Abstract: A first packet data conversion device for a sender includes a data interface and a converter. The data interface is configured to provide first packet data according to a first network protocol, in particular according to a Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), wherein each packet of the first packet data comprises a first packet header. The converter is configured to convert the first packet data into second packet data. The conversion is based on rearranging contents of the first packet header, wherein the rearranged first packet header indicates that the second packet data is generated according to a second network protocol, in particular according to a User Datagram Protocol (UDP) or a UDP-Lite protocol. A length of the rearranged first packet header is equal to a length of the first packet header.

Abstract: A label switch router (LSR) in a label-switched path (LSP) may receive, from an ingress edge LSR, a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) echo request, where the LSP includes a tunnel having details that are hidden by a Nil Forward Equivalency Class (FEC). The LSR may determine whether the LSR is an egress node for the tunnel in the LSP based at least in part on one or more labels in the MPLS echo request. The LSR may, in response to determining that the LSR is the egress node for the tunnel in the LSP, send an MPLS echo reply that indicates the LSR as being the egress node for the tunnel in the LSP.

Abstract: A controller assigns variable length addresses to addressable elements that are connected to a network. The variable length addresses are determined based on probabilities that packets are addressed to the corresponding addressable element. The controller transmits, to the addressable elements via the network, a routing table indicating the variable length addresses assigned to the addressable elements. Routers or addressable elements receive the routing table and route one or more packets over the network to an addressable element using variable length addresses included in a header of the one or more packets.

Abstract: Methods and systems are described for programming a substitution of ingress replication buffering for egress replication buffering after identifying egress buffer errors (such as overflow) for multicast traffic. A network element is configured to identify which ports drop packets by monitoring egress buffers and/or multicast traffic in real time. A hardware forwarding engine provides feedback to a control plane processor of the network element to adapt and selectively reprogram multicast ingress replication, temporarily, for certain egress ports that may have, e.g., egress buffer errors or risk of issues due to high network traffic. Using virtual output queues in ingress buffers may reduce risk of egress port congestion, as egress buffers have more limited resources than ingress buffers; however, relying solely on ingress replication for multicast traffic may hinder unicast traffic. Ingress buffer replication of multicast traffic may be used selectively and temporarily.

Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for seamlessly redirecting network data between a client and a remote server. In one exemplary aspect, the method comprises receiving, at a remote server, the network data via a first remote desktop protocol (RDP) channel, wherein the network data is encapsulated and transmitted by a client device configured to communicate with the remote server. The method further comprises replacing a MAC address listed in the network data with a MAC address of a logical network adapter on the remote server, and placing received network packets into a network driver of the logical network adapter, wherein the logical network adapter transfers received data in an operating system of the remote server such that a server-side application on the remote server receives network packets from the client device.

Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, identifying a packet data protocol session that supports a first data exchange between a mobile application of a first mobile device and a first recipient device, wherein the first exchange of data comprises a directing of the first exchange of data through a network device. A second recipient device is determined, and a second data exchange is facilitated between the mobile application and the second recipient device by way of the packet data protocol session, wherein the second exchange of data also comprises a directing of the second exchange of data through the network device without modifying the first data exchange. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A multi-device lip synchronization method and a device. A secondary device receives an RTCP packet sent by a primary device. The secondary device corrects an STC of the secondary device based on a PCR in the RTCP packet, a program dock frequency of the primary device, a program dock frequency of the secondary device, and an RTCP delay. Then, the secondary device receives RTPs published by the primary device, splice the RTPs into a complete audio data frame, and store the audio data frame into a PCM buffer of the secondary device. The secondary device outputs the audio data frame in the PCM buffer.

Abstract: An electronic device of a content producer generates a chunk of data, associates a location-independent name with the chunk of data, generates a signature for the chunk of data, attaches the signature to the chunk of data, and transmits the chunk of data, with the signature attached, to one or more user devices in response to respective requests. The signature is generated based on the data in the chunk, using a private key of the electronic device. The electronic device also stores information, including a specification of a public key associated with the private key, in a first ledger entry of a blockchain, to provide the one or more user devices with access to the public key. A user device may obtain the public key and use it to verify the chunk of data.

Abstract: A method for power management in a wireless LAN system, according to one embodiment of the present specification, comprises the steps of: transmitting a first wake-up packet for a first WUR terminal and a second WUR terminal, wherein the first wake-up packet instructs a first main radio module and a second main radio module to enter into an activation state, and the first wake-up packet includes a first payload, which is modulated according to an On-Off Keying (OOK) method for the first WUR module, and a second payload, which is modulated according to the OOK method for the second WUR module; transmitting a plurality of downlink packets for the first WUR terminal and the second WUR terminal when a preset guard time has elapsed; determining whether at least one acknowledgement packet is received from the first WUR terminal and the second WUR terminal in response to a plurality of downlink packets within a preset retransmission time limit; and transmitting a second wake-up packet according to the determination.

Abstract: A first device may receive information that identifies a second device. The second device may be connected to the first device or a third device. The second device may be a source of traffic to be received by the first device. The first device may determine whether the second device is local or remote to the first device based on receiving the information. The first device may store first information or second information based on determining whether the second device is local or remote. The first information may identify a route associated with the second device. The second information may identify a single route associated with multiple second devices. The first device may provide the traffic using the first information or the second information after storing the first information or the second information.

Abstract: A communication device that is used in a multi-point communication includes: a receiver, a processor and a transmitter. The receiver receives, from a target communication device included among one or more destination communication devices of the communication device, information that indicates a reception bandwidth allocated to a data transmission conducted from the communication device to the target communication device. The processor calculates a transmission bandwidth to be allocated to the data transmission conducted from the communication device to the target communication device according to information relating to the one or more destination communication devices. The transmitter transmits data to the target communication device at a rate that does not exceed an upper limit transmission rate. The upper limit transmission rate is determined according to a smaller one of values of the reception bandwidth and the transmission bandwidth.

Abstract: A method for establishing a connection to a wireless access point includes: sending, based on an operation of establishing a connection to a target wireless access point by a user in an application of a user equipment, a connection request to a wireless routing device corresponding to the target wireless access point by the user equipment, wherein the connection request includes connection authentication information generated by the user equipment; receiving connection success information sent by the wireless routing device by the user equipment after connection authentication on the connection request succeeds.

Abstract: Various systems, processes, and products may be used to filter multicast messages in virtual environments. In one implementation, a multicast filtering address is received by a network adapter from at least one of a number of virtual machines. An amount of filtering data is determined corresponding to the at least one virtual machine and, based on the amount of the filtering data corresponding to the at least one virtual machine, the multicast filtering address is stored in either a multicast filtering store of the network adapter or a local filtering store of the at least one virtual machine.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a method usable in a network that has a combination of mLDP-capable and BIER-capable devices. The disclosed method includes advertising, by an mLDP-capable multicast source, an indication of a BIER edge router that it has determined is usable as a path between the BIER devices and the mLDP-capable multicast source. A provider edge router can include in a multicast join message both an indication of the mLDP-capable multicast source as well as the indication of the BIER router advertised as being usable as the path to the mLDP-capable multicast source. The BIER devices can communicate with each other to pass a multicast join message to the BIER edge router that is indicated as being usable as the path to the mLDP-capable multicast source.

Abstract: A dynamic routing device for a CAN message of a vehicle includes: a message reception unit configured to receive a message of a specific ID transmitted from a source controller and a designated specific message from at least one destination controller; a message reception filter configured to dynamically change based on at least one piece of information included in the specific message; and a gateway controller including the message reception unit and the message reception filter, wherein the gateway controller is configured to generate dynamic routing table information based on information about the specific message, check reception of a message with respect to only a message ID set to the message reception filter, and perform message routing on a destination controller designated in the dynamic routing table.

Abstract: A method, a system and a computer program product for executing management of ownership of data. An index in a plurality of indexes is selected. The index corresponds to a plurality of ranges of data values stored in a plurality of database slices of a database. The index further corresponds to a partitioning structure that includes a plurality of hierarchically arranged nodes. Each node corresponds to a range of data values stored in at least one database slice. The structure is replicated across a plurality of computing systems. A computing system executes an update to one or more ranges of data values. The system replicates at least one of a database slice including the updated ranges of data values and a node that includes the updated ranges of data values to another computing system for storage of a replicate of the updated ranges of data values.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for performing a node-level redundant failover-type process with respect to the protocol-independent multicast (PIM) functionality in a multi-chassis environment. When a PIM-related failure occurs on a first network device, but otherwise it remains operational, a second network device is configured to assume responsibility for performing PIM data traffic forwarding. Upon detecting the PIM-related failure of the first network device, the second network device sends a PIM-DR failover event signal to the second network device's PIM module by loading multicast route states used by the first network device into the PIM data traffic forwarding hardware of the second network device. Upon the second network device assuming responsibility, the first network device disables its PIM data traffic forwarding functionality.

Abstract: In an example of a method for implementing three-layer communication of a management packet, a controlling bridge creates a first virtual management ethernet (VME) port with a first MAMA address, and allocates a first IP address to the first VME port. A port extender creates a second VME port with a second MAC address, and requests an IP address of the second VME port from the controlling bridge. The controlling bridge allocates a second IP address to the second VME port, and notifies the port extender of the second IP address and the first IP address; acquires the second MAC address of the second VME port to send receive a management packet to from the second VME port through three-layer communication.

Abstract: An ICN-over-IP architecture, which supports ICN-dependent IP addresses, is provided as an integrated architecture requiring small changes within the network, utilizing the incrementally introduced ICN-enabled IP routers efficiently where ICN-enabled IP routers are distributed within/across domains and are capable of coordinating among others based on domain or ICN imposed policies. System, devices and methods are provided achieving improved performance with the introduction of additional ICN-enabled IP routers within/across domains, and continuing to perform efficiently by relying on the principles of the current IP forwarding and taking advantage of IP's currently available features.

Abstract: A communication device that is used in a multi-point communication includes: a receiver, a processor and a transmitter. The receiver receives, from a target communication device included among one or more destination communication devices of the communication device, information that indicates a reception bandwidth allocated to a data transmission conducted from the communication device to the target communication device. The processor calculates a transmission bandwidth to be allocated to the data transmission conducted from the communication device to the target communication device according to information relating to the one or more destination communication devices. The transmitter transmits data to the target communication device at a rate that does not exceed an upper limit transmission rate. The upper limit transmission rate is determined according to a smaller one of values of the reception bandwidth and the transmission bandwidth.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a computer system detects a notification for a service worker. The service worker being configured to process the notification for a website. The computer system monitors a behavior of the service worker in response to receiving the notification and compares the behavior to one or more policies for the notification to determine that the behavior violated at least one of the one or more policies. The one or more policies describe restrictions on behavior for producing a visible result for the notification or responding to the notification within a time period. The computer system then performs a mitigation action based on the service worker violating the at least one of the one or more policies, the mitigation action restricting an aspect of use of the notification for the website.

Abstract: A computer in a cloud computing environment includes a virtualization instance (VI) providing cloud services to a consumer device. The computer includes non-virtualizing and self-virtualizing type devices. The VI uses a first virtual device that is a virtual form of one of the non-virtualizing type devices to meet Quality of Service (QoS) objectives. A method for managing the resources of the cloud comprises receiving QoS metrics, determining that the VI cannot meet the QoS objectives using the first virtual device, determining that a second virtual device comprising a virtual form of one of the self-virtualizing type device alternative to that of first virtual device is available and can meet the QoS objectives, and configuring the VI to use the second virtual device in place of the first virtual device. A computer programming product and a system can embody the method.

Abstract: A system, apparatus, and method for network traffic management. The method includes establishing a building zone corresponding with a physical space in the building, determining how many networked devices are in the building zone, determining a current multicast use level, establishing a virtual group threshold based on a current portion of a network multicast capacity that is being used, and unicast transmitting a message to a plurality of networked devices in the building zone when the number of networked devices in the building zone is less than the virtual group threshold.

Abstract: Systems and techniques for information centric network (ICN) emergency data collection are described herein. For example, an event coverage area may be measured. An interest packet may be transmitted to map nodes within the coverage area. In an example, the interest packet specifies a group prefix. A group of nodes that respond to the interest packet may be selected as event detecting nodes. Then, an event subscription interest packet may be transmitted to the event-detecting nodes.

Abstract: Port synchronization is provided for multicast on an Ethernet segment (ES) in which a device (CE) is multihomed to at least two devices (PE1 and PE2) of a VLAN.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an input/output module.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods related to concurrently measuring and executing images. An apparatus for concurrently measuring and executing images can include a memory device, a first processing resource and a second processing resource. The first processing resource can execute instructions stored in the memory device to execute a first portion of an image responsive to measuring the first portion of the image and execute a second portion of the image responsive to measuring the second portion of the image. The second processing resource can execute instructions stored in the memory device to measure the first portion of the image and measure the second portion of the image concurrently with an execution of the first portion of the image by the first processing resource.

Abstract: Example methods are provided for first host to perform multicast packet handling in a software-defined networking (SDN) environment. The method may comprise: in response to the first host detecting, from a first virtualized computing instance, a request to join a multicast group address, obtaining control information from a network management entity. The control information may include one or more destination addresses associated with one or more second hosts that have joined the multicast group address on behalf of multiple second virtualized computing instances. The method may also comprise: in response to the first host detecting an egress multicast packet that includes an inner header addressed to the multicast group address, generating one or more encapsulated multicast packets based on the control information and sending the one or more encapsulated multicast packets in a unicast manner or multicast manner, or a combination of both.

Abstract: Provided are an optical relay system and a method for setting identification information of a remote device in an optical relay system. In particular, provided are an optical relay system and a method for setting identification information of a remote device in an optical relay system in which a donor device generates unique identification information of a remote device based on temporary identification information and characteristic information received from the remote device to automatically set identification information of the remote device, and as a result, the optical relay system can be normally implemented rapidly in initial installation of the optical relay system or a change of an optical relay system environment and convenience of a manager and reliability of a mobile communication service can be improved.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a processing circuit and logic integrated with and/or executable by the processing circuit. The logic is configured to cause the processing circuit to handle Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) messages received from other devices in a network. Also, the logic is configured to cause the processing circuit to create a general query solicit (GQS) message configured to solicit a general query (GQ) from a multicast snooping querier coupled with the apparatus. The GQS message causes the multicast snooping querier to send out a general query (GQ) message on all ports in response to receiving the GQS message. The GQ message is configured to solicit port information and group membership information from each IGMP switch in the network. Other systems, methods, and computer program products are described in more embodiments.

Abstract: A method for identifying a first hop router (“FHR”) in a distributed virtualized network is presented. In an embodiment, a method comprises receiving a multicast message on an incoming interface. In response to receiving the multicast message, the router determines whether the router is a FHR for the multicast message, i.e., whether, in response to generating and transmitting a hello multicast message, the router does not receive a response on the incoming interface; or whether an interface to a RP for the multicast message is different than the incoming interface. If the router is the FHR for the multicast message, then the router determines an IP address of a RP for the multicast message. The router also encapsulates the multicast message into a unicast message, includes in the unicast message the IP address of the RP as a destination address, and transmits the unicast message to the RP.

Abstract: Various example embodiments for supporting multicast in communication systems are presented. In at least some example embodiments, supporting multicast in communication systems may include supporting use of multicast domain information of a penultimate hop router of the multicast domain by an egress leaf router associated with the multicast domain for multicast service signaling to a root router of the multicast domain. In at least some example embodiments, in which the multicast domain is based on Bit Index Explicit Replication (BIER), supporting multicast in communication systems may include supporting use of BIER domain information (e.g., a BIER Forwarding Router Identifier (BFR-ID) or the like) of a PH BIER router by an egress leaf router associated with the BIER domain for multicast service signaling to a root BIER router of the BIER domain.

Abstract: A first leaf switch may receive from a first host, a request for a second host that is not known at the first leaf switch. The first host may be within a first End Point Group (EPG) and the second host being within a second EPG. The first EPG and the second EPG may be in a Bridge Domain (BD). Flood in encapsulation may be enabled for the first EPG and for the second EPG. Next, the first leaf switch may flood the request locally in the first EPG and to a spine switch with a VNID of the first EPG. The spine switch may then flood the request to a second leaf switch where the BD is present. The second leaf switch may send a glean request for the second host, receive, in response to sending the glean request, a reply, and learn the second host locally in response to receiving the reply.

Abstract: An equivalent time network analyzer and method estimates a device-under-test's frequency response by acquiring its time domain response through equivalent time over-sampling. The analyzer has a timing system producing two time bases differing in period by less than one part per million, resulting in a linearly varying phase difference. A high frequency stimulus generator, synchronized to the first time basis, creates a periodic waveform that contains energy at harmonics of the first time basis. An output capture cell that captures the response of the device-under-test includes a high bandwidth input comparator, a memory element clocked to the second time basis, and a low bandwidth feedback filter that provides a low frequency analog estimate of the time domain response of the device-under-test as feedback to the input comparator and as output from the capture cell. The analyzer may also include input capture cells, multiple stimulus generators, and/or multiple output capture cells.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for an adaptive gossip protocol. A node in a cluster can detect a gossip protocol synchronization triggering event which can include an indication that the node has received data from a second node via a gossip protocol, an update to data maintained by nodes in the cluster, and/or an operation. In response to the triggering event, the node can determine a dynamic gossip interval for disseminating data from the node to other nodes via a gossip protocol, the dynamic gossip interval being based on a synchronization state associated with the cluster and/or one or more gossip protocol events associated with the cluster. Next, the node can select a third node in the cluster for disseminating the data from the node to the third node. The node can then transmit the data to the third node via the gossip protocol based on the dynamic gossip interval.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, an information handling system (IHS) may receive, from another IHS via a first network, a dynamic host configuration protocol discovery request, provide, via the first network, a first Internet protocol version four (IPv4) address to the other IHS, and associate a first Internet protocol version six (IPv6) address. The IHS may receive a domain name service (DNS) lookup request from the first information handling system, provide a multicast DNS (mDNS) request, based at least on logical name information from the DNS lookup request, to a second network, and receive a mDNS response that includes a second IPv6 address associated with the logical name information from the DNS lookup request. In response to receiving the mDNS response, the IHS may configure at least one network address translation configuration that associates that associates the second IPv6 address and a second IPv4 address.

Abstract: A method for handling of multicast data streams within a broadband access network of a telecommunications network includes: a specific service edge node receiving a join request message from or through a specific customer premises equipment; an activation request message being transmitted, by the specific service edge node, to a multicast controller node within the broadband access network; and the multicast controller node generating and/or replicating multicast data stream-related data packets and injecting these multicast data stream-related data packets, using a corresponding session identifier information, into a point-to-point-protocol connection or tunneling protocol connection between the specific service edge node and the specific customer premises equipment.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide for route optimization using real time traffic feedback. A network management system can subscribe to receive streaming telemetry (e.g., at line rate) for traffic associated with one or more managed network entities (e.g., flows, sites, networks, network devices, endpoints, applications, etc.) selected for route optimization. The network management system can determine a set of possible routes for the traffic. The network management system can compute metrics (e.g., packet loss, bit rate, throughput, delay, availability, jitter, etc.) for a set of possible routes for the traffic based on the streaming telemetry. The network management system can determine an optimal route from the set of possible routes based on the metrics. The network management system can inject the optimal route into the one or more network devices receiving the traffic to override a native route (e.g., determined by a routing protocol executed by the network devices).

Abstract: A device may create a virtualization layer on top of a physical layer of the device; create a virtual machine layer on top of the virtualization layer; create a virtual network function (VNF) layer based on the virtual machine layer and the virtualization layer; create a connection layer on top of the VNF layer; and create a first virtual maintenance endpoint (MEP) that includes a first virtual media access control (MAC) address. The first virtual MEP may be configured to: send a first continuity fault management (CFM) message to a physical MEP having a physical MAC address or a second virtual MEP having a second virtual MAC address; and receive a second CFM message from the physical MEP or the second virtual MEP.

Abstract: Techniques are described for multicast flow prioritization in protocol independent multicast (PIM) networks with multicast flow limits. According to the disclosed techniques, once a router has reached its multicast flow limit, the router may preempt an installed lower priority multicast flow with a newly requested higher priority multicast flow. For example, if a maximum number of multicast flows are installed on the router, then, upon receiving a PIM join for a higher priority flow as compared to the installed flows, the router replaces one of the installed lower priority flows with the received higher priority flow. Furthermore, according to the disclosed techniques, priority values for multicast flows are consistent across a PIM domain and each of the routers within the PIM domain is configured to use the priority values to select a higher priority flow over a lower priority flow.

Abstract: Provided are a method of generating a broadcast queue, a storage medium, and a terminal. The method includes determining parameters of broadcast receivers receiving the broadcast message and a broadcast sender, based on the broadcast message; when the parameters of the broadcast sender and the broadcast receivers meet a predefined condition, determining attribute information of the broadcast message; and generating a broadcast queue based on the attribute information.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for configuring a UE to assist in mitigating network congestion include determining whether a data packet has expired based on a first parameter, which indicates an expiration of the data, and adjusting a transmission of the data packet based on the determination of whether the data packet has expired. In some aspects, the UE may drop the data packet upon determination that the data packet has expired. The UE may be configured detect to a first congestion level, receive a second congestion level from a second UE, and process a frame for transmission based on the first or second congestion level. The UE may be configured determine a priority, generate a data packet that includes a destination parameter or a source parameter, adjust radio resource parameters based on the destination parameter or source parameter, and transmit data packets according to adjusted radio resources.

Abstract: There is provided an information controller (60) that calculates a work amount based on the positions of a construction target surface and a current surface in a set coordinate system set in the operational plane of a multi-joint type front work device (30), and a construction distance (L) by which a construction target surface and a current surface of configurations equivalent to those of the construction target surface and the current surface continue on a construction object, and that calculates a predicted requisite time of the work amount of a work based on the work amount and processing speed. A construction completion prediction time calculated by the information controller (60) or a prediction time calculated from the construction completion prediction time is displayed by a display device (67).

Abstract: Example methods are provided for a host to perform multicast packet handling a software-defined networking (SDN) environment. One example method may comprise: in response to detecting, from a virtualized computing instance supported by the host, a request to join a first inner multicast group address, obtaining an outer multicast group address that is assigned to the first inner multicast group address and one or more second inner multicast group addresses; and generating and sending a request to join the outer multicast group address to one or more multicast-enabled network devices. In response to detecting an ingress encapsulated multicast packet that includes an outer header addressed to the outer multicast group address and an inner header addressed to the first inner multicast group address, the host may generate and send a decapsulated multicast packet to the virtualized computing instance that has joined the first inner multicast group address.

Abstract: Metadata associated with IoT devices is stored. The metadata may include categories associated with the IoT devices. At least a first category may be hierarchical such that the first category includes at least two hierarchical levels, with each hierarchical level including at least two categories, and such that each category in a hierarchical level that is below another hierarchical level is a subset of one of the categories in the hierarchical levels above that hierarchical level. User information associated with users is stored. A request associated with one of the users and further associated with access to at least one of the IoT devices is received. Responsive to the request, the access is selectively granted to the at least one of the IoT devices based upon the stored user information and the stored metadata.

Abstract: The present invention is a method for drawing connections for one or more Layer-2 switches as a tree-type network map. The method includes a first step of generating a MvP table consisting of a mapping table M1 and a mapping table M2 based on management information collected from the Layer-2 switches by network monitoring manager H; a third step of identifying parent-child relationship of Layer-2 switches based on the Connection-information between Layer-2 switches in the second step, and generating a Layered-structure of Layer-2 switches based on the parent-child relationship; and a fourth step of drawing connections for Layer-2 switches as a tree-type network map based on the Layered-structure of Layer-2 switches in the third step.

Abstract: A system for efficient routing of an OAM) frame in an Ethernet switch receives an OAM frame at a first port; building a first classification key dependent on an OAM frame header; classifies in a context of the first port to create a first classification; resolves action dependent on the first classification; modifies the first classification key to create a second classification key; classifies the frame in a context of the second port to create a second classification; sends the second classification key to an OAM engine coupled to the Ethernet switch for modification into a third classification key; receives the third classification key from the OAM engine; modifies the third classification key into a final classification key; modifies the header of the OAM frame with the final classification key; and sends the modified OAM frame to a switching fabric of the Ethernet switch.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application provide a bit-forwarding ingress router, a bit-forwarding router, and an OAM test method, and pertain to the field of multicast networks. A first BFR receives an OAM request packet from a BFIR; the first BFR determines, according to the OAM request packet, that a destination BFR corresponding to the OAM request packet is the first BFR; and the first BFR obtains a first OAM response packet according to an ID of the BFIR, and sends the first OAM response packet to the BFIR. According to the method and the apparatus that are provided in the embodiments of this application, a problem that a BFIR cannot diagnose or handle a transmission fault when the fault occurs during transmission of a multicast packet can be resolved, which helps implement connectivity testing by using an OAM packet and enables testing of multiple BFERs.

Abstract: A network interface of a network user having at least one physical interface for connecting the network interface to a network interface of a different network user, at least one data selector, which is connected to the physical interface and which is suitable for receiving data from the physical interface and sending data to the physical interface, and at least one data switch, which is connected to the data selector and which is suitable for receiving data from the data selector and sending data to the data selector.

Abstract: Some embodiments establish for an entity a virtual network over several public clouds of several public cloud providers and/or in several regions. In some embodiments, the virtual network is an overlay network that spans across several public clouds to interconnect one or more private networks (e.g., networks within branches, divisions, departments of the entity or their associated datacenters), mobile users, and SaaS (Software as a Service) provider machines, and other web applications of the entity. The virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the routing of the entity's data messages to their destinations for best end-to-end performance, reliability and security, while trying to minimize the routing of this traffic through the Internet. Also, the virtual network in some embodiments can be configured to optimize the layer 4 processing of the data message flows passing through the network.