Abstract: A guard period for switching between uplink and downlink subframes is created by shortening an uplink subframe, i.e., by not transmitting during one or more symbol intervals at the beginning of the subframe interval. A grant message includes signaling indicating when a shortened subframe should be transmitted. An example method is implemented in a first wireless node configured to transmit data in transmit subframes occurring at defined subframe intervals and having a predetermined number of symbol intervals. This example method includes determining (1620) that a transmit subframe is to be shortened, relative to the predetermined number of symbol intervals and, in response to this determination, shortening (1630) transmission of the transmit subframe by not transmitting during a beginning portion of the subframe interval for the transmit subframe and transmitting during the remainder of the subframe interval.

Abstract: A method of wireless communication using half duplex frequency division duplex (HD-FDD) comprises, at a wireless communications device, receiving downlink data during a plurality of downlink subframes and transmitting a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) on an uplink. The HARQ-ACK relates to downlink data received during at least two of the plurality of downlink subframes and the HARQ-ACK is transmitted during one uplink subframe.

Abstract: A method for adjusting transmit power of a serving base station in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving measurement information indicating channel states of the serving base station and at least one neighbor base station from at least one serving user equipment (UE), receiving first information including information about transmit power of the at least one neighbor base station from the at least one neighbor base station, and determining the transmit power of the serving base station using the measurement information and the first information.

Abstract: An antenna module and a transceiver that includes the antenna module which allow high-speed full-duplex communication. The antenna module has at least one antenna for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic radiation, at least one transmitter connection element and at least one receiver connection element for electrically connecting the antenna module to a transmitter circuit and a receiver circuit. The at least one transmitter connection element is in a transmitter section, the at least one receiver connection element is in a receiver section, and the at least one antenna is in an antenna section. The antenna section is between the at least one receiver section and the at least one transmitter section.

Abstract: A guard period for switching between uplink and downlink subframes is created by shortening an uplink subframe, i.e., by not transmitting during one or more symbol intervals at the beginning of the subframe interval. A grant message includes signaling indicating when a shortened subframe should be transmitted. An example method is implemented in a first wireless node configured to transmit data in transmit subframes occurring at defined subframe intervals and having a predetermined number of symbol intervals. This example method includes determining (1620) that a transmit subframe is to be shortened, relative to the predetermined number of symbol intervals and, in response to this determination, shortening (1630) transmission of the transmit subframe by not transmitting during a beginning portion of the subframe interval for the transmit subframe and transmitting during the remainder of the subframe interval.

Abstract: Future LTE systems will support massive carrier aggregation that necessitates transmission of a large number of acknowledgement signals (HARQ-ACKs) in response to downlink data transmitted over multiple component carriers. Described herein are methods and apparatus for efficiently transmitting HARQ-ACK and periodic channel state information (P-CSI) bits over the PUCCH (physical uplink control channel).

Abstract: A high-frequency front end circuit includes a fixed frequency filter and an interference-wave suppression variable filter. The fixed frequency filter attenuates a high-frequency signal outside a specific frequency band. The interference-wave suppression variable filter attenuates a high-frequency signal in at least one used communication channel, among used communication channels that are used by a system and that causes an interference wave occurring in a neighbor frequency domain including a wireless communication channel.

Abstract: The present invention is designed so that synchronization can be adequately established even when a band to use is limited to a narrow band than the minimum system bandwidth (1.4 MHz) that is supported in existing LTE.

Abstract: A radio frequency extender device has a radio frequency transmitter, a receiver positioned at a location remote from said radio frequency transmitter, and a cable conductor extending between said radio frequency transmitter and said receiver. The cable conductor has one end spaced away from said radio frequency transmitter and an opposite end spaced away from the receiver. The cable conductor adapted to transmit the transmission from the radio frequency transmitter to the receiver. The receiver produces a humanly perceivable signal from the transmission from the radio frequency transmitter. The radio frequency transmitter can be an instrument or a vibration sensor with a Bluetooth™ device connected thereto.

Abstract: This invention presents methods for estimating MU-MIMO channel information using SU-MIMO channel information to choose a modulation and channel coding appropriate for the quality of the MU-MIMO channels, for adaptively selecting MU-MIMO precoding methods based on estimations of a plural of UEs and for compensating hardware impairments in MU-MIMO precoding.

Abstract: Distribution of management services in distributed antenna systems having a central unit and remote units configured to time-division multiplex (TDM) downlink and/or uplink management signals into time slots to form a TDM management frame signal. In this manner, collision will not occur between multiple management signals communicated over a common communications medium at the same time in the distributed antenna system. Collision detection and management mechanism can add design complexity, cost by requiring additional components, and require additional area on electronic boards. The TDM management frame signal may also be modulated at a carrier frequency before being combined with RF communications signals so that the combined signals are within a linear range of shared certain communications components to reduce cost and area.

Abstract: One embodiment of the disclosure sets for an example method to create a network of devices. The method includes requesting location information from a first mobile device within the wireless range covered by a stationary device, receiving the location information of the first mobile device, determining whether the distance between the first mobile device and a second mobile device is less than a value, and sending an instruction to the first mobile device to become a part of a communication network such that the first mobile device can send data directly to the second mobile device without involving the stationary device.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a method implemented in a wireless device is provided that includes determining that a scheduling request (SR) cannot be transmitted on an uplink during a scheduled SR opportunity. The SR is transmitted in a first transmission opportunity following a partial downlink (DL) subframe from a network node (115).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for ordering the measuring of Inter-Device Interference (IDI) for a base station in a wireless communication system. In particular, the method is characterized by comprising the steps of: transmitting downlink allocation information on a certain wireless resource to a first terminal; ordering the measuring of IDI to the first terminal when the certain wireless resource is allocated for uplink communication by at least one second terminal; ordering the transmitting of a reference signal defined for measuring IDI for the at least one second terminal; and transmitting reference signal measurement information, allocated to the at least one second terminal, to the first terminal.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a communication terminal apparatus and a method. The communication terminal apparatus includes: a switch unit, a radio frequency unit, and a controller. The controller controls the switch unit to perform switching according to a preset ratio of uplink signal time duration resources to downlink signal time duration resources. The embodiments of the present invention can solve a problem of inflexible uplink and downlink time duration resource configuration.

Abstract: A network node identifies a fixed periodic pattern to be used for scheduling a half-duplex (HD) user equipment (UE), the fixed periodic pattern defining a sequence of at least one downlink (DL) subframe, then at least one guard period, and then at least one uplink (UL) subframe. The network node then performs DL assignments for the network node according to the fixed periodic pattern and transmits UL grants to the UE according to the fixed periodic pattern.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a channel state information obtaining method and a device, where the method includes: determining, by a base station according to radio resource usage, a special timeslot in a frequency range used for downlink data transmission; sending special-timeslot configuration information to user equipment, where the special-timeslot configuration information is used to configure the user equipment to send the uplink physical signal over a downlink frequency band in the special timeslot; and performing channel estimation according to the uplink physical signal after receiving the uplink physical signal sent by the user equipment, to obtain channel state information. Compared with a technical solution in the prior art in which user equipment obtains channel state information and then feeds back the channel state information to a base station, system overheads caused in obtaining, by the base station, the channel state information are reduced.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) comprises a radio having TX and RX paths that include a duplexer, thus facilitating a full-duplex mode. The radio may also have TX and RX paths that exclude the duplexer, and which thus facilitate a half-duplex mode. The UE may be configured to autonomously and opportunistically switch from the full-duplex mode (the paths that include the duplexer) to the half-duplex mode (the paths that exclude the duplexer) when the UE desires to avoid the path loss caused by the duplexer, e.g., to temporarily receive with greater sensitivity and/or transmit with more power, during poor channel conditions. At other times the UE may autonomously decide to remain in full-duplex mode to achieve reduced transmission time, e.g., during time-critical communications such as VoLTE. The UE may autonomously determine whether to use full or half-duplex mode, i.e., without requiring any coordination with network-side devices.

Abstract: There are provided an antenna, an antenna tuner configured to adjust frequency characteristics of the antenna, and a control circuit configured to change frequency characteristics of the antenna tuner in a boundary time set for a unit of time of communication. For example, after matching indicators based on VSWRs and received signal strength indicators based on RSSIs have been acquired in a plurality of times of communication space time, the antenna tuner is put into an optimum mode. This suppresses the decrease in communication throughput caused by the adjustment of the antenna tuner and suppresses the interruption of communication at the time of adjustment of the antenna tuner.

Abstract: Technologies and implementations for wireless communication in a wireless network including transmitting downlink information on a first frequency channel to Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) User Equipments (UEs), transmitting downlink information on a second frequency channel during downlink portions of Time Domain Duplex (TDD) frame periods of the second frequency channel to TDD UEs, wherein the second frequency channel is the same as the frequency channel on which the FDD UEs are configured to transmit, and controlling uplink transmissions from the FDD UEs to occur only during uplink portions of TDD frame periods of the second frequency channel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of adaptive image and video coding including an alternative transform other than the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete sine transform (DST) type VII (DST-VII) are disclosed. For at least one block size belonging to the size group, a transform from multiple transforms comprising an alternative transform in addition to DCT and DST-VII is selected and applied to a current block. The alternative transform may correspond to DCT type IV (DCT-IV) or DST type IV (DST-IV).

Abstract: A node (100) of a wireless communication network receives a synchronization signal from a radio device (10). Based on the received synchronization signal, the node determines a time alignment configuration for uplink radio transmissions from the radio device to the wireless communication network. Based on the received synchronization signal, the node further determines Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request feedback information for at least one downlink radio transmission from the wireless communication network to the radio device (10). The node (100) indicates the determined time alignment configuration to the radio device (10). Based on the determined Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request feedback information, the node controls retransmission of the at least one downlink radio transmission.

Abstract: Provided is a method of transmitting ACK/NACK in a TDD-based wireless communication system. The method includes: receiving M downlink subframes associated with an uplink subframe n in each of two serving cells; determining four candidate resources based on the M downlink subframes received in each of the two serving cells; and transmitting an ACK/NACK response for the M downlink subframes by using one resource selected from the four candidate resources in the uplink subframe n, wherein the two serving cells includes a first serving cell and a second serving cell, and wherein among the four candidate resources, a first resource and a second resource are associated with a PDSCH or a SPS release PDCCH for releasing semi-persistent scheduling received in the first serving cell, and a third resource and a fourth resources are associated with a PDSCH received in the second serving cell.

Abstract: A network element for use in a mobile communications system and a method of using a network element for communicating data to/from mobile communications devices in a mobile communications system. The network element can provide a wireless access interface for communicating data to/from the mobile communications devices, the wireless access interface including: on a downlink a host carrier, the host carrier providing plural resource elements across a first frequency range; transmit data for a first group of mobile communications devices, wherein the data is distributed within the plural resource elements across the first frequency range; a virtual carrier via the wireless access interface, the virtual carrier providing one or more resource elements within a second frequency range which is within and smaller than the first frequency range; and transmit data for a second group of mobile communications devices via the virtual carrier.

Abstract: The present disclosure, for example, generally relates to wireless communication systems, and more particularly to techniques for flexible duplexing in such systems. For example, a technique for flexible duplexing provides a reference configuration that determines characteristics for paired frequency division duplexing (FDD) bands when the uplink band is temporarily reconfigured for time division duplexing (TDD) use. A user equipment (UE) may use the reference configuration to determine hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) timing, schedule uplink transmissions, manage a soft buffer, and determine signaling formats. In an aspect, the UE may receive a reconfiguration message indicating a change for an FDD uplink band to a temporary TDD band. The UE may then determine a reference configuration for a pair of FDD bands including an FDD downlink band and the temporary TDD band, the reference configuration indicating a pattern of sub-frames associated with the pair of FDD bands.

Abstract: A MIMO wireless communication device includes, in part, a first transmit path adapted to transmit a first transmit signal from a first antenna, a second transmit path adapted to transmit a second transmit signal from a second antenna, a first receive path adapted to receive a first receive signal, an interference cancellation circuit and a controller. The cancellation circuit includes a cascaded filter structure each filter including a multitude of filter taps each including a variable element. The controller dynamically varies a value applied to each of the plurality of variable elements in accordance with frequency response characteristics of the variable element to remove a portion of a self-interference and/or cross-talk interference signal present in a signal received by the device.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems for enabling interference avoidance, for example from self and neighboring interference are disclosed. In one representative method implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) using time-frequency (TF) resources in first and second directions, the method includes comprising TF resource muting or symbol muting, by the WTRU, one or more TF resources for communication in the first direction based on information associated with a communication in the second direction or subframe shortening, by the WTRU, by one or more TF resources for communication in the first direction based on information associated with a communication in the second direction.

Abstract: Systems and methods for uplink transmission scheduling are disclosed. A wireless device may monitor at least two downlink sub-frames for scheduling grants. The wireless device may receive a first uplink scheduling grant in one of the at least two downlink sub-frames for at least a first uplink sub-frame and receive a second uplink scheduling grant in another of the at least two downlink sub-frames for at least the first uplink sub-frame. The wireless device may perform an uplink transmission in the first uplink sub-frame based on one or both of the first uplink scheduling grant and the second uplink scheduling grant. For the uplink transmission, the wireless device may select a most recent uplink scheduling grant or select an uplink scheduling grant received in a downlink sub-frame at least a minimum number of sub-frames before the first uplink sub-frame.

Abstract: A method of wireless communication using half duplex frequency division duplex (HD-FDD) comprises, at a wireless communications device, receiving downlink data during a plurality of downlink subframes and transmitting a hybrid automatic repeat request acknowledgement (HARQ-ACK) on an uplink. The HARQ-ACK relates to downlink data received during at least two of the plurality of downlink subframes and the HARQ-ACK is transmitted during one uplink subframe.

Abstract: A network of handling uplink (UL) transmission comprises instructions of configuring a maximum retransmission attempt to a communication device; configuring a UL transmission skipping mechanism to the communication device; transmitting a UL grant comprising a first modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and an allocation of a first resource to the communication device for performing the UL transmission; receiving the UL transmission generated according to the first MCS in the first resource according to the UL transmission skipping mechanism; decoding the UL transmission for a plurality of times according to an error control coding (ECC) scheme, wherein the UL transmission is a first redundant version (RV) corresponding to a new transmission with a first RV index or a second RV corresponding to a retransmission with a second RV index; and transmitting an acknowledgment indicating whether the UL transmission is decoded successfully to the communication device.

Abstract: A method for providing user agent data. The method includes an access node receiving an indicator sent from a relay node as an indication that the relay node has received data from the user agent.

Abstract: Provided is a method and apparatus for transmitting an HARQ ACK/NACK. The method includes: recognizing, from a PDCCH or an EPDCCH, a 2-bit uplink (UL) downlink assignment index (DAI) field configured in a UL downlink control information (DCI) format; receiving a PDSCH transmission through the second serving cell; generating an HARQ response signal based on the number of PDSCHs scheduled in the downlink subframes indicated by the UL DAI field and the number of total downlink subframes associated with one uplink subframe; and transmitting the HARQ response signal through a PUSCH in the one uplink subframe.

Abstract: Some techniques are disclosed for determining downlink control information for use in each cell in carrier aggregation using a FDD cell and a TDD cell together. One aspect of the present invention relates to user equipment, comprising: a transmission and reception unit configured to transmit and receive a radio channel to/from a base station via multiple cells configured for carrier aggregation in accordance with a frequency division duplex (FDD) mode and a time division duplex (TDD) mode; a cell management unit configured to manage the multiple cells; and a communication control unit configured to determine whether a duplex mode applied to a primary cell in the multiple cells is either the FDD mode or the TDD mode and receive and demodulate downlink control information compliant with the determined duplex mode for each carrier aggregation implemented cell.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for feedback in a mobile communication system are provided. The method of feedback transmission for a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system includes receiving control information indicating whether a subframe of an uplink band is allocated for a downlink from a base station (BS), receiving data from the BS in at least three subframes according to the control information, and sending the BS feedback for the data received in the at least three subframes using transmission time interval (TTI) bundling.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a device for receiving a downlink signal by a terminal in a time division duplex (TDD) wireless communication system supporting a wireless resource usage change. Specifically, the present invention comprises the steps of: configuring system information block (SIB)-based uplink-downlink configuration 0 as an uplink (UL) reference configuration; and receiving downlink control information including a first field which defines an uplink (UL) index or a downlink assignment index, wherein the downlink control information is received through a common search space, and the first field is determined as the uplink (UL) index when a downlink control information (DCI) format relating to the DL control information is DCI format 0.

Abstract: Disclosed in some examples is a method for providing a HARQ response in an LTE network for a PUCCH format 1b. The method includes receiving one or more downlink assignments of a bundling window over a wireless downlink control channel; setting a reception status for each sub-frame of a downlink data channel in the bundling window based on whether the sub-frame on the downlink data channel was associated with a particular one of the received downlink assignments and based upon whether the sub-frame was successfully received; setting a reception status of sub-frames of the downlink data channel in the bundling window that did not have a corresponding downlink assignment to a predetermined value; and transmitting a response, the response based upon the reception statuses set by the response module.

Abstract: A method is provided for communication in a wireless telecommunication system. The method comprises adaptively designating, by a network element following a frame-based communication protocol, for use as a secondary component carrier in a carrier aggregation scheme, at least a portion of radio resources on an unlicensed band.

Abstract: Distribution of management services in distributed antenna systems having a central unit and remote units configured to time-division multiplex (TDM) downlink and/or uplink management signals into time slots to form a TDM management frame signal. In this manner, collision will not occur between multiple management signals communicated over a common communications medium at the same time in the distributed antenna system. Collision detection and management mechanism can add design complexity, cost by requiring additional components, and require additional area on electronic boards. The TDM management frame signal may also be modulated at a carrier frequency before being combined with RF communications signals so that the combined signals are within a linear range of shared certain communications components to reduce cost and area.

Abstract: A system includes a first duplexer that receives samples of a signal transmitted from a first transmit portion of a communication device and outputs a filtered signal based on sampled transmitted signal. A first modulator adjusts the filtered signal based on at least one of a phase, amplitude, and delay of leakage associated with the transmitted signal. The leakage corresponds to leakage from the first transmit portion of the communication device to a first receive portion of the communication device. The first modulator provides a leakage cancellation signal based on the adjusted filtered signal. A first coupler subtracts the leakage cancellation signal from a signal received by the first receive portion of the communication device.

Abstract: Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, devices, systems and methods of beamforming. For example, a first wireless station may be configured to communicate a plurality of Sector Level Sweep (SLS) frames with a second wireless station over a first channel; and to communicate a plurality of Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) frames with the second wireless station over a bonded channel comprising the first channel and at least a second channel.

Abstract: A tunable filter reduces the total number of filters used in TDD (Time-Division Duplex) communication circuitry. The communication circuitry may include a tunable filter and a first switch associated with the tunable filter. The tunable filter may include a tuning component and a filtering component. The tuning component may be located with the first switch on a first die. The filtering component may be located in a laminate underneath the first switch. Power amplifiers for amplifying transmission signals may be located on a second die, and the second die may be located on the laminate.

Abstract: The present invention enables efficient transmission/reception of a signal including control information between a base station apparatus and a mobile station apparatus. To realize this, there are provided a receiver configured to receive an enhanced physical downlink control channel from the base station apparatus; a setting unit configured to be able to set, using at least a format of downlink control information included in the received enhanced physical downlink control channel, one of a plurality of possible sets of M, M being the number of first elements that constitute the enhanced physical downlink control channel; and a monitoring unit configured to monitor a search region in which the enhanced physical downlink control channel obtained on the basis of the set possible set of M is possibly mapped.

Abstract: A method according to an embodiment of the invention includes receiving and transmitting signals over an asymmetric time division duplex (TDD) communication path. Signals are sent over the asymmetric TDD communication path via a first portion of a first frequency band. The first frequency band is adjacent to a second frequency band and to a third frequency band. The first frequency band is different from the second frequency band and from the third frequency band. A synchronous time division duplex (TDD) communication path can be operable in the second frequency band. A frequency division duplex (FDD) communication path can be operable in the third frequency band. Signals are received over the asymmetric TDD communication path via a second portion of the first frequency band that is different from the first portion of the first frequency band.

Abstract: A data communication method for a set of hard real-time applications with an associated set of predefined network requirements (PNR) is provided. The method comprises configuring the physical layer of the network with a set of static modulation parameters (SMPs) to guarantee the PNRs are met at worst-case operating conditions for the network. The method further comprises measuring the current network performance within the network based on a given network performance monitoring schedule and, whenever the current network performance exceeds the PNRs by predefined amounts, adjusting the physical layer of the network by selecting a set of dynamic modulation parameters (DMP's) to increase the bandwidth availability within the network. Advantageously, the invention further allows for the allocation of the excess bandwidth to a set of non-hard real-time applications, whenever the current network performance exceeds the PNR.

Abstract: A method is used for transferring data over a half-duplex wired communications link, wherein the wired communications link comprises first and second wires. The method comprises, in each of a plurality of frames: transferring a clock signal on the first wire in a first direction; transferring first payload data on the second wire in the first direction; transferring second payload data on the second wire in a second direction opposite to the first direction; and transferring control data on the second wire, wherein the format of the frame is such that, irrespective of whether the control data is transferred in the first direction or in the second direction, there is only one pair of reversals of a direction of data transfer in each frame.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for TDD/FDD aggregation are described. The Method thereto comprises receiving information on uplink scheduling, wherein the uplink scheduling is a scheduling on uplink transmission configured with a carrier aggregation of a primary cell (PCell) with TDD and a secondary cell (SCell) of FDD or a carrier aggregation of a PCell with FDD and a SCell with TDD and transmitting uplink signal based on the uplink scheduling.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method of operating a wireless device in a wireless system comprises allocating a first uplink sub-channel to the wireless device in a first subframe associated with the wireless device. The first uplink sub-channel comprises a portion of an uplink system bandwidth, and portions of the uplink system bandwidth outside of the first uplink sub-channel are not available for transmission in the first subframe by the wireless device. The method further comprises determining a first sounding reference signal (SRS) sub-channel. The first SRS sub-channel comprises a portion of the first uplink sub-channel in frequency domain, and the SRS sub-channel is available for transmitting SRS in the first subframe by the wireless device.

Abstract: For aperiodic reporting of CSI, nCQI ref is four, and a subframe n?nCQI ref corresponds to a valid subframe. A subframe that satisfies a criteria including at least a criterion (i) is regarded as being valid. In the criterion (i), in a case where third information for a radio frame is detected, an UL-DL configuration for the radio frame is given by the third information for the radio frame, and in a case where the third information for the radio frame is not detected, the UL-DL configuration for the radio frame is given by first information. The criterion (i) stipulates that the subframe is a subframe indicated as a DL subframe or a special subframe by the UL-DL configuration for the radio frame. In a case where a subframe n?4 is not a valid subframe for aperiodic reporting of channel state information, the reporting of the CSI is omitted in the subframe n.

Abstract: The present invention relates a wireless access system which supports a full duplex radio (FDR) transmission environment. A method for receiving a signal from a base station by a terminal in the wireless access system which supports FDR transmission according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: receiving, from the base station, reference signal mode information indicating resources by which a reference signal is transmitted, from among reference signal available resources by which the reference signal can be transmitted; receiving, from the base station, additional resource mode information indicating additional data resources by which a terminal can simultaneously transmit data, from among the resources by which the reference signal is transmitted; and transmitting the data using the additional resource mode information simultaneously while receiving the reference signal using the reference signal mode information.

Abstract: Systems and methods for application profiles and device classes in power line communications (PLCs) are described. In some embodiments, a PLC device has the device class defined by a PHY layer and may include a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory may be configured to store program instructions, which may be executable by the processor to cause the PLC device to communicate with a higher-level PLC apparatus over a power line using a frequency band. The frequency band may be selected based upon an application profile and/or a device class associated with the PLC device. In some implementations, the higher-level PLC apparatus may include a PLC gateway or a data concentrator, and the PLC device may include a PLC modem or the like. Examples of application profiles include access communications, in-premises connectivity, AC charging, and/or DC charging. Device classes may represent a minimum communication data rate and/or an operating frequency band restriction of the PLC device.