Abstract: A system, device, and method are provided to control dense-mode multicast traffic across a multilayer system containing an upper network and a tunnel across a lower network. An upstream multicast tunneling edge device (MTED) may indicate to downstream MTEDs, via control messages, the presence of a multicast source, group (SG) pair. The MTEDs may serve as routers or as intelligent bridges in the upper network. Each downstream MTED may create a forwarding state for the SG pair, determine tunnels for which the downstream MTED is to serve as an exit device and configure the tunnels to deliver the traffic. Lower network MTEDs of a tunnel may determine whether to transport multicast data for each SG pair such that multicast traffic routed by a corresponding MTED is carried. An MTED may be able to receive, through the tunnel, multicast traffic for one SG pair even after pruning itself for another SG pair.

Abstract: Exemplary methods for maintaining a shared forwarding table in a forwarding plane include a first network device operating in a forwarding plane receiving information associated with a first forwarding table from a second network device operating in a control plane, the information including a plurality of entries and precedence information, the precedence information indicating a priority of the plurality of entries of the first forwarding table. The methods further include for each entry of the first forwarding table, determining whether the entry should be inserted in the shared forwarding table based on the precedence information of the first forwarding table and precedence information contained in the shared forwarding table, wherein the precedence information contained in the shared forwarding table indicates a priority of each corresponding entry stored in the shared forwarding table.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting behavior of a computing platform that includes obtaining platform data; for each data motif identifiers in a set data motif identifiers, performing data motif detection on data in an associated timescale, wherein a first data motif identifier operates on data in a first timescale, wherein a second data motif identifier operates on data in a second timescale, wherein the first timescale and second timescale are different; in a neural network model, synthesizing platform data anomaly detection with at least a set of features inputs from data motif detection of the set of motif identifiers; and signaling if a platform data anomaly is detected through the neural network model.

Abstract: A facility for congestion management and latency prediction is described. In various embodiments, the facility sums a series of fractional transmission delays wherein each fractional transmission delay is measured as a probability of a failed transmission attempt multiplied by the cost of the failed transmission attempt, and provides the sum.

Abstract: An ultrawideband radio transceiver/repeater provides a low cost infrastructure solution that merges wireless and wired network devices while providing connection to the plant, flexible repeater capabilities, network security, traffic monitoring and provisioning, and traffic flow control for wired and wireless connectivity of devices or networks. The ultrawidebande radio transceiver/repeater can be implemented in discrete, integrated, distributed or embedded forms.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system and method for TCP High Availability. The system concurrently delivers incoming data streams to AMB and SMB, concurrently sends outgoing data streams originated from AMB to SMB and peer routers, synchronizes the incoming and outgoing data streams between AMB and SMB, and accelerates the synchronizations of the incoming and outgoing data streams between AMB and SMB.

Abstract: A swarm can develop around a piece of content. The swarm can include the original content, changes to the original content, the persons contributing the changes, and metadata, such as comments contributed by members of the swarm. A swarm can also include statistics generated about the content, such as the size of the swarm, the growth and/or death rates of the swarm, the longevity of the swarm, the intensity of the swarm, the persistence of the swarm, and the direction of the swarm. Swarms and their behaviors can be used to validate or invalidate content.

Abstract: A supervisor entity comprises an entity status module for maintaining status of its subordinate entities and updating the supervisor entity with status updates for itself and the subordinate entities. The entity status module comprises an entity status controller for receiving a status message from a first subordinate entity, a subordinate determination module for determining a second subordinate entity that is subordinate to the first subordinate entity, a status update module for updating the status of the second subordinate entity based on the received status message from the first subordinate entity, a status reporting module for reporting the updated status of the second subordinate entity to a supervisor entity and a status storage for storing the status of the second subordinate entity.

Abstract: An example method for implementation of virtual extensible local area network (VXLAN) in top-of-rack (ToR) switches in a network environment is provided and includes receiving a packet encapsulated with a VXLAN header having an unknown virtual tunnel endpoint (VTEP) Internet Protocol (IP) address in a network environment, and installing an entry at an index location of a forwarding table. The index location includes an encoding of the VTEP-IP address as a VTEP index (VTEP-IDX), and the entry maps a VXLAN interface to an IP address associated with a VXLAN network identifier (VNI). In specific embodiments, the VTEP-IDX is log N bits, where N is a size of the forwarding table. The forwarding table indicates a destination VTEP IP address when encapsulating the packet, and the source VTEP IP address when decapsulating the packet.

Abstract: A method for transferring data between computing systems, comprising the steps of for a plurality of computing systems, dividing the plurality of computing systems into at least two virtual zones, and, for each of the plurality of computers within each virtual zone, utilizing an algorithm to determine the manner in which the computers should be linked.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a routing apparatus and method for configuring a LPWMN based on a channel hopping time-multiplexed wireless link. The routing apparatus of the present invention includes a control unit for setting up a channel hopping time-multiplexed wireless link with a gateway router, one or more routers, and one or more devices based on deterministic and synchronous multi-channel extension (DSME) media access control (MAC) link control (DSME MAC link control: DLC) sublayers and DSME MAC link network (DLN) sublayers. A communication unit transfers data frames to the gateway router, routers, and devices depending on connection quality of the channel hopping time-multiplexed wireless link.

Abstract: An example system includes a registration engine that receives a request to register with a transaction. The request is from a one-phase commit resource manager. The example system also includes a proxy instantiation engine that determines whether a list of registered participants of the transaction includes at least one one-phase commit resource manager. When the list of registered participants is determined to include at least one one-phase commit resource manager, the proxy instantiation engine: (i) creates a proxy for the one-phase commit resource manager, and (2) adds the proxy to the list of registered participants. The proxy supports a prepare operation, commit operation, and abort operation. The system further includes a first-phase coordinator that sends a commit query to each registered two-phase commit participant included in the list. The commit query requests an indication of whether the respective participant can commit the transaction.

Abstract: A data transfer system and method are described for providing transfer of data over a network between a sender and a plurality of receivers. Data is sent over a network to the plurality of receivers by the sender at a specified rate regardless of data loss. A receiver that identifies a lost block of data transmits a retransmission request to the sender. The sender responds to one or more retransmission requests by transmitting a repair packet to all receivers that contains blocks of data for which retransmission requests have been received.

Abstract: A network employing multiple redundancy-aware routers that can eliminate the transmission of redundant data is greatly improved by steering redundant data preferentially into common data paths possibly contrary to other routing paradigms. By collecting redundant data in certain pathways, the effectiveness of the redundancy-aware routers is substantially increased.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for facilitating synchronization of MAC addresses in a fabric switch. During operation, the system divides a number of media access control (MAC) addresses associated with devices coupled to an interface of the switch. The system then computes a checksum for a respective chunk of MAC addresses. In addition, the system broadcasts MAC address information of the chunk to facilitate MAC address synchronization in a fabric switch of which the switch is a member, and to manage the chunks and their corresponding checksum, thereby correcting an unsynchronized or race condition in the fabric switch.

Abstract: Each entry of an ARPA table for a modeled language includes an n-gram Az, an associated backoff value Az.p equal to the conditional probability p(z|A) that symbol z follows context A in the modeled language, and an associated backoff weight value Az.b for the context A. A method comprises: (1) computing and adding for each entry of the ARPA table in descending n-gram order an associated maximum backoff weight product value Az.m; (2) after performing operation (1), computing and adding for each entry of the ARPA table in descending n-gram order an associated max-backoff value Az.w=maxh p(z|hA) which is the maximum backoff value for any head h preceding the context A of the n-gram Az; and (3) extending the ARPA table by adding a column storing the associated maximum backoff weight product values Az.m and a column storing the associated max-backoff values Az.w.

Abstract: An apparatus receives and analyzes a packet transmitted via a network, and performs network setting according to data included in the packet. Further, if it is determined that the received packet is a packet addressed to the apparatus and is not a setting packet for the network setting, the apparatus is controlled not to analyze the packet.

Abstract: A network node for a communication network comprising a first subnetwork and a second subnetwork connected to the first subnetwork, wherein the first subnetwork uses a spanning tree protocol and the second subnetwork uses a second protocol differing from the protocol of the first subnetwork, and the network node is configured as an element for the second subnetwork and is configured for communication within the second subnetwork. In addition, the network node configured by a spanning tree functionality as a spanning tree master node for checking and controlling the second subnetwork in such a way that the second subnetwork is handled or is able to be handled by the spanning tree protocol of the first subnetwork as a virtual network node.

Abstract: The present invention provides a call admission control method for use in a wireless communication network that includes a femtocell that is coupled to the wireless communication network via a wireline communication network. The method includes receiving, at a call admission controller in the wireless communication network, a request to initiate a call between user equipment and the femtocell. The method also includes accessing, at the call admission controller, information indicating resources available in the wireline communication network to provide a wired connection between the femtocell and the wireless communication network. The method further includes determining, at the call admission controller, whether to admit the call based on the information indicating the resources available in the wireline communication network.

Abstract: A mechanism is described for facilitating customization of multipurpose interconnect agents at computing devices according to one embodiment of the invention. A method of embodiments of the invention includes enhancing a multipurpose interconnect agent by associating a customization block to the multipurpose interconnect agent at a computing system. Enhancing may include customization of one or more functionalities of the multipurpose interconnect agent. The method may further include customizing, via the customization block, the one or more functionalities of the enhanced multipurpose interconnect agent, wherein customizing includes enabling integration of two or more processor interconnects carrying data packets.

Abstract: A host monitoring unit in a host connection device (301) detects a change in a connection status between a host device (101) and the host connection device (301) based on a change in power status of the host device (101), and notifies a host connection controller. The host connection controller notifies an I/O connection controller in an I/O connection device (401) connected with an I/O device (201) having a power linking permitted of the change in the connection status, and sets or cancels an interconnection. After the completion of the setting or cancellation of the interconnection, the I/O connection controller notifies an I/O power supply controller of the change in the connection status, and the I/O power supply controller controls an I/O power supply (20).

Abstract: A method for hiding a source of a wireless sensor network and a node are provided. The method comprises: determining a first node having a shortest distance from the source; sending a real data packet via a shortest path between the first node and a base station, wherein the real data packet is generated by the first node according to the source; selecting a second node satisfying a preset condition on the shortest path as an initial false source node; establishing a false path with the initial false source node as a terminal node of the false path; and sending a false data packet to the initial false source node via the false path, such that the real data packet is hidden by the false data packet.

Abstract: The flow of data in an integrated circuit is controlled. The integrated circuit comprising a plurality of tiles, each tile comprising a processor, a switch including switching circuitry to forward data over data paths from other tiles to the processor and to switches of other tiles, and a receive buffer to store data from the switch. At a first tile, a count is maintained of data that has been sent to a second tile without receiving an acknowledgement up to a credit limit. At the second tile, data that arrives from the first tile when the receive buffer is full is sent to a memory outside of the tile.

Abstract: One disclosed embodiment of an electronic device includes an electronic device comprising an interface for communicating with at least one remote server, and one or more processors operably coupled to the interface and to memory, the one or more processors operable to, at least, create at least one device management object in a device management tree in memory of the electronic device, wherein a value of the at least one device management object is representative of a level of performance of a layer of a data communication protocol, establish a session of communication between the electronic device and a second location using the data communication protocol, receive, during the communication session, a device management message according to a device management protocol standard from the at least one remote server, the device management message accessing the value of the at least one device management object, and send the value of the at least one device management object to the at least one remote server.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method configures a network to route data on a first network service that connects a user's network with a service provider network. In the method, an instruction to route data from the network addressed to a hostname on the first network service is received. According to the hostname, a first IP address that addresses a server identified by the hostname is determined. A second IP address is also determined as the second IP address of the specific network service. Finally a message is sent to the user's network that specifically instructs the user's network to route data addressed to the first IP address to the second address. The message causes configuration of a router on the user's network to route data on the first network service. System and computer program product embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: The embodiments of the present invention provide a tunnel fault detection method and a traffic engineering (TE) node. The method includes: receiving, by a traffic engineering TE node, a link fault report packet; determining, by the node, a faulty link in which a fault occurs according to the link fault report packet; detecting, by the node, whether one or more tunnels which use the node as an ingress node and pass through the faulty link exist; and identifying the tunnels as faulty tunnels if the one or more tunnels which use the node as the ingress node and pass through the faulty link exist. In the embodiments of the present invention, the TE node can detect all faulty tunnels at a time, and it is not necessary to wait until the fault notification based on each tunnel is received and then the faulty tunnel is identified one by one.

Abstract: Examples described herein provide for generating a multicast consumer search request from a request node in the network. The request is then routed to the interconnected nodes and received at a target node having a directly-connected multicast consumer. Identification information associated with the directly-connected multicast consumer is forwarded from the target node back to the request node.

Abstract: A distributed data storage system uses a data distribution and location algorithm based on distance functions and hyper-spheres in a multi-dimensional space. The distributed data storage system uses the algorithm to maintain, over time, a balanced distribution across a number of computers interconnected by a network of a varying set of data items. Each data item includes one or more key fields. The system also includes an efficient partial-match and exact-match search across a whole set of data items using as search criteria the values of any or all of the sought data item's key field(s).

Abstract: A system and method can rout traffic between distinct subnets in a network environment. A router that connects the distinct subnets, such as InfiniBand (IB) subnets, can receive a list of destinations that the router is responsible for routing one or more packets to. Furthermore, the router can obtain information, from one or more switches in the at least one subnet, on which downward output ports of the router can be used for routing the one or more packets, and build a routing table based on the obtained information.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method that identifies several higher level switching elements for facilitating lower level switching elements to forward packets among network hosts. The method establishes a set of tunnels among the lower level switching elements and the higher level switching elements. At least one tunnel is established between a lower level switching element and a higher level switching element. For each higher level switching element in the several higher level switching elements, the method identifies a first set of forwarding data that specifies forwarding of packets between the higher level switching element and the several lower level switching elements. For each lower level switching element in the several lower level switching elements, the method identifies a second set of forwarding data that specifies forwarding of packets between the lower level switching element, the several of network hosts, and the several higher level switching elements.

Abstract: A communication device connected to a plurality of communication target devices, includes an address storage unit storing addresses of the communication target devices; a destination changing unit changing a destination address included in an outgoing message to any one of the addresses stored in the address storage unit, the outgoing message being generated using target software to be evaluated; a transmitting unit transmitting the outgoing message for which the destination address has been changed to the communication target device with the changed destination address; a receiving unit receiving, from the communication target device, a reply message in response to the outgoing message; a source changing unit changing a source address included in the reply message to the destination address that is obtained before being changed by the destination changing unit; and an output unit outputting, to the software, the reply message for which the source address has been changed.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an advanced digital baseband processor for a base station in a cellular communications network. In general, the advanced digital baseband processor integrates multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs). As used herein, a RAT is a radio access technology as defined by a corresponding standard. For example, in one embodiment, RATs integrated by the advanced digital baseband processor include a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) voice RAT (e.g., 3GPP2 CDMA 1xRTT or 3GPP2 CDMA 1xAdvanced) as well as a CDMA Data Only, or Data Optimized, (DO) RAT (e.g., 3GPP2 CDMA EV-DO or 3GPP2 CDMA EV-DO Rev B). In another embodiment, the RATs integrated by the advanced digital baseband processor also include 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE). The RATs given above are only examples. The advanced digital baseband processor may integrate additional or alternative RATs.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a method and an access device for implementing an IP broadband video service, the method is executed by an access device, includes: receiving a request for demanding a program from the user terminal; checking a right of a user corresponding to the user terminal; if the user has right to demand the program and is the first member joining the program group, sending the request to the multicast router and then sending the user terminal a multicast stream of the program received from the multicast router; if the user has right to demand the program and is not the first member joining the group, sending the multicast stream to the user terminal; the method further comprises: generating a record comprising program information and time information that indicates program join and leave activities and sending the record to a video service support system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a learning-based method for loop avoidance in a packet switched communication network. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by configuring each communication device to maintain a table of unique identifiers, where the unique identifiers include Media Access Control (MAC) address, MAC and Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) address, Internet Protocol (IP) address or any other unique device identifier, receiving one or more data packet on one or more port of the device, checking the table for unique source identifier of the received data packet, determining whether the received data packet is received from the same port of the device as in the table against the corresponding entry, and updating learned time entry with current system clock time of the device and forwarding the data packet to the next communication device if the packet is received from the same port.

Abstract: The liveness of routing protocols can be determined using a mechanism to aggregate liveness information for the protocols. The ability of an interface to send and receive packets and the forwarding capability of an interface can also be determined using this mechanism. Since liveness information for multiple protocols, the liveness of interfaces, the forwarding capability of interfaces, or both, may be aggregated in a message, the message can be sent more often than could individual messages for each of the multiple protocols. This allows fast detection of failures, and sending connectivity messages for the individual protocols, such as neighbor “hellos,” to be sent less often.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an addressing method, an addressing apparatus, a fabric manager, a switch, and a data routing method for data center networks. The addressing apparatus includes a tree creating unit for, sequentially with each of switches as a root, creating a tree containing all hosts by means of network topology discovery function, to obtain a plurality of trees; a tree selecting unit for selecting a tree having a minimum height among the created plurality of trees; and an address assigning unit for assigning addresses to each of switches and each of hosts in a network with respect to each selected tree having a minimum height. The present disclosure is adaptable to various topologies employed by the data center. The present disclosure can achieve aggregation of locator addresses so that a forwarding table can be shortened, and can achieve load balance of the network.

Abstract: A method for displaying a graphical user interface for a computing environment including computing resources that are provided to a plurality of organizations over one or more external networks includes displaying representations of the one or more external networks. The method further includes displaying a first node in the graphical user interface that is connected to the representations of at least one of the one or more external networks, where the first node is associated with a first organization; displaying an aggregate node in the graphical user interface that is associated with a plurality of other organizations besides the first organization; receiving a selection to view details of the first organization; and displaying an expanded view of the first organization in the graphical user interface in response to the selection.

Abstract: In a radio communication system including a relay station and a base station, the relay station transfers data from each mobile station to the base station based on a correspondence selected according to a frame from among different correspondences between identification information for a mobile station and timing in a frame at which data from the mobile station is transmitted. The base station identifies the data from each mobile station included in the frame received from the relay station based on the correspondence selected according to the frame. This radio communication method can be applied to data transmission from the base station to the relay station.

Abstract: A cooperative multi-user multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) system coordinates wireless client devices to provide cooperative uplink transmissions. A group of wireless client devices is selected based on their channel state information such that their uplink transmissions are uncorrelated. All of the client devices in the group transmit data on the same set of OFDM subcarriers. Channel state information is also communicated to at least one base transceiver along with the data. The channel state information may be measured by the wireless client devices, or the channel state information may be determined from pilot tones transmitted by the wireless client devices and received by at least one base transceiver. A cooperative-MIMO processing system communicatively coupled to at least one base transceiver processes the received uplink transmissions and the channel state information to separate received interfering signals via subspace de-multiplexing.

Abstract: A system and method can support discovering and routing in a fabric with a plurality of switches. The system allows one or more switches in the fabric to be tagged with a switch role. Then, a subnet manager in the fabric detect the switch role that is associated with the one or more switches. Furthermore, a routing algorithm can be applied on the fabric based on the detected switch role associated with the one or more switches.

Abstract: A universal connector apparatus for a mobile device and in communication with the mobile device, the apparatus comprising: at least one universal serial bus (USB) connector providing at least one connection; at least one USB host controller configured to control the at least one USB connection; a microprocessor configured to control the at least one USB host controller, the microprocessor having an operating system; a USB device control interface on the mobile device configured to communicate and control the universal connector apparatus; and a USB driver configured to operate within the operating system to enable the mobile device to connect to one or more peripherals via the at least one USB connector.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting a data stream from a plurality of terminating (leaf) devices toward another terminating (root) device, the leaf and root devices forming the ends of a multipoint-to-point pseudowire based on a packet switched network to which the terminating devices belong, the method comprising: receiving, by a switching device, also belonging to the packet switched network, a first data stream sent by a first leaf device toward the root device, receiving, by the switching device, a second data stream sent by a second leaf device toward the root device, aggregating the first and second data streams into a third data stream, the switching device having been configured to aggregate the first and second data streams via a parameter called the aggregation parameter, included in a pseudowire establishment request, and transmitting the third data stream toward the root device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for authorizing forwarding states in a Layer 2 device of a multicast system includes a forwarding table for use in forwarding communications to group members over interfaces of the Layer 2 device. According to one aspect of the invention, associated with the forwarding state is an authorization flag. The authorization flag signals whether or not the forwarding state is an authorized forwarding state over which multicast communications may be transferred. The Layer 2 device snoops authorization communications between a host and a layer 3 device, and updates the forwarding table authorization flags in response to these communications.

Abstract: Serial networking dedicated fiber optic inflight entertainment (IFE) systems, methods therefor and components thereof, that exhibit improved configuration and failover attributes through implementation of novel network configuration protocols. In some aspects of the invention, such an IFE system comprises a plurality of head end line replaceable units (HE-LRUs) and a plurality of serial networking line replaceable units (SN-LRUs), wherein each of the SN-LRUs individually detects that a closed system network has been formed between the plurality of HE-LRUs and the plurality of SN-LRUs based on a plurality of packets sourced by at least one of the HE-LRUs and received on a plurality of ports of each of the SN-LRUs, and wherein in response to detecting that the closed system network has been formed one of the SN-LRUs blocks one of its ports based on further detecting that the SN-LRU is a middle SN-LRU.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are presented for a maximum speed criterion for a velocity gesture. The apparatus includes a processor, a memory, a determination module and a transmission module. The determination module determines, through a wireless communication infrastructure mode, an amount of wireless network activity. The transmission module sets a rate of data transmission in a peer to peer mode based on the amount of wireless network activity.

Abstract: A system and method can support routing packets between a plurality of switches in a middleware machine environment, thereby supporting Internet Protocol (IP) based management traffic via enabling IP over Infiniband (IPoIB) communication in the middleware machine environment. The plurality of switches can perform routing for inter-switch traffic in the middleware machine environment using a first routing algorithm. Then, a switch in the middleware machine environment can be selected as a hub switch for inter-switch traffic that can not reach destination using the first routing algorithm. Furthermore, a routing table associated with the hub switch can be updated when a path exists between a source switch and a destination switch via the hub switch.

Abstract: A methodology is described for achieving efficient forwarder appointments. Such efficient appointment may provide an equal load on each participating routing bridge in the TRILL LAN. Load may be viewed as the number of VLANs for which a given node is an appointed forwarder. Furthermore, efficient appointment may be executed with a minimum of traffic disruption. Minimal disruption may be ensured by forwarder appointments by moving a minimum number of VLANs to ensure an equal load on each participating routing bridge.

Abstract: An aspect includes deadlock-free routing on arbitrary network topologies using edge-disjoint sub-networks. A network topology of a network is identified. The network includes a plurality of links between a plurality of switches. Each of the links is identified as an edge. A plurality of edge-disjoint sub-networks is constructed from the network topology of the network by routing configuration logic. The plurality of edge-disjoint sub-networks is formed by edges between the switches such that the edges are disjoint relative to each of the edge-disjoint sub-networks. The switches are configured to route traffic on the network with each route staying entirely within one of the plurality of edge-disjoint sub-networks within the network.

Abstract: A distributed Fiber Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) Forwarder (FCF) and a distributed Fibre Channel Switch are described. The Distributed FCF is realized by instantiating respective connections between at least one Controlling FCF and a plurality of FCoE Data-Plane Forwarder (FDF) devices and between individual FDF devices. The Distributed FC Switch is realized by instantiating respective connections between at least one Controlling Switch and a plurality of FC Data-Plane Forwarder (FCDF) devices and between individual FCDF devices.

Abstract: Mechanisms are provided for automatic address range detection for an IP network. Flow data is obtained comprising the source or destination IP addresses for the flow and one of: the other of the source or destination IP addresses; or direction data identifying the flow direction across the network boundary. A tree is generated representing IP addresses in the flow data. IP addresses with initial portions in common are represented in the tree with a node in common. Weights are assigned to nodes in the tree based on occurrences of the represented IP addresses in the flow data. The IP address range of the network is detected by identifying, based on the assigned weights, the node associated with the last initial address portion common to all IP addresses in the network. A device is automatically configured with the IP address range to differentiate IP addresses inside and outside the network.