Abstract: The present technology is generally directed to optimizing a non-3GPP untrusted Wi-Fi to 5G system handover followed by Evolved Packet System (EPS) fallback, more specifically, to delaying removal of the Wi-Fi session resources and creating a voice flow as part of the EPS fallback.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method and device for wireless communications, comprising receiving a first signaling, the first signaling being used to indicate a first ID set of a first service, the first service being a non-unicast service, and the first ID set comprising a plurality of IDs; determining a target ID; and applying the target ID to receive the target data set; wherein the first service comprises K data sets, the target data set is one of the K data sets, K being a positive integer greater than 1; the first ID set comprises K IDs, and the target ID is one of the K IDs in the first ID set. The application receives a target data set by receiving a first signaling and determining a target ID, which helps to improve efficiency and save power.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) device may communicate according to a new device category satisfying specified QoS (quality of service) requirements while also satisfying specified link budget requirements, and/or additional optimization requirements. The UE device may communicate with a cellular base station according to a first mode of operation associated with the new device category, and may switch to communicating with the cellular base station according to a second mode of operation associated with a second (pre-existing) device category in response to the link budget requirements exceeding a specified value and the quality of service requirements not being sensitive.

Abstract: Methods and systems for nulling in wireless communication networks are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method performed by a first wireless communication node for initiating a nulling transmission includes: transmitting a control message to be received by a second wireless communication node, wherein the control message informs the second wireless communication node to initiate the nulling transmission toward a first station; and transmitting data to the first station during transmission of the nulling transmission from the second wireless communication node to the first station.

Abstract: A method or a first earth station in a satellite communication system including a plurality of earth stations connected by a single-hop connection accommodating corresponding terminals is provided. The method includes encapsulating a first control message received from a first terminal in a first control signal to transfer the first control signal including the encapsulated first control message through a first controlling line to a second earth station accommodating a second terminal on an incoming side among the plurality of earth stations; and performing circuit-switching of the first communicating line between the first earth station and the second earth station in accordance with the first control message.

Abstract: A Sidelink AS group management function is disclosed for a UE to discover group members and organize them into AS layer sub-groups based on the AS layer group context information. A centralized Sidelink AS group management is disclosed that the Sidelink AS Group Manager discovers group members and organizes them into AS layer sub-groups for a UE. A Subgroup formation and configuration procedure is disclosed that SL AS Group Manager organizes the ULG into AS layer sub-groups, configures UE-to-UE relays for each UE in the ULG and sends the AS group management information to the UE. A distributed Sidelink AS group management method is disclosed that each UE discovers its group members and organizes the ULG into AS layer sub-groups. New Layer 2 structures and procedures are disclosed to enhance bearer management for Sidelink groupcast communications.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a terminal state processing method, a device and a medium. The method includes: in a case that a network is overloaded due to an excessive quantity of terminals receiving an MBMS service in an RRC_CONNECTED state, indicating, by a network side device, that a terminal receiving the MBMS service is to enter a specified RRC state, and/or indicating, by the network side device, a time duration for a terminal to receive the MBMS service in the specified RRC state. The terminal enters the specified RRC state in accordance with the indication, and/or receives the MBMS service in the specified RRC state during the indicated time duration.

Abstract: A multicast service transmission method includes: a management device that receives a first message; the management device based on the first message, instructs a gateway device to send a data packet of the first multicast service to the terminal device or the access network device, or the management device instructs a gateway device to stop sending a data packet of the first multicast service to the terminal device or the access network device.

Abstract: For more efficient use of the limited bandwidth in 5G and 6G communications, and to enable longer battery life in remote user devices, the user device can request that unnecessary downlink control messages be withheld. Instead, a custom search-space can be assigned to the user device, such that all downlink data messages will begin in one of the resource elements of the custom search-space, thereby greatly simplifying the user device's task of detecting its incoming messages in a stream of unrelated transmissions. In addition, the user device can request that the user device's identification code, and optionally the length of the data message, be prepended to the data message, for further assistance to low-cost reduced-capability user devices that do not require low latency.

Abstract: A method and communications module for recommending in what manner or mode a sensor and communications module of a subject monitoring system should communicate. A determination is made as to whether or not more than a predetermined number of wireless channels have a noise level below a certain threshold. If a positive determination is made, a wireless communication mode is recommended. If a negative determination is made, a wireless communication mode is not recommended.

Abstract: A base station may transmit, to a wireless device, one or more radio resource control (RRC) messages comprising configuration parameters of a multicast and broadcast service (MBS). The configuration parameters may comprise parameters of a semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) and at least one indicator, for the SPS, indicating a feedback type from a plurality of feedback types. The plurality of feedback types may comprise acknowledgement-negative acknowledgement (ACK-NACK) feedback, negative acknowledgement only (NACK-only) feedback, and disabled feedback. The base station may transmit, to the wireless device, a downlink control information (DCI) indicating an activation of the SPS. The base station may transmit, to the wireless device via downlink assignments of the SPS, one or more transport blocks (TBs) of the MBS. The base station may receive, from the wireless device based on the feedback type indicated by the at least one indicator, feedback information for the one or more TBs.

Abstract: An example method of wireless data transmission may include selecting a first frequency segment and selecting a second frequency segment that is different from and non-contiguous with the first frequency segment. The method may further include encoding a first signal with a data frame using the first frequency segment and encoding a second signal with the data frame using the second frequency segment. The method may further include providing the first signal and the second signal for wireless transmission such that at least a portion of the first signal and a portion of the second signal are simultaneously wirelessly transmitted.

Abstract: The described technology is generally directed towards adaptive radio access network bit rate scheduling. Minimum bit rates for user equipment can be adjusted in a manner that accounts for the impact of the minimum bit rates on network performance. Ranges of minimum bit rates can be established for user equipment, and minimum bit rates can be adjusted within the ranges. A minimum bit rate can be decreased when it produces a relatively higher impact on network performance, and the minimum bit rate can be increased when it produces a relatively lower impact on network performance.

Abstract: This disclosure provides methods, devices and systems for protecting latency-sensitive communications, during restricted target wake time (r-TWT) service periods (SPs), from non-legacy STAs that do not support r-TWT operation. Some implementations more specifically relate to preventing STAs that are not members of an r-TWT SP from acquiring transmit opportunities (TXOPs) that would otherwise overlap with the start of the r-TWT SP. In some implementations, the AP may require all non-legacy STAs associated with its basic service set (BSS) to support r-TWT operation. In some other implementations, the AP may attempt to capture a wireless channel associated with the r-TWT SP within a fixed period preceding the r-TWT SP. In some other implementations, the AP may require all associated STAs to transmit a request-to-send (RTS) frame when attempting to acquire a TXOP. Still further, in some implementations, the AP may limit the duration of TXOPs acquired by non-member STAs.

Abstract: In 802.11ax networks with access points, a trigger frame offers scheduled and random resource units to nodes for data uplink communication to the access points. To make more effective the usage of the network, the access point may design the trigger frame to force the nodes to send some categories of data. Resource units may be defined in trigger frames to be dedicated to small packets or to some access category data. Adjusting the time length of the resource units helps restricting the type of data that can be conveyed by the resource units. Also, using various frequency widths for resource units in the same trigger frame helps reducing padding in the resource units when various traffic types coexist.

Abstract: A terminal includes a receiving section configured to receive downlink control information that schedules or triggers a specific signal, and a control section configured to use different quasi-co-location (QCL) parameters for the specific signal between a case where the specific signal is started within a first period for decoding the downlink control information and a case where the specific signal is started within a second period after the first period.

Abstract: A wireless device may receive configuration parameter(s) indicating that a first search space and a second search space are used together for reception of downlink control information. The wireless device may initiate a random access process comprising receiving a random access response message. The wireless device may receive first downlink control information based on: monitoring in a CORESET based on the first search space and in a first timing; and monitoring in a CORESET based on the second search space in a second timing that is after the first timing. The wireless device may be in DRX Active time from reception timing of the random access response message until the second timing.

Abstract: A network device may receive transport layer messages from an ingress network device, and may determine whether a quantity of resources required for processing the transport layer messages exceeds a threshold level of available resources of the network device. The network device may generate a transport layer path error message based on the quantity of resources required for processing the transport layer messages exceeding the threshold level of available resources. The network device may provide the transport layer path error message to the ingress network device to prevent the ingress network device from providing additional transport layer messages to the network device.

Abstract: This application discloses a scheduling method, an access point, and a station. The method includes: generating, by an access point AP, a first frame, where the first frame includes reservation information of each of at least one trigger frame, a first trigger frame is any one of the at least one trigger frame, and reservation information of the first trigger frame includes an identifier of the first trigger frame, start time of the first trigger frame, and a constraint condition of a station STA corresponding to the first trigger frame; and broadcasting, by the AP, the first frame to at least one STA. Therefore, by using the method provided in the present invention, dynamic network changes can be supported through unified scheduling of the AP, and this is favorable to coordination between the AP and the STA, thereby better reducing power consumption of the STA.

Abstract: A method performed by a first entity in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes receiving a first request message for receiving a multicast service from a second entity, detecting information about a multicast session identifier (ID) from the first request message, requesting information about a fourth entity corresponding to the multicast session ID from a third entity when the first entity does not correspond to the information about the multicast session ID, receiving the information about the fourth entity corresponding to the multicast session ID, identifying the fourth entity based on the information about the fourth entity, transmitting a multicast session join request message to the fourth entity, and receiving a message accepting multicast session join from the fourth entity.

Abstract: This base station is provided with: a control circuit that generates information relating to a terminal group among a plurality of terminals, said terminal group being a target of transmission by non-orthogonal multiple access; and a transmission circuit that transmits the information relating to the terminal group during a period in which control information addressed to the plurality of terminals is transmitted.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) communicates with a further UE via a sidelink and communicates with a cell of a network via an uplink. The UE receives a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) timing parameter from the network, generates a sidelink HARQ-ACK codebook based on a signaling exchange with the further UE, wherein the sidelink HARQ-ACK codebook is constructed in decreasing order of one or more physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) transmission slots associated with a configured physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) occasion, and transmits an indication of the sidelink HARQ-ACK codebook to the cell of the network.

Abstract: An embodiment controller for use in a communication system for platooning vehicles that performs Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication through controllers mounted in the platooning vehicles includes a communication unit configured to transmit and receive a message including control and sensor information of the platooning vehicles, a scheduler configured to store message transmission times of the platooning vehicles, and a determiner configured to determine whether a message received through the communication unit corresponds to schedule information stored in the scheduler, wherein the controller is configured to transmit a message in accordance with an order determined based on the schedule information and find out a message transmission order of the platooning vehicles by sharing the schedule information.

Abstract: Disclosed in one embodiment is an operating method of receiving user equipment (Rx UE) for performing sidelink communication in a wireless communication system, the method comprising the steps in which the Rx UE receives sidelink control information (SCI), and the Rx UE receives data related to the SCI, wherein the Rx UE determines the received data to be self-data on the basis of a first comparison between the destination ID and source ID included in the SCI, and the source ID and destination ID of the Rx UE, and a second comparison between the destination ID and source ID related to a MAC header of the data, and the source ID and destination ID of the Rx UE.

Abstract: A method of triggering a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) status report performed by a user equipment (UE) is provided. The method includes receiving, from a network, a Data Radio Bearer (DRB) configuration that is associated with a first PDCP entity of the UE; receiving, from the network, a Multicast Broadcast Service Radio Bearer (MRB) configuration that is associated with a second PDCP entity of the UE; triggering, by the first PDCP entity, a first PDCP status report based on a first configuration of the first PDCP entity; and triggering, by the second PDCP entity, a second PDCP status report based on a second configuration of the second PDCP entity.

Abstract: Embodiment are directed to systems and methods for use with a central radio access network (C-RAN) comprising a plurality of controllers and a plurality of radio points. Each of the controllers is configured to determine if that controller should serve as a timing master for the controllers and the radio points and, if that controller should serve as the timing master, synchronize the local clock of that controller with a master clock source over a backhaul network and transmit synchronization messages from that controller over a fronthaul network for reception by the other controllers and the radio points and for use by the other controllers and the radio points in synchronizing the local clocks thereof with the local clock of that controller. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to perform dynamic media insertion based on streaming meter data. An example apparatus includes meter data management circuitry to obtain, via a network, streaming meter data from a plurality of streaming meter devices, the streaming meter data including streaming sessions detected by the plurality of streaming meter devices, meter data processor circuitry to identify active streaming sessions based on the streaming meter data, trend analyzer circuitry to generate a viewing trend indicator based on the active streaming sessions, and trend reporter circuitry to transmit the viewing trend indicator via a network.

Abstract: Aspects of the present application provide methods and device for use in User Equipment (UE) cooperation. UE cooperation may include the cooperating UEs (CUEs) forwarding traffic to or from one or more target UEs (TUEs) with redundant signal transmissions or receptions. Methods involve a base station transmitting configuration information to at least one cooperative user equipment (CUE) and to a target user equipment (TUE). The configuration information includes an indication of resources for a sidelink (SL) transmission and a redundancy parameter for the SL transmission. The SL transmission is a transmission for the at least one CUE to forward a packet intended for the TUE. The base station also transmits the packet intended for the TUE, to a plurality of UEs comprising the at least one CUE and the TUE.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods of Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Acknowledgement (ACK) feedback for multiple Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) based multiple Transmit Receive Points (TRP) transmission are disclosed. The apparatus includes: a receiver that receives a plurality of configurations of control resource sets (CORESETs), wherein each CORESET comprises a plurality of resource blocks (RBs) in frequency domain and a plurality of symbols in time domain, and time-frequency resources identified by the CORESET are used to transmit a Downlink Control Information (DCI); a processor that determines a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Acknowledgement (ACK) feedback selected from a group consisting of: a separate HARQ-ACK feedback and a joint HARQ-ACK feedback; and a transmitter that transmits the determined HARQ-ACK feedback; wherein the separate HARQ-ACK feedback is transmitted through a plurality of uplink resources; and the joint HARQ-ACK feedback is transmitted through one uplink resource.

Abstract: A method for MCCH acquisition in a 5G wireless network (1000) by a UE (100) includes: receiving, by the UE, a MCCH change notification from the gNodeB over a PDCCH. Further, the method includes detecting whether at least one of the UE is interested to receive a new MBS and the UE is already receiving an MBS. Further, the method includes determining the start of the new MBS session for the new MBS by reading the first bit of the MCCH change notification in response to detecting that the UE is interested to receive the new MBS, or determining the modification to the MBS session configuration of the ongoing MBS session by reading the second bit of the MCCH change notification in response to detecting that the UE is already receiving the MBS.

Abstract: Provided are a data sending and receiving method and apparatus and a storage medium. The methods include sending a wireless signal that includes a trigger frame to one or more second communication nodes. The trigger frame is configured to trigger one or more second communication nodes to start transmission. The wireless signal carries at least one of first identifier information, second identifier information or third identifier information. The first identifier information is used to identify the sender of the trigger frame. The second identifier information is used to identify the receiver of the trigger frame. The third identifier information is used to identify that the trigger frame is configured to trigger the second communication node to start transmission.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to communication methods and apparatus. One example method includes obtaining, by a first access network device, a non-public network (NPN) identifier of an NPN supported by the first access network device, and sending, by the first access network device, a second message to a terminal device, where the second message is used to indicate the NPN identifier of the NPN supported by the first access network device.

Abstract: A cell reselection control method according to one embodiment is a method performed by a user equipment in an RRC idle state or an RRC inactive state in an unlicensed band. The cell reselection control method includes determining a congestion level individually for a plurality of candidates that are a plurality of carrier frequencies belonging to the unlicensed band or a plurality of cells, extracting, from among the plurality of candidates, a candidate satisfying a selection criterion required for the candidate to be used as a serving cell of the user equipment, and selecting, from among a plurality of the extracted candidates, a cell to be used as the serving cell. At least one of the extracting a candidate or the selecting a cell is based on the congestion level determined in the determining.

Abstract: Example communication methods and apparatus are described. One example method includes generating a first signal and sending a first signal, where the first signal includes an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, a first-type cyclic prefix (CP), and a second-type CP. CP resources of the first-type CP include two types of CP resources: a first CP resource and a second CP resource. CP resources of the second-type CP include one type of CP resource, that is, the second CP resource. The first CP resource may be used to carry data that is different from data carried on the OFDM symbol. The second CP resource may be used to carry data that is the same as the data carried on the OFDM symbol.

Abstract: A multicast forwarding entry generation method includes receiving a first multicast packet from a first border gateway. The method also includes generating a first multicast forwarding entry based on the first multicast packet. The first multicast forwarding entry includes an address of the first border gateway and information about a multicast source. The method further includes receiving a second multicast packet from a second border gateway. The second multicast packet includes an address of the second border gateway and the information about the multicast source. The method additionally includes determining a first path to the multicast source through the first border gateway and a second path to the multicast source through the second border gateway. The method also includes determining an optimal path to the multicast source based on the first path and the second path, and generating a forwarding entry of the multicast source based on the optimal path.

Abstract: A method for multicast service data reception is provided. The method determines whether a first PDCCH addressed to a first RNTI is received on a first BWP. When a BWP inactivity timer is configured, a default BWP is configured, and the first BWP is not the default BWP, the method (re)starts the BWP inactivity timer after determining that the first PDCCH is received on the first BWP, and switches to the default BWP when the BWP inactivity timer expires. When the BWP inactivity timer is configured, the default BWP is not configured, and the first BWP is not an initial BWP, the method (re)starts the BWP inactivity timer after determining that the first PDCCH is received on the first BWP, and switches to the initial BWP when the BWP inactivity timer expires.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication method and system for converging a 5th-Generation (5G) communication system for supporting higher data rates beyond a 4th-Generation (4G) system with a technology for Internet of Things (IoT). The present disclosure may be applied to intelligent services based on the 5G communication technology and the IoT-related technology, such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, health care, digital education, smart retail, security and safety services. Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for obtaining channel congestion information of an unlicensed band and performing cell reselection for a terminal, in a next-generation mobile communication system.

Abstract: A first apparatus establishes a first radio link control RLC entity and a second RLC entity, where the first RLC entity and the second RLC entity are associated with a first packet data convergence protocol PDCP entity. The first apparatus sends first data through the first RLC entity and/or the second RLC entity. The first RLC entity corresponds to a unicast transmission mode, and the second RLC entity corresponds to a multicast transmission mode.

Abstract: Initial synchronization is achieved without depending on fluctuations of a transmission packet transfer delay time in a network. An IP packet having a multiplexed transport packet containing media data is received via a network. The IP packet is processed, and media presentation by the media data is controlled. A presentation timing is controlled on the basis of a network delay time in communication between a transmission side and a reception apparatus via the network. For example, the multiplexed transport packet is a TS packet making up an MPEG-2 transport stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a channel measurement method and apparatus, an electronic device and a computer-readable storage medium. The method includes: separately determining, by each first device, a first mask sequence, and transforming the first mask sequence to obtain a second mask sequence, and processing a first measurement sequence with the second mask sequence to obtain a second measurement sequence, where the first mask sequence corresponds to the first device; and carrying, by the first device, the second measurement sequence in a channel measurement frame, and sending the channel measurement frame to at least one second device for channel measurement.

Abstract: A terminal includes a receiving section that receives downlink control information for which cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits are scrambled with use of a radio network temporary identifier (RNTI) common to one or more terminals, and a control section that controls reception of data associated with a multicast traffic channel (MTCH) with use of a physical downlink shared channel scheduled by the downlink control information in one or more bandwidth parts in a cell. Therefore, it is possible to appropriately control reception of multicast transmission using a physical downlink shared channel.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for providing adaptive service areas for multicast session continuity. Embodiments of a method performed by a radio access node in a Radio Access Network (RAN) are disclosed. Such embodiments introduce mobility of User Equipments (UEs) participating in a multicast/broadcast service, which is managed by the RAN. This means that the broadcast area will dynamically adapt as participating UEs move and/or radio conditions change.

Abstract: A wireless communication method and apparatus in a wireless local area network (WLAN) system are disclosed. A wireless communication method according to one embodiment may include generating a high-efficiency Wi-Fi (HEW) frame including at least one of an HEW-SIG-A field and an HEW-SIG-B field which include channel information for communications according to an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) mode, and transmitting the generated HEW frame to a reception apparatus.

Abstract: A method and device for SRS transmission, a network device and a UE are provided. The method includes: a serving cell transmits, to a UE, a first configuration for positioning, the first configuration is configuration of a first SRS resource or configuration of a first SRS resource set; and the serving cell receives a first location information request from a location server, the first location information request is used for requesting the serving cell to measure the SRS transmission from the UE; here, a second location information request is transmitted to a neighbor cell by the location server, the second location information request is used for requesting the neighbor cell to measure the SRS transmission from the UE.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a multimedia broadcast multicast service configuration method, a terminal, and a network-side device. The multimedia broadcast multicast service configuration method applied to the terminal includes: performing a configuration operation according to an indication of a network side, where the configuration operation is related to reception of a target MBMS; or autonomously performing a configuration operation and sending first information to a network side, where the first information includes first indication information that is used to indicate that the terminal has performed the configuration operation.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a method of configuring a wireless telecommunications network, the wireless telecommunications network including a first wireless transmitter. The method can include obtaining data indicating an amount of data transmitted by the first wireless transmitter in each Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) of a plurality of MCS; estimating a received signal strength change for the first wireless transmitter when using a first candidate configuration; estimating a first spectral efficiency for the first candidate configuration based on the amount of data transmitted by the first wireless transmitter in each MCS of the plurality of MCS and the received signal strength change for the first wireless transmitter when using the first candidate configuration; comparing the estimated first spectral efficiency for the first candidate configuration to a reference spectral efficiency; and causing a reconfiguration of the wireless telecommunications network based on the comparison.

Abstract: A communications method and a terminal device are disclosed. The communications method includes: receiving, by a transmit terminal, configuration information from a network device, wherein the configuration information comprises resource pool information of a sidelink of the transmit terminal, the resource pool information comprises information about one or more resource pools, and information about one resource pool comprises one or more pieces of information about a PSFCH frequency domain resource; sending, by the transmit terminal, multicast data to receive terminals in a multicast group; and receiving, by the transmit terminal, feedback information of the multicast data from the receive terminals in the multicast group on the PSFCH frequency domain resource, wherein the PSFCH frequency domain resource is sufficient for all the receive terminals in the multicast group to perform HARQ feedback.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication method and a wireless communication terminal using a determination of basic service set identification information of a received frame, and more particularly, to a wireless communication method and a wireless communication terminal for performing an operation according to a determination result whether the received frame is an intra-BSS frame or an inter-BSS frame.

Abstract: In accordance with particular embodiments, a method, performed by a control node, for multimedia broadcast multicast service, MBMS, bearer setup in a group communications system comprises activating and announcing an MBMS bearer to the client nodes. The MBMS bearer is independent of any particular group of client nodes. The method also includes obtaining a call setup message for a group call from a first client node of the client nodes. The method additionally includes broadcasting a connect message for the group call to at least one other client node of the client nodes in response to having received the call setup message. In accordance with certain embodiments, a method, performed by a client node, for MBMS bearer setup in a group communications system comprises obtaining a service announcement of an MBMS bearer from a control node. The MBMS bearer is independent of any particular group of client nodes.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for random access. The method which may be performed by a terminal device comprises determining a interlace configuration for uplink shared channel transmission to a network node in a two-step contention-free random access procedure. The method further comprises performing the uplink shared channel transmission to the network node in the two-step contention-free random access procedure, according to the determined interlace configuration. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the interlaced resource allocation for uplink shared channel transmission may be configured for a two-step contention-free random access procedure in a flexible and efficient way, so that the performance of the random access procedure can be improved.