caused by excessive load on a certain PRB, and can improve a scheduling flexibility.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device operating in connected mode for reporting channel quality comprise: determining that aperiodic channel quality reporting has been triggered for the wireless device and transmitting a downlink channel quality report to a network node. A channel quality in the report is represented by a number of repetitions used to receive a channel. In particular embodiments, the number of repetitions comprises a number of repetitions used to receive a machine type communication (MTC) physical downlink control channel (MPDCCH) or a narrowband Internet-of-things (NB-IoT) physical downlink control channel (NPDCCH).

Abstract: A change of a user device from a wireless connection to the enterprise network to a wired connection to the enterprise network (or a cellular network) is detected. In response, a snapshot of network conditions relevant to the user device are detected. A health check on the network conditions can identify specific network issues negatively affecting the user device and the issues are remediated. A remediation model is generated with AI that a different user change will occur based on a later health check revealing similar network conditions to the earlier health check. In response, the issues are automatically remediating the specific network issues based on the earlier stored remediation the earlier.

Abstract: A method of operating a wireless terminal may include transmitting a random access preamble of a random access procedure from the wireless terminal to a node of a radio access network. After transmitting the random access preamble, a random access response of the random access procedure may be received from the node of the radio access network, with the random access response including an Uplink grant for a Message 3 uplink communication of the random access procedure. The UL grant may include a time domain configuration associated with the Message 3 uplink communication. The time domain configuration may include a repetition factor that defines a number of repetitions across subframes for the Message 3 uplink communication, and/or Transmission Time Interval information for the Message 3 uplink communication. Related wireless terminals and base stations are also discussed.

Abstract: Embodiments described herein relate to a system and method for providing flexible receiver configuration in wireless communication systems, such as 802.11 WLAN systems. In one embodiment, a wireless device may transmit a first data frame including first configuration information specifying a first configuration of the receiver to notify a remote device that the wireless device intends to configure its receiver according to the first configuration. After receiving an acknowledgement frame confirming the first configuration information, the wireless device may configure the receiver according to the first configuration. In another embodiment, a wireless device may receive a first data frame including first configuration information and further including a request that the wireless device configure its receiver according to the first configuration. In response, the wireless device may configure the receiver according to the first configuration.

Abstract: Provided is a method for a first base station operating with a cellular network, covering a first cell area and being connectively coupled to a second base station supporting beamforming, covering a second cell area, wherein a plurality of user equipments is located in said first cell area. It includes sending a message representative of an instruction to perform at least one automatic neighbor relation measurement to at least one of the plurality of user equipments located in said first cell area, receiving at least one automatic neighbor relation message from said at least one user equipment, and omitting said at least one user equipment from further considering for further automatic neighbor relation evaluation, when said automatic neighbor relation message indicates that said user equipment is located outside of the second cell area.

Abstract: A communication method, a communications apparatus, and a device are described. The communication operation carried out by a terminal includes receiving BWP indication information sent by a network device. The BWP indication information instructs the terminal to activate a BWP and/or deactivate a BWP. The communication operation further includes sending BWP feedback information to the base station. The BWP feedback information indicates that the terminal successfully received the BWP indication information. In this way, in the event of a data transmission failure because the UE cannot receive or cannot correctly parse the BWP indication information, the UE and the base station communicating by using different BWPs can be avoided, thereby improving communication quality.

Abstract: Provided in the implementations of the present disclosure are a connection management method and apparatus, a terminal and a system, relating to the field of communications. The method comprises: a first terminal sending, to a second terminal, first connection management information corresponding to a first service, wherein the first connection management information is used for managing a connection between the first terminal and the second terminal, and different services correspond to different pieces of connection management information; and the first terminal receiving first response information sent by the second terminal, wherein the first response information is a response to the first connection management information.

Abstract: A base station transmits, to a wireless device and via an unlicensed cell, downlink signals during a time window. The base station receives, from the wireless device, an RRC message indicating a radio link failure (RLF) of the unlicensed cell based on a counter, wherein the counter is incremented in response to a radio link quality of the downlink signals being worse than a threshold during the time window.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for on-demand UE positioning. For example a method may include transmitting a request that comprises one or more parameters based on a request configuration, to at least one of a plurality of base stations of a network, to participate in at least one of an uplink UE positioning procedure or a downlink UE positioning procedure, and receiving signaling from the at least one of the plurality of base stations of the network in response to the request.

Abstract: A method for sending an information item allows reputation management of IP resources in a set of networks including at least a first network and a second network. The method is implemented by a device of the first network, called an “emitter device”, an includes a step in which the emitter device sends to a device of the second network, called a “receiver device”, an information item representative of a prefix size of an IP address assigned to an equipment item connected to the first network.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a feedback sequence includes receiving, by a feedback terminal, data on a data channel. The data corresponds to a reception power and a transmission power. The feedback terminal determines the number of sending times to send a feedback sequence based on the reception power and the transmission power. The feedback terminal sends the feedback sequence based on the number of sending times.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for selecting reference nodes for use in a double difference positioning method. An example method of determining compensation values for positioning reference signals includes receiving positioning reference signal measurements from the one or more reference nodes, and determining one or more compensation values based at least in part on the positioning reference signal measurements.

Abstract: A wireless communications system that uses adaptive arrays is disclosed in which the capacity is optimized. A method for optimizing the capacity of a wireless communications system that uses adaptive arrays is also disclosed. The wireless communication system may be a point to multi-point (P2MP) and/or a multi-point to multi-point (MP2MP) STAP system.

Abstract: User equipment (UE) network radio link state management for ambient electromagnetic power harvesting chip (AEPH) reader applications and devices is provided. In some embodiments, radio link state management services are provided that may be engaged by a UE that can wirelessly communicate both with a wireless telecommunications network, and an AEPH chip. Embodiments may include a method that determines when an AEPH chip communication event is pending, suspends a UE connection state of at least one data channel of the one or more data channels of the UE radio link in response to the determining when the AEPH chip communication event is pending, performs the AEPH chip communication event; and releases suspension of the UE connection state of the at least one data channel of the one or more data channels of the UE radio link.

Abstract: A system and method for correlating network event anomalies to identify attack information, that identifies anomalous events within the network, identifies correlations between anomalies and other network events and resources, generates a behavior graph describing an attack pathway derived from the correlations, and determines an attack point of origin using the behavior graph.

Abstract: A technique for Quality of Experience (QoE) or Application Layer (AL) measurements at high load is described. As to one method aspect of the technique for reporting QoE measurements from a radio device (100) wirelessly connected or connectable to a radio access network, RAN (200), the method (400) comprises or initiates a step of receiving (402; 810) a stop control message (808) from or through the RAN (200) at the radio device (100), the stop control message (808) being indicative of a command for storing (404) results of the QoE or AL measurements at the radio device (100) and stopping (406) the radio device (100) from reporting (408) the stored results of the QoE or AL measurements to or through the RAN.

Abstract: A configuration can be received that configures a UE with a single configured CSI process for a serving cell. A highest CQI index value can be derived for which a single PDSCH TB with a combination of corresponding modulation scheme and TB size is received with a TB error probability not exceeding a target TB BLER value. The single PDSCH transport block can occupy a CSI reference resource. A CSI request can be received in either a subslot or a subframe. The CSI reference resource can be defined by the subslot in which the CSI request is received if the CSI request is received in the subslot. The CSI reference resource can be defined by the subframe in which the CSI request is received if the CSI request is received in the subframe.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining a first indication of a first count of resource blocks in a first cell in which the device is located, obtaining a second indication of a second count of resource blocks allocated to the device, obtaining a third indication of a reference signal received power (RSRP) value for the device, obtaining a fourth indication of a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value for the device, computing a first reference signal received quality (RSRQ) value for the device based on the first indication, the second indication, the third indication, and the fourth indication, and transmitting a fifth indication of the first RSRQ value. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for determining losses due to obstructions in a wireless communications system are described. Pairs of measurements points, one of each side of an obstruction are selected, and wireless device reported received signal energy measurements corresponding to the pair of selected locations are used to determine a path loss through the obstruction. In some embodiments, the pair of measurements points are selected based on one or more of: wireless device orientation at the time of measurement, application in use at the time of measurement, time between measurements, or location between measurements. In one example, a first selected location in the pair corresponds to an outdoor location with a unobstructed line of sight view to the base station, while the second selected location corresponds to an indoor location.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus are disclosed. A network node configured to communicate with a wireless device (WD) is provided. The network node is configured to, and/or includes a radio interface and/or includes processing circuitry configured to transmit a downlink control information (DCI) to the wireless device where the DCI is configured to schedule a plurality of transport blocks (TBs) where the DCI including at least one parameter that is configured to be applied to the plurality of TBs, and perform communications based on the transmitted DCI.

Abstract: This invention is a technique for coordinate multi-point wireless transmission between a plurality of geographically separated transmission points (TP) and at least one user equipment (UE). For coordinated multi-point communication (CoMP), UE measures the downlink wireless propagation channel corresponding to multiple geographically separated transmission points. The network configures multiple channel state indicator-reference signal (CSI-RS) resources, each of which is associated with a TP. UE measures the downlink channel using the multiple configured CSI-RS resources, and reports multiple CSIs in the uplink feedback channel. Each CSI report is defined as a “CSI-process”, where a CSI-process with a lower CSI-process-index has a higher priority. Multiple CSI-processes can be reported periodically. Each periodic CSI feedback comprises a single CSI-process.

Abstract: Examples described herein relate to offload reliable transport management to a network interface device and store packets to be resent, based on received packet receipt acknowledgements (ACKs), into one or more kernel space queues that are also accessible in user space.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides for methods and systems for improved channel information gathering mechanism. An aspect of the disclosure provides a method. The method includes sending, to one or more stations (STAs), a request for channel information. The channel information being related to one or more channels between an access point (AP) and the one or more STAs. The method further includes receiving, from the one or more (STA), one or more physical layer (PHY) protocol data units (PPDUs). The PPDUs includes channel feature information (CFI) associated with the one or more channels. In some embodiments, the request includes a beamforming report poll (BFRP) trigger frame having a user information field. The user information subfield indicating one or more thresholds associated with one or more parameters of the channel feature information.

Abstract: The technology of this application relates to a transmission control method and apparatus. The method includes obtaining traffic information of a first node at M sample moments, where M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, determining first traffic information of the first node at a first moment based on the traffic information of the first node at the M sample moments, where the first moment does not belong to the M sample moments, determining first rate-limited traffic based on the first traffic information, where the first rate-limited traffic indicates maximum traffic that is allowed to pass through a first queue of the first node at the first moment, and limiting traffic of the first queue at the first moment based on the first rate-limited traffic.

Abstract: Computer vision systems and methods for acceleration of high-resolution mobile deep vision with content-aware parallel offloading are provided. The system allows for acceleration of deep vision applications running on mobile devices via offloading of machine learning computations on edge cloud infrastructure, and speeds up computation via parallel processing on the edge cloud, employing one or more of the following processes: recurrent region proposal prediction, region proposal centric frame partitioning, and resource-aware offloading to multiple processors. Mobile deep vision applications can utilize the systems and methods disclosed herein to accelerate application processing. The system offloads computation to multiple servers to minimize the end-to-end latency, and includes a high-resolution mobile deep vision task acceleration system that offloads computation to multiple (edge located) servers.

Abstract: This application relates to the field of communication technologies, and discloses a communication method and apparatus, to improve a ratio of translation between an external network IP address and an internal network IP address, and improve utilization of the external network IP address. The method includes: receiving an outbound packet sent by an internal network device to an external network, where the outbound packet carries an internal network Transaction-ID, and the Transaction-ID marks a group including a domain name system DNS outbound packet and a corresponding inbound packet; assigning an external network IP, an external network port number, and an external network Transaction-ID to the outbound packet; and replacing a source IP, a source port number, and the internal network Transaction-ID of the outbound packet with the external network IP, the external network port number, and the external network Transaction-ID, and then sending the outbound packet.

Abstract: A method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node. The IAB node receives one or more delay parameters from an IAB donor and determines an access PDB over an air link between the IAB node and a child node or a UE based in part on the one or more delay parameters received from the IAB donor.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In some examples, a wireless communications system may support group channel quality indicator (CQI) reporting. For example, a user equipment (UE) may receive, from a base station, signaling indicating a group of component carriers (CCs) and one or more subbands within the group of CCs. The UE may receive one or more reference signals within the one or more subbands and determine a group CQI index corresponding to the group of CCs based at least in part on the one or more reference signals. The UE may then transmit a report to the base station indicating the group CQI index and the base station may determine a CQI index for each of the one or more subbands based on the group CQI index.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In some systems, a user equipment (UE) may transmit a first random access preamble to a base station and may transmit a payload associated with the first random access preamble via a first random access message as part of a two-step random access procedure. The base station may receive the first random access message and attempt to detect the first random access preamble. The base station may identify multiple random access preamble indices based on a detected random access preamble and may perform multiple decoding attempts on the payload portion of the first random access message using the multiple random access preamble indices. The base station may perform the multiple decoding attempts sequentially until one decoding attempt is successful or may perform the multiple decoding attempts in parallel.

Abstract: A message transmission method is provided. User equipment may receive a power saving message from a network device, where the power saving message carries indication information of a short message, and the short message includes at least one of the following: a public warning system notification or system information modification information. Then, the user equipment obtains the short message from the power saving message. In this way, when the user equipment is in a connected state, the user equipment may obtain the short message by using the power saving message, for example, a PoSS, instead of by monitoring a paging PDCCH; and when the UE is in a sleep state, the UE is not woken up to monitor the paging PDCCH. This reduces power consumption of the user equipment in the connected state.

Abstract: In general, one aspect, the disclosure relates to a method for sampling packets in a network. The method includes receiving, by a first network device, a packet, making a first determination, by the first network device, that the packet is to be sampled, in response to the first determination: sampling the packet to obtain sampling data, storing sampling metadata associated with the packet, encapsulating, after the sampling, the packet to obtain an encapsulated packet, where the encapsulated packet comprises a bit that is set in an encapsulation header, wherein the bit is set based on the presence of the sampling metadata, and transmitting the encapsulated packet to a second network device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a communications channel adaptation method for URLLC services which is configured for ensuring reliability when implementing said URLLC services and executed in a communications system with at least one transmitter node (eNode) and a receiver or mobile terminal, wherein the receiver or mobile terminal measures the desired signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) from the reference signal received in instant t=i?1 and saves this SIR value (SIRi-1) in a memory; wherein based on this SIR value in instant t=i?1 (SIRi-1), a CQI value (CQIi-1) is determined and sent to the transmitter node (eNode), which selects the modulation and coding format in the subsequent transmission (MCSi) in the downlink according to that CQI measured in instant t=i-1 (CQIi-1); and wherein upon receiving in instant t=i the data packet sent by the transmitter node (eNode), the receiver terminal measures the SIR (SIRi) and saves it in a memory.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to telecommunications. In one of its aspects, the disclosure concerns a method performed by a User Equipment for handling Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) Service Data Units (SDUs) when performing a Dual Active Protocol Stack (DAPS) handover of at least one radio bearer from a source access node to a target access node in a wireless communications network. The method comprises obtaining a trigger to perform the handover and establishing a radio connection for the at least one radio bearer with the target access node. An uplink transmission of PDCP SDUs is switched from the source to the target access node over the established radio connection. A radio connection with the source access node is released and a PDCP status report is transmitted to the target access node for each configured radio bearer. The respective PDCP status report indicates PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs) of missing PDCP SDUs.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A user equipment (UE) flexibly prioritize between communication resources and measurement gaps to resolve collisions between communication resources and measurement gaps. For collisions between a dynamically scheduled communication resources and a measurement gap, a UE may communicate using the scheduled communication resource based on at least one of a time between reception of the downlink control message and a start of the measurement gap satisfying a first threshold duration or a second period of time between reception of the downlink control message and a start of the communication resource satisfying a second threshold duration.

Abstract: A method by a wireless device is provided for controlling adaptive beam measurement capability. The method includes identifying a type of serving carrier of a serving cell and allocating at least one resource for beam measurement based on the type that was identified.

Abstract: A first network device may identify a MACsec session between the first network device and a second network device that utilizes a CAK, may determine, using a KDF and one or more KDF input parameters, an additional CAK, may encrypt the one or more KDF input parameters and/or KDF identification information that identifies the KDF and the one or more KDF input parameters to generate encrypted KDF input information, and may send, to the second network device, a first message that includes the encrypted KDF input information. The first network device may receive, from the second network device, based on sending the first message, a second message that includes a checksum value, may determine, based on the checksum value, that the second network device has determined the additional CAK, and may communicate, with the second network device, to cause the MACsec session to utilize the additional CAK.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for beam measurement, reporting, and indication operations. A method for a user equipment includes receiving first configuration information for joint reporting, in a same reporting instance, of both one or more synchronization signal block resource indicators (SSBRIs) and channel state information reference signal resource indicators (CRIs); and receiving second configuration information for differential reference signal received power (RSRP) reporting of RSRP values for the one or more SSBRIs and CRIs, respectively. The method further includes determining, based on the first configuration information, the one or more SSBRIs and CRIs and determining, based on the second configuration information, the RSRP values for the one or more SSBRIs and CRIs, respectively.

Abstract: A method of performing dynamic edge application server (EAS) instantiation triggering and an apparatus for performing the method are provided. The method of performing dynamic EAS triggering includes triggering dynamic EAS instantiation in response to an EAS discovery subscription request, transmitting a report on a need of instantiation of a target EAS, and transmitting a result of the target EAS instantiation to an edge enabler server (EES) that transmits the EAS discovery subscription request.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for implementing a distributed unit in a radio access network that synchronizes its clock with a radio unit. A distributed unit may be deployed in a location where it cannot receive timing information from a satellite or may lack the equipment to obtain and process satellite signals. The clock of the distributed unit may thus drift relative to the clocks of the radio units, which may cause the distributed unit to mistime its transmissions of data to radio units for delivery to user devices. The distributed unit may prevent clock drift by obtaining timing information from the radio units, determining an amount of clock drift that is occurring, and applying a correction factor to keep the distributed unit clock synchronized with the radio unit clock. The distributed unit may determine how often to synchronize based on the severity and variability of the clock drift.