Abstract: A communication session may be broken up into many smaller packet bundles over many tunnels and over different routes in order to obfuscate the entire data stream. Apparatuses may dynamically build hop-by-hop tunnels in a backbone telecommunications network, segment data into packet bundles at the customer edge, or break up data traffic of a communication session along multiple routing or switching paths in order to obfuscate the data traffic of the communication session.

Abstract: A wireless communication device identifies an access point for a wireless network. The device initiates a connection procedure to establish a wireless connection between the wireless communication device and the access point, and the connection procedure includes: (i) selecting a degraded set of uplink transmission quality parameters that correspond to a higher signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio than a baseline set of uplink transmission quality parameters, and (ii) transmitting messages from the wireless communication device to the access point during the connection procedure according to the degraded set of uplink transmission quality parameters. The wireless network connection can be established between the wireless communication device and the access point as a result of completion of the connection procedure, despite the wireless communication device transmitting messages to the access point during the connection procedure according to the degraded set of uplink transmission quality parameters.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method, executable by a first network device, that receives a set of commands to create a custom routing table. The set of commands specifies that the custom routing table be configured to resolve next hops for routing protocol paths using routes determined by a subset of a set of protocols used by a predefined routing table of the first network device to determine next hops for routing protocol paths. Based on the set of commands, the method further generates the custom routing table. The method also receives a routing protocol path from a second network device. The method further uses one of the custom routing table and the predefined routing table to resolve a next hop for the routing protocol path.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are provided in which a CE protocol communication session is established, at a first provider edge network device (PE), for customer equipment device (CE) multi-homed to the first PE and one or more second PEs. The first PE is an owner of the CE protocol communication session. The first PE signals to the one or more second PEs an ownership message indicating that the first PE is the owner of the CE protocol communication session. The ownership message includes parameters that enable one or more second PEs to install in their respective forwarding tables a redirect policy to instruct the respective PE to forward packets of this session to the first PE via an overlay segment. The first PE receives the packets of the session via the overlay segment based on the ownership message.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method that generates different network measurements data (e.g., network topology, bandwidth estimation of different paths, etc.) for a pair of endpoints upon receiving a network administrative request (e.g., an application programming interface (API) request) or by other means (e.g., automatically and without intervention of a user). In some embodiments, the method is implemented by a network measurement agent operating on each endpoint and a centralized service component (e.g., web service layer) executing on a network manager machine (e.g., a controller) that responds to measurement requests. The network measurement agent probes the network periodically (i.e., in certain time intervals) or upon an API request that it receives through the network manager machine to gather the measurement data of a particular network topology between a pair of endpoints.

Abstract: A method for performing initial registration is provided. The method includes receiving a server timeout message, the server timeout message including at least a field set to a value equal to a value received during a first registration. The method further includes initiating restoration procedures by performing an initial registration.

Abstract: A method including determining, by a first device in a mesh network, that a second device has joined the mesh network; transmitting, by the first device based at least in part on determining that the second device has joined the mesh network, a request to receive communication information indicating a meshnet address associated with the second device; updating, by the first device based at least in part on receiving the meshnet address, a meshnet address map to indicate an association of the second device with the meshnet address; and transmitting, by the first device based at least in part on updating the meshnet address map, meshnet data to the second device utilizing the updated meshnet address map. Various other aspects are contemplated.

Abstract: A processing apparatus (10) processes received input data and outputs output data that is to be transferred to a synchronization target apparatus using a predetermined bandwidth. The processing apparatus (10) measures the generation rate of the output data that is to be output by the processing unit (122). Based on the measurement result, the processing apparatus (10) controls the input of input data such that a condition set in advance for the corresponding type of input data is satisfied and the generation rate of the output data rate is below the transmission rate of the band.

Abstract: Virtual application and desktop delivery may be optimized by supplying application metadata and user intent to the device between a client and a server hosting resources for the delivery. The data packets used to deliver the virtual application or desktop may be also tagged with references to the application. By supplying the metadata and tagging packets with the metadata, an intermediary network device may provide streams of data packets at the target QoS. In addition, the device may apply network resource allocation rules (e.g., firewalls and QoS configuration) for redirected content retrieved by the client out of band relative to a virtual channel such as the Internet. The network resource allocation rules may differ for different types of resources accessed. The device may also control a delivery agent on the server to modify communication sessions established through the virtual channels based on network conditions.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture are disclosed to coordinate receipt of monitoring information. An example method includes, performing a lookup using a session identifier of a monitoring message received at a load balancer, the session identifier including an impression processor identifier, the monitoring message requesting an update to a session, determining whether a difference between a time of last activity of the session and a time of receipt of the received message exceeds a threshold duration, and in response to determining that the difference does not exceed the threshold duration, updating the time of last activity of the session to the time of receipt of the received message, and routing the received message to the impression processor, the impression processor to credit a media presentation identified in a payload of the received message.

Abstract: A communication router, adapted for use in an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol compliant communication network, is provided. The communication router comprises processing means configured to automatically adjust the communication router's cost metrics set for forwarding communication traffic via at least one link that extends between that communication router and a respective adjacent neighboring router. The cost metrics is adjusted in compliance with costs determined by the respective adjacent neighboring router for forwarding traffic from the respective adjacent neighboring router along that link.

Abstract: Techniques for allocating bandwidth for low latency content and buffered content are described. In accordance with various embodiments, a bandwidth allocation method is performed at a device (e.g., a server) with one or more processors and a non-transitory memory. The server determines available bandwidth for delivering content to a client device in a stream, where the stream includes low latency content and buffered content. The server further identifies characteristics of the low latency content. The server then allocates a first portion of the available bandwidth to the low latency content and a second portion of the available bandwidth to the buffered content based on the characteristics of the low latency content.

Abstract: Technologies for managing configuration-free platform firmware include a compute device, which further includes a management controller. The management controller is to receive a system configuration request to access a system configuration parameter of the compute device and access the system configuration parameter in response to a receipt of the system configuration request.

Abstract: A Controller Area Network (CAN) transceiver determines a voltage differential signal from analog signaling and provides a digital output signal at a receiver output to a CAN controller based on the voltage differential signal. The analog signaling received from the CAN bus can operate with a first voltage level scheme of a first CAN protocol and a second voltage level scheme for a second CAN protocol. A first comparator compares the voltage differential signal to a first threshold which is set to a value which differentiates between a logic low bit and logic high bit in accordance with the second CAN protocol. Filtering circuitry selectively filters an output of the first comparator based on detection of noise on the CAN bus to provide a first digital signal indicative of activity on the CAN bus according to the second CAN protocol.

Abstract: The embodiment of the present disclosure provides a back-to-source relationship management system, method, apparatus, server and storage medium.

Abstract: Disclosed is a computing apparatus implemented with a network hypervisor implementing software defined network (SDN)-based network virtualization. The computing apparatus include a statistics virtualization module configured to provide individual statistics to each of created virtual networks, a transmission disaggregation module configured to include a physical statistics cache that performs periodic monitoring of a plurality of physical switches and store statistics of the physical switches collected, and a physical statistics aggregation module configured to respond with statistics of the plurality of physical switches when a single monitoring request.

Abstract: A communications method enables a path computation element (PCE) to notify path computation clients (PCCs) about the shared resources of independent label switch paths by allowing a PCE to send an association object with a new association type to PCC. A PCE Communication Protocol extension that associates label-switched paths (LSPs) whose ingress, or egress, or both ingress and egress are different for resource sharing to avoid path computation failures or duplicate allocation of resources during common links for new LSPs created during an update of end-to-end (E2E) LSP. The PCC employs Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) for LSP signalling, PCC forwards path message information along with association object to the RSVP for LSP signalling. The RSVP uses the association object in its reservation message for LSP setup.

Abstract: In general, the disclosure describes techniques for lockless management of immutable objects by multi-threaded processes. A device comprising a processor may implement the techniques, where the processor execute a multi-threaded process including a producer thread and a consumer thread. The producer thread may instantiate an immutable object, and provide, to the consumer thread, a reference to the immutable object. The producer thread may also increment a reference counter to indicate that the reference has been provided to the consumer thread, where the reference counter is local to the producer thread and inaccessible to the at least two consumer threads. The producer thread may receive, from the consumer thread, a notification that the consumer thread has finished processing the immutable object, and decrement, responsive to receiving the notification, the reference counter. The producer thread may then delete, based on the reference counter, the immutable object.

Abstract: Methods, non-transitory computer readable media, and network traffic manager apparatus that assists with protecting a CPU during a DDOS attack includes monitoring network traffic data from plurality of client devices. Each of the plurality of client devices are classified as a valid device or a potential attacker device based on the monitoring. Next a determination of when CPU utilization of a network traffic manager apparatus is greater than a stored threshold value is made. The CPU utilization of the network traffic manager increases as a number of the plurality of client devices classified as the potential attacker device increases. One or more network actions are performed on the plurality of client devices classified as the potential attacker device to protect the CPU when the determination indicates the CPU utilization is greater than the stored threshold value.

Abstract: A system and method for federating a tuple storage database across multiple coordinated namespace (CNS) extended memory storage systems allowing the sharing of tuples and tuple data across independent systems. The method provides a federation service for multiple coordination namespace systems. The method retrieves a tuple from connected independent CNS systems wherein a local CNS Controller sends a read request to the local gatekeeper to retrieve a first tuple and creates a local pending remote record. The local gatekeeper at a requesting node sends a broadcast query to a plurality of remote gatekeepers for the tuple and Remote gatekeepers at remote nodes query in its local CNS for the tuple. The Local gatekeeper process at the requesting node receives results from a plurality of remote gatekeepers for the said tuple and selects one remote gatekeeper to receive the requested tuple and broadcasts a read for tuple data with selected gatekeeper.

Abstract: Systems and methods include determining one or more Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs) supported at the router; and advertising the one or more L3 VPNs to one or more routers in the Segment Routing network with each advertisement including a service Segment Identifier (SID) for each of the one or more L3VPNs and one of a node SID for the router or an Anycast SID when the router is connected to a Multi-Home site. The steps can further include transmitting a Layer 3 (L3) packet for an L3 VPN of the one or more L3 VPNs with a destination SID and a service SID of the L3VPN. The advertisement can include encapsulation as an IPv6 prefix containing both the node SID for the router and the service SID, and wherein prefixes are treated as attributes of a route.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure improve existing multi-layer and other network technologies by routing and processing client requests that require machine learning based on the machine learning capabilities of each network device and/or other computer resource characteristics of different network devices. This ensures that network latency and throughput, among other computer resource consumption characteristics, will be improved as machine learning processing can occur at the most suitable network device or be distributed among various suitable network devices.

Abstract: In an example, a method includes computing, by a computing device, for a segment routing policy that specifies a bandwidth constraint for the segment routing policy, first shortest paths through a network of network nodes, wherein each shortest path of the first shortest paths represents a different sequence of links connecting pairs of the network nodes from a source to a destination; in response to determining, by the computing device based on the bandwidth constraint for the segment routing policy, a link of one of the first shortest paths has insufficient bandwidth to meet a required bandwidth for the link, increasing a metric of the link; computing, by the computing device, for the segment routing policy that specifies the bandwidth constraint, based on the increased metric of the link, second shortest paths through the network of network nodes; and provisioning the second shortest paths in the network of nodes.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a first notification unit, a second notification unit, a reception unit, and a sharing unit. The first notification unit provides first information containing information unique to the communication apparatus and information on a predetermined channel for use in sharing a communication parameter for wireless communication with a different communication apparatus. The second notification unit provides second information containing the information unique to the communication apparatus but not containing information on the predetermined channel. When the first information is provided, the reception unit waits to receive a predetermined signal containing information corresponding to the information unique to the communication apparatus without shifting to another channel. When the second information is provided, the reception unit waits to receive the predetermined signal using a plurality of channels.

Abstract: Methods and devices are discussed. A device configured to operate in a network comprises communication circuitry and a transceiver.

Abstract: A network-on-chip (NoC) system includes a default communication path between a master device and a slave device, and a backup communication path between the master device and the slave device. The default communication path is configured to work in a normal operation state of the chip. The backup communication path is configured to replace the default communication path when a fault arises in the default communication path.

Abstract: A dataflow hierarchy protocol is implemented by one or more devices to optimize how the one or more devices process datagrams for network communications. The dataflow hierarchy considers various available network pathways for dataflow. A device implementing the dataflow hierarchy selects one or more of the available network pathways to provide low latency in data communication with other devices. The device may sample various available network pathways to determine pathway metrics (e.g., latency) and select one or more network pathways based on the metrics. The available network pathways can include pathways through one or more intermediary nodes, such as pathways through a game server, pathways through a cell tower, and pathways through a network.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device predicts a range of bitrates expected to be required by one or more applications associated with traffic conveyed via a particular path in a network. The device obtains telemetry data indicative of observed bitrates associated with the traffic conveyed via the particular path in the network. The device identifies, a presence of congestion along the particular path in the network, by comparing the observed bitrates to the range of bitrates expected to be required by the one or more applications. The device causes at least a portion of the traffic to be re-routed from the particular path to a second path in the network, when the device identifies the presence of congestion along the particular path.

Abstract: Proposed is a scalable and computationally light approach to validating blockchains called the Catastrophic Dissent Mechanism (CDM). CDM uses anonymous actors who are free to join and leave the system as they please. The mechanism gives all actors strong incentives to behave honestly, both as individuals, and as members of coalitions who might benefit in compromising the integrity of the blockchain. As a result, CDM offers users Strategically Provable Security (SPS). CDM provides a foundation to create an ecosystem of federated chains which can share heterogeneous tokens using different business logic. As a result, new instances of chains can be created to serve as inexpensive, scalable platforms for a wide variety of blockchain applications and to provide a path for existing instances to be upgraded or altered without the use of hard forks or breaking the rule that code is law.

Abstract: Scheduling optimizations for services are described. In one example, a priority category, such as a high, low, or other priority category, can be determined for a service of an application executing on a computing device. If the application is running as a background application on the computing device, an exception to the start of the service can be returned by the operating system of the device, due to background execution limits on the device. In that case, the start of the service can be managed by a service manager of the application based on the priority category for the service. If the priority category for the service is high, the background application can call a foreground service. The call for the foreground service can bring the application to the foreground, and the service manager can again call for the start of the service after the foreground service is running.

Abstract: A device and a method for training a model are disclosed, wherein the method of training the model includes: first classifying a plurality of data packets using the model, wherein a first class is assigned to each data packet of a plurality of data packets, wherein the first class is associated with a receiver of a plurality of receivers; second classifying the plurality of data packets, wherein a second class is assigned to each data packet of the plurality of data packets, wherein the second class is associated with a receiver of the plurality of receivers; and training the model using the plurality of first classes and the plurality of second classes assigned to the plurality of data packets.

Abstract: Various approaches for providing network maintenance and health monitoring. In some cases, some approaches include systems, methods, and/or devices for receiving and cataloging network incidents and in providing proposed solutions that may include embedded automated remediations and/or embedded dynamic instructions to mitigate the network incidents.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a mobile switching node and a mobility management node to page a terminal device. The present disclosure may provide a method for a mobile switching node to page a terminal device. The method includes: storing (S201) an indication of whether a terminal device supports a circuit switching call function; receiving (S202) a request to implement the circuit switching call function, in regard to a subscriber number corresponding to the terminal device; and sending (S203), to a mobility management node, a circuit switching paging request for the terminal device, in response to that the indication shows the terminal device supports the circuit switching call function.

Abstract: Antenna monitoring systems and methods can include, among other things, a transmitter near each of the antennas in a distributed antenna system (DAS). The transmitter can transmit an antenna identifier corresponding to that antenna, so that the various transmitters in the DAS each transmit different antenna identifiers. These antenna identifiers can be detected by a receiver and can be processed to determine whether any antenna identifiers are missing. If any expected antenna identifier is missing, the receiver can infer that the antenna or a component associated with the antenna (such as cabling) may have failed. The receiver can then output an indication or notification that may be accessed by maintenance personnel and/or emergency personnel to enable them to identify and repair the non-functioning antenna or component. The transmitter can transmit other data, such as environmental data, RF data, or the like, to facilitate additional or alternative monitoring functionality.

Abstract: A transit device receives a target token request sent by a data transmit end, and sends the target token request to a data receive end. The data receive end may determine, based on the target token request, a target token packet corresponding to the target token request, and then send the target token packet to the transit device based on a priority identifier. The transit device determines a sending rate of the token packet based on a link bandwidth of the current device, a preset packet length of a token packet, and a preset packet length of the data packet, and sends the target token packet to the data transmit end based on the priority identifier and the sending rate of the token packet. The transit device may send the target data packet to the data receive end.

Abstract: Methods, systems, computer-readable media, and apparatuses are disclosed for providing a user seamless access to cloud services made available by multiple different cloud providers. In some embodiments, a computing device may receive a request from a user to access a variety of cloud services. The computing device may retrieve cloud services from each of the cloud providers and cause display of a user interface that includes each of the cloud services from the different cloud providers so that the user interface is a uniform point of contact with the cloud providers. Further, in some embodiments, various interfaces, cloud service connections, and cloud service connection termination points may be defined.

Abstract: A relay device, connected to another relay device by a communication line, includes: multiple ports having two redundant ports connected to communication lines for providing redundant transfer paths between relay devices; a disruption determination unit determining whether a frame transmitted from a target relay device and received through one of the redundant ports is disrupted; an abnormality transmitter transmitting an abnormality detection frame to the target relay device when the frame is disrupted; a response receiver determining whether a response frame is received from the target relay device after the abnormality transmitter transmits the abnormality detection frame; and an abnormality determination unit determining that an abnormality occurs in one of the communication lines between the target relay device and the relay device when the response frame is not received.

Abstract: An integrated circuit includes a memory configured to store a plurality of functions; a mapping interface configured to perform a mapping from a received first signal to a first function of the plurality of functions; and a state machine configured to, in response to said mapping, execute the first function; wherein the integrated circuit is arranged to, in dependence on the execution of the first function at the state machine, modify said mapping between the first signal and the first function so as to re-map the first signal to a second function of the plurality of functions such that, on receiving a subsequent first signal, the state machine is configured to execute the second function.

Abstract: A computer implemented method of adapting a software defined network (SDN), the SDN operating with a set of network appliances in communication via network connections and the SDN comprising a control component operable in communication with at least a subset of the network appliances to control communication via the SDN, the method including receiving a representation of the logical arrangement of the SDN including a definition of appliances configured to provide communication for the SDN and network connections therebetween; receiving a measure of a performance metric for the SDN; receiving a forecast demand for the SDN; using a heuristic search to search a library of possible adaptations to the logical arrangement to identify a sequence of adaptations of the SDN that, when implemented, satisfy the forecast demand for the SDN and provide an improved measure of the performance metric of the SDN; applying the identified sequence of adaptations to the SDN by modifying the logical arrangement for use by the con

Abstract: In an example, a network switch is configured to natively act as a high-speed load balancer. Numerous load-balancing techniques may be used, including one that bases the traffic “bucket” on a source IP address of an incoming packet. This particular technique provides a network administrator a powerful tool for shaping network traffic. For example, by assigning certain classes of computers on the network particular IP addresses, the network administrator can ensure that the traffic is load balanced in a desirable fashion. To further increase flexibility, the network administrator may apply a bit mask to the IP address, and expose only a portion, selected from a desired octet of the address.

Abstract: A network design apparatus, a network design method, and a network design processing program design a network configuration for a network in which a transfer apparatus is disposed at each of a plurality of communication hubs, and the communication hubs are connected via a link by a link portion apparatus in the transfer apparatus. In design of the network configuration, the optimal path candidates of each of the lines minimizing a total cost value in the overall network is calculated. In the calculation of the optimal path candidates of each of the lines, only a path candidate of each of the lines can be selected, and a combination candidate of link portion apparatuses for each of the links is derived uniquely from the selected path candidate of each of the lines.

Abstract: With a network design apparatus, a network design method, and a network design processing program, a network configuration is designed for a network in which a transfer apparatus is disposed at each of a plurality of communication hubs and the communication hubs are connected via a link by a link portion apparatus in the transfer apparatus. In design of a network configuration, a threshold value of an inter-end delay and the number of redundant paths are calculated for each line on the basis of topology information, line information, and design parameter information. A path candidate set is calculated for each line on the basis of the threshold value of the inter-end delay and the number of redundant paths.

Abstract: Techniques for utilizing Software-Defined Field-Area Network (SD-FAN) controllers to receive a geographic location and transmission power of individual nodes and generate a geographic location topology of a Field-Area Network (FAN) to provide nodes with location-aware route paths for data transmission. One or more SD-FAN controller(s) may maintain a geographic location database to store the geographic location and transmission power of the individual nodes. Each node may utilize a Destination Address Object to advertise its geographic location and transmission power to the SD-FAN controller. The SD-FAN controller(s) may utilize the geographic location table to generate the geographic location topology of the FAN and determine a location-aware route path for optimized data transmission between nodes in the FAN.

Abstract: Example implementations relate to dynamic wireless network selection. In some examples, a computing device may comprise a processing resource and a memory resource storing machine-readable instructions to determine a computing device is executing a number of applications, classify the number of applications, prioritize the number of applications based on the classification of the number of applications, determine at least one test from a plurality of tests to send to a network based on the prioritization of the applications, perform the at least one test from the plurality of tests, and determine a network adapter of the network to be used by the device based on the at least one test performed.

Abstract: A method and system to communicate VPN server information to a client application without providing a full list of VPN server IP addresses. Instead, the method includes VPN server selection criteria that can be requested by client applications, such as “Free or Premium servers”, “Geolocation”, “Load”, “Streaming and protocol capabilities”, etc. A tagged data payload (e.g., JSON) can be used to provide these criteria, upon a request by a client application. Various groupings of VPN servers can be represented by the above criteria. The method communicates the available VPN servers to a client application without sending and revealing the full list of VPN servers stored in the VPN infrastructure. This makes the VPN server selection efficient, reduces network load and VPN tunnel establishing time, also, ensures confidentiality of VPN server lists that is important for any of VPN service providers and users.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for determining an optical bypass for an inter-regional wide area network (WAN) for regions of server facilities of a cloud service provider. In particular, the optical bypass connects non-adjacent regional server centers of the WAN by eliminating needs of data conversions at intermediate regional server centers. The determining the optical bypass includes receiving a WAN topology data, capacity and demand information about the WAN. The determining includes an objective function to maximize a number of network resources to free up by determining a revised data flow and bandwidth allocations by introducing the optical bypass in the WAN. The disclosed technology transmits the determined data traffic flow and resource allocation information of the optical bypass, causing a network traffic enforcers to reconfigure the WAN.

Abstract: A method and system for enforcing network topology. The method includes receiving, at a first port on a first switch, a second role associated with a second switch, where the second switch is connected to the first switch using the first port, and where the first switch is associated with a first role. The method further includes making a first determination, using the first role, the second role, and a network topology policy, that the first switch should not be connected to the second switch. Sending, in response to the first determination, a first alert to an alert recipient, where the first alert specifies that the first switch is improperly connected to the second switch.

Abstract: In one aspect, a computer-networking method useful for implementing dynamic high-availability (HA) mode based on current wide area network (WAN) connectivity, comprising the steps of: providing a first edge device of a local area network (LAN) with the WAN; providing a second edge device of the LAN with the WAN; and synchronizing a state of plurality of links with the WAN that are connected to the first edge device and the second edge device.

Abstract: A method and system for supporting roaming broadband services. The method is implemented by a computing device in a parent provider network of a user having a unique user identifier to enable the user to utilize services associated with a broadband access service contract of the user of the parent provider network in a visited location in the parent provider network or in a roaming provider network. The method includes receiving a registration request from the user, determining the unique user identifier for the user, determining services for the user based on the unique user identifier, determining whether the user is connected to a home customer premise equipment (CPE) in the parent provider network, and configuring services and resources at a local data center in the parent provider network, in response to the user being connected to the visited location in the parent provider network.

Abstract: A relay system includes a first relay device, a second relay device, a controller, and a route advertisement unit. The second relay device receives route advertisement from the first relay device. If an excess of a number of pieces of routing information registered in a routing table of the second relay device over a maximum number of pieces of routing information registrable in the routing table is predicted, the controller controls a number of pieces of routing information that are to undergo the route advertisement from the first relay device to the second relay device. The route advertisement unit performs the route advertisement to the second relay device after excluding, from pieces of routing information registered in a routing table of the first relay device, a piece of routing information set not to undergo the route advertisement as a result of the control of the number of pieces of routing information by the controller.