Abstract: The present invention provides a method of controlling Wireless LAN (WLAN) medium access using Pseudo-Time Division Multiplexing (PTDM) to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) of the WLAN. The method includes the first step of a Mobile Terminal (MT) acquiring QoS information, which relates to a voice frame to be transmitted, from an upper layer; the second step of the MT exchanging a frame, including the QoS information, with the AP and being allocated QoS slot (QSLOT) information by the AP; the third step of dividing an RF link section between the MT and the AP by the creation period of the voice frame; and the fourth step of transmitting the voice frame in the creation period of the voice frame using the allocated QSLOT information.

Abstract: A TDMA communication apparatus is configured for transmitting DSC response signals while preventing overlapping with AIS. A CPU 1 computes the DSC transmission time length Tdsc of a DSC response command (S11) and detects the present time t0 (S12). CPU 1 computes an AIS transmission standby time length Taistx and compares it with the DSC transmission time length Tdsc (S13 to S14). Next, if the DSC transmission time length Tdsc is shorter, CPU 1 computes an AIS reception standby time length Taisrx and compares it with the DSC transmission time length Tdsc (S15 to S16). If the DSC transmission time length Tdsc is shorter, CPU 1 effectuates transmission control (S17).

Abstract: Apparatus and systems, as well as methods and articles, may operate to detect radio-frequency energy at a frequency associated with at least one wireless networking channel and to transmit a data frame responsive to determining that the radio-frequency energy is not associated with a wireless networking transmission.

Abstract: A method and apparatus provide for scheduling reverse link transmission for a mobile station in a timely manner. A base station (101) may transmit on a forward link high rate channel and a forward link low rate channel to a mobile station during a common time slot. The high rate and low rate channels may be respectively the F-PDCH and the F-PDCCH. The base station may transmit a reverse link transmission scheduling information on the low rate channel. The mobile station may schedule transmission on the reverse link channel, such as R-SCH, based on the data received on the low rate channel. Since the low rate channel has only scheduling data (16 bits) and the high rate channel may have no data (null data) at all, the base station may decide to transmit the reverse link scheduling information to the mobile station very quickly on the forward link.

Abstract: A scheme for realizing AV data transfer processing utilizing the transport layer protocol such as RTP protocol, between radio terminals in a radio system for carrying out data transfer after establishing a logical connection between radio terminals prior to data transfer between radio terminals such as Bluetooth is disclosed. In the case of transferring data packets containing an AV stream and exchanging control packets containing control information regarding transfer of the data packets, different logical channels are assigned to the data packets and the control packet so that the data packets and the control packet are transferred by these different logical channels.

Abstract: A scheme for realizing AV data transfer processing utilizing the transport layer protocol such as RTP protocol, between radio terminals in a radio system for carrying out data transfer after establishing a logical connection between radio terminals prior to data transfer between radio terminals such as Bluetooth is disclosed. In the case of transferring data packets containing an AV stream and exchanging control packets containing control information regarding transfer of the data packets, different logical channels are assigned to the data packets and the control packet so that the data packets and the control packet are transferred by these different logical channels.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments provide a method for providing multiple access to a communication channel, the method comprising: sending a reservation request of a first type into a first selected minislot of a selected frame of an uplink channel when information of a first type is to be sent, the uplink channel having a plurality of frames, each frame having a first selectable number of minislots and a second selectable number of slots, the reservation request of the first type requesting an assignment of at least one slot for transmitting information of the first type in at least one frame that is subsequent to the selected frame.

Abstract: A method of determining the position of the split between uplink and downlink bandwidth, in a point of multipoint radio access system with time division duplex scheme comprising a certain number of user terminals and a base station has been disclosed, wherein there are at least two quality of service classes, a first class for guaranteed services (RT) and a second class for not-guaranteed/best effort services (BE). The MAC layer evaluates and controls a further movement of the split—as that initially determined by a Call Admission Control (CAC)—according to the behavior of uplink and downlink not-guaranteed/best effort queues observed during a certain observation period.

Abstract: A reservation protocol is provided to enable a client mobile station to make a number of reservations with a number of access points to facilitate its access of a network at a future point in time, as it roams, and subsequently exercise one of the reservations.

Abstract: A communication system includes devices configured to communicate with each other through a temporal sequence of frames. Each of these frames includes multiple sub-channels. Note that a given device in the devices is configured to select sub-channels to reserve based on a nearest-neighbor spacing between the sub-channels to be reserved and/or a switching latency between data in-flow to the given device and data out-flow from the given device. Furthermore, the given device is configured to dynamically reserve the selected sub-channels on a frame-by-frame basis for up to N frames.

Abstract: In a wireless communication system, there is a method of transmitting over a reverse link, where a medium access control layer multiplexes data from upper level layers onto transport channels that are used based on whether the user is in a scheduled transmission mode or an autonomous transmission mode. The transport channels may be mapped to one or more physical channels associated with a particular transport channel, based on whether the transport channel is dedicated for use in the scheduled or autonomous mode.

Abstract: A method of communicating over a network of nodes using a plurality of broadcast channels. Each channel facilitates the transmission and reception of data during cycles of time divided into discrete time frames. Each frame is divided into a plurality of slots. Each node in the network is configured to broadcast, to other nodes within one hop of said node, on a common bootstrap channel during a first bootstrap slot, slot assignment information relating to any of the broadcast channels. Each node is assigned to communicate over a broadcast channel that is one of the plurality of broadcast channels. Each node broadcasts, on its assigned channel during a second bootstrap slot, slot assignment information relating to the assigned broadcast channel to other nodes within one hop of said node and on said assigned channel. Each node communicates according to the slot assignment information.

Abstract: A wireless ad hoc network is established so that communication terminals performing random access do not interfere with one another. A radio communication device grasps the existence of a surrounding radio communication device using a predetermined method, and when a new radio communication device is detected, an authentication verification operation of the new radio communication device is performed. When the authentication is successful, the new radio communication device is registered in a neighbor connection list. If the authentication fails, it is registered in a neighbor non-connection list. As a result, the wireless ad hoc network can be established without having the radio communication devices sharing the same space interfering with one another.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for scheduling and synchronizing all transmissions of data in an ad hoc network. Data is transmitted on a given path from a given source of the data to a given destination. Time is divided into cycles and in each cycle each node in the path transmits data belonging to the path during the same time slot reserved for that node and path. Time slots have arbitrary sizes, are reserved via trial and error, and the time slot schedule is iteratively optimized to reduce end-to-end delay using local coordination rules between nodes. The scheduling method can be used for wireless, wired, acoustic or optical networks.

Abstract: A system and method is presented to utilize hardware instead of software to compare for bandwidth request changes between two consecutively received unsolicited grant service (UGS) extended headers for the same service identifier (SID), obtains significant savings in CPU cycles for the CMTS software. The system determines whether adequate bandwidth is being provided from a cable modem termination system to a data provider during a unsolicited grant service flow. The system includes a means for receiving a current voice packet in the unsolicited grant service flow at the cable modem termination system from the data provider, where the current voice packet comprises a unsolicited grant service extended header. The system further includes means for comparing the current unsolicited grant service extended header with a previous unsolicited grant service extended header.

Abstract: A method for aggregating or combining signaling messages for the adaptation of resource reservations required for route modifications is provided. According to the method, a modification of an inter-domain route requiring an adaptation of resource reservations is disclosed to a first routing domain. The first routing domain communicates the modification of the inter-domain route to at least a second and a third routing domain. Resource reservations adapted according to the route modification are then disclosed by the second and the third routing domains to the first routing domain and are combined in order to be transferred to a fourth routing domain. According to one form of embodiment, a timer is used to define the period of time for combining reservation messages, in order to be able to transfer modified reservations in a more efficient manner.

Abstract: A method for allocating radio resources in a packet-switched data transmission system in two phases, in which system a terminal is capable of communicating with a network over a radio interface by using packet transfer mode, including: generating and sending from the terminal to the network a first radio resource request for allocating a radio resource for transmission of a second radio resource request; generating and sending from the terminal to the network, after the network allocates the requested radio resource, the second radio resource request for allocating a radio resource to the terminal for packet-switched communication, wherein the second radio resource request comprises an express indication on whether the radio resource is requested for a real-time service, and wherein the radio resource request is implemented by a protocol layer which defines procedures that enable radio resources to be allocated and divided among multiple users.

Abstract: The present invention provides a radio channel assignment method where each node in a network assigns radio channels to respective radio links in a decentralized manner without inconsistency. The radio channel assignment method includes a step of assigning one of a pair of nodes terminating each radio link and the other thereof to an upper side and a lower side (Step S1), and a step that each radio node located to the upper side from at least one of radio links terminating at an own node assigns a frequency slot different from that of an adjacent link to a radio link locating an own node to the upper side (Step S5).

Abstract: In a state I, a link layer of a mobile host is connected to an access router and a default router is set to the access router such that data packets (P1) and (P2) reach the access router and are routed to a correspondent host. In states II and III, data packets (P3) to (P8) are not transmitted but are buffered. When the mobile host switches the default router from the access router to an access router upon reception of a router advertisement from the access router, processing moves to a state IV and the buffered data packets (P3) to (P8) are transmitted. Since the link layer of the mobile host is connected to the access router and the default router is set to the access router, the data packets (P3) to (P8) reach the access router and are routed to the correspondent host.

Abstract: A limited acknowledgement-based communication methodology increases the throughput efficiency of a relay-based, extended range, wireless packetized data transmissions to a data-reception site from a data-sourcing site, geographically remote with respect to the data-reception site. Rather than return an acknowledgement for each received packet, the data-reception site returns an acknowledgement only after receipt of a group of packets. When returning an acknowledgement, the data-reception site identifies which packets of the group were not successfully received. Missing packets may be retransmitted by the data-sourcing transmitter either immediately, or in response to a subsequent poll.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a node (e.g., a router) performs reservations for data flows, each on a corresponding selected (reserved) path having adequate reservation availability. Also, the node forwards data from data flows, each over a corresponding selected (forwarded) path having adequate load availability, wherein forwarded paths are decoupled from reserved paths for the data flows.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for allocating control and data time slots to a plurality of wireless mobile stations in a wireless communication system using time division multiplexing. The methods and apparatuses assign such time slots by first placing the wireless mobile stations into a number of different groups. Then, control time slots and anchor data time slots are assigned to the groups in the uplink and downlink frames of a carrier such that the uplink control time slot for each group is maximally spaced in time relative to the downlink control time slot for the same group. Data time slots are subsequently assigned to a particular mobile station by assigning time slots in the uplink and downlink frames which are as close as possible to the group's uplink or downlink anchor data time slots, as the case may be, according to a “grow from center” technique.

Abstract: A telecommunications network comprising components configured to implement a method comprising: receiving a reservation from a customer, reserving a network resource specified in the reservation, initiating the establishment of a reserved connection through a network, the reserved connection parameters based on the reservation, subsequent to the establishment of the reserved connection, detecting a data stream transmitted from the customer, and allowing the data stream to be transported over the network using the reserved connection. Also disclosed is a method for reserving bandwidth on a network, the method comprising: submitting a reservation request specifying a bandwidth requirement and a start time, receiving a confirmation that the reservation has been accepted, and transmitting a data stream to a network at the start time, wherein the data stream is transported over the network using no more than the bandwidth specified in the reservation request.

Abstract: The invention relates to a procedure for the allocation of time slots for a transmission of data in variable time slots between a controller of a packet-oriented data network on the one hand and a terminal of a user of the data network on the other hand. The time slots are assigned to a terminal for a data flow following request made by the terminal and in dependence on the transmission capacity available in the data network, and are temporarily stored in a ring buffer before they are allocated to the terminal at a predefinable allocation instant. In order to simplify and accelerate the allocation of time slots in such a data network, it is proposed that a temporal write range be defined in the ring buffer by a variable first upper time threshold and a variable first lower time threshold.

Abstract: A subscriber unit (100) determines that there is information to transmit, and requests an amount of bandwidth. Upon receipt of the request for bandwidth from the subscriber unit, the fixed network equipment (FNE; 102) determines whether the requested bandwidth is available. If yes, the FNE dynamically determines at least a first timer value to be used by the subscriber unit to detect a loss of granted bandwidth, and transmits a reservation grant to the subscriber unit granting the request. The reservation grant comprises the at least first timer value. Upon receipt of the reservation grant, the subscriber unit extracts the at least first timer value from the reservation grant and uses the at least first timer value to detect loss of granted bandwidth.

Abstract: A wireless mesh communication protocol that dynamically assigns communication time-slots and frequencies to mesh nodes. A first node is established as a PC that sequentially polls other nodes. A second node responds at a predetermined time with information that includes database records, and then a third node responds similarly. The second node is then established as the PC and the first node is polled during dynamically allocated time-slots and on a frequency that depend on the second node's database records. The third node is then established as a PC and acts similarly. In both cases the first node responds by sending information and data records. The first node is then re-established as the PC. The first node then polls the second and third nodes at times and frequencies that depend on the first node's database records.

Abstract: A wireless communication network may include a plurality of mobile nodes each including at least one wireless transceiver, a directional antenna and an omni-directional antenna connected to the at least one wireless transceiver, and a controller for controlling the at least one wireless transceiver. The controller may also be for controlling the at least one wireless transceiver, establishing an omni-directional communication link with another mobile node, and determining a link quality value for the omni-directional communication link. The controller may also establish a directional communication link with the other mobile node if the link quality value for the omni-directional communication link is greater than a quality threshold.

Abstract: A method, system, and computer-usable medium for dropping slow connections during a multi-connection download. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a download manager establishes a predetermined number of connections between a client and a predetermined number of servers. The download manager sets a minimum threshold data transfer rate for the client for a particular connection and drops a first connection that is transferring data at a rate below the minimum threshold if an overall transfer rate of a download after dropping the first connection is greater than the predetermined number of connections times the minimum threshold data transfer rate.

Abstract: A communications system and method using slave channeling. The method includes the steps of: (a) receiving a request to transmit a message from a first communications resource, the request including a destination address that identifies a second resource; (b) searching within a periodic time frame for an available time slot on a control channel, wherein the second resource is available to receive the message; (c)(1) if the slot is available on the control channel, transmitting the message therein; (c)(2) otherwise, searching for an available slot on a slave channel (d)(1) if the slot is available on the slave channel, transmitting the message therein; (d)(2) otherwise, repeating steps (c)(2)-(d)(2). If the slot is available on the slave channel, the method further includes the steps of: (e) transmitting orderwire information to the first and second communications resources on the control channel; and (f) transmitting the message on the slave channel.

Abstract: A method for multiple access in a radiocommunication system which avoids forming a signaling multiframe with an inflexible turn of transmission. A fixed unit broadcasts over a pilot channel a predetermined number of virtual identities for signaling which form the signaling multiframe, so that when a remote unit wishes to transmit, it selects one of the virtual identities received. The time slots in the signaling multiframe are distributed among those remote units which have signaling messages to transmit to the fixed unit.

Abstract: Techniques for rescheduling one or more timing intervals associated with a channel of a communication system. Responsive to a detected change in a property of the channel, a rescheduling algorithm identifies a given one of the timing intervals, within a schedule for the channel, that violates a system requirement in view of the detected change. The algorithm determines if the interval can be rescheduled to accommodate the detected change and if so reschedules the interval. If the interval cannot be rescheduled to accommodate the detected change, the interval is removed from the schedule. The rescheduling process may be repeated for each of the intervals in the channel schedule. The intervals in an illustrative embodiment may include, for example, grants, polls, free intervals or initial-maintenance intervals (IMIs) of an upstream channel in a DOCSIS-compliant CATV system.

Abstract: Provided is a method of packet transmission capable of efficiently utilizing ACL link resources in transmitting and receiving packets after an ACL link is established in Bluetooth. A Bluetooth device A determines the maximum rate for packet size to be transmitted to a Bluetooth device B established in the link based on the ratio between a token rate A requested by the device A and a token rate B requested by the device B. When the token rate A is greater than the token rate B, the maximum rate N is set from the candidates of current time slot numbers occupiable as an ACL packet. When the token rate A is smaller than the token rate B, a rate is selected from the candidates of current time slot numbers occupiable as the ACL packet based on rate U=N×token rate A/token rate B.

Abstract: In a mixed IEEE 802.11 network, a system and method are provided for preventing beacon delays. The method comprises: establishing communications between an IEEE 802.11e access point (QAP) and at least one IEEE 802.11 station (STA); determining a safety interval with an endpoint; generating red-zone transmissions; and, in response to the red-zone transmissions, preventing STAs from transmitting a message having a length that exceeds the safety interval endpoint. For example the safety interval endpoint may be the TBTT. More particularly, the method: calculates a safety interval duration in response a minimum PHY rate of the STA; and, maintains the calculated safety interval duration in response to preventing STAs from transmitting a message having a length that exceeds the safety interval endpoint. In one aspect of the method, a single red-zone transmission is sent having a length approximately equal to the duration of the safety interval.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling call admission control in a mobile communication system enables call admission control function to be conducted in a forward link of the mobile communication system. The call admission control method includes a call admission control process, in which voice calls and data calls are distinguished from each other, minimum resource availability is checked, a voice call priority function is conducted, and a maximum supplemental channel (SCH) for the data call is established. According to this process QoS (Quality of Service) for all users is satisfied to the greatest extent and the occurrence of call reject and call drop of voice calls and data calls are reduced. Further, the voice call priority may be guaranteed and the database related to the call admission control may be adjusted easily by the system operator according to the relevant cell environment.

Abstract: A technique for distributing channel allocation information in a demand access communication system. In a preferred embodiment, for use with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) type communication, multiple access codes are used that have a defined code repeat period or code epoch. For each such epoch duration, a central controller, such as located at a base station in the case of operating a forward link, determines a schedule of assignment of traffic channels to active terminals for each epoch. For each terminal designated as active during the epoch, an active terminal unit identifier is assigned. For each terminal designated as active during the epoch, the base station assigns a list of active channels for such terminal unit. Prior to the start of each epoch, a channel set up message is sent on one of the forward link channels, such as a paging channel.

Abstract: Prediction-based online admission control for incoming jobs has an explicit objective of optimizing a utility function. The input to an algorithmic procedure is a set of requests made in respect of a network service. Each request has information about the length of the request. An output of the algorithmic procedure is a selected subset of requests that can be served within the capacity constraints of the network service, such that the utility function is approximately optimized (for example, minimized or maximized) depending on the context of the particular application.

Abstract: A multi-carrier CDMA transmission system signal format that reproduces data symbols, aligns the reproduced data symbols along a frequency axis, multiplies the reproduced data symbols by a spreading code, and conducts multiplex transmission of data using a plurality of sub-carriers of different frequencies, in which a common pilot symbol inserted in a transmission signal for estimating a variation in channel and estimating a channel common to each of a plurality of users, and a user-specific individual pilot symbol transmitted along a channel different from the above-described channel.

Abstract: A method is provided for a remote device to monitor and communicate with a wireless network using cyclic beacons. The remote device receives a beacon, which beacon includes beacon information that defines a superframe. From the beacon information, the remote device determines whether the received beacon and the associated superframe are assigned to a network device or are unassigned. By receiving as many beacons as there are allowable devices in the network, the remote device can determine if the network is full. If the remote device runs through all of the beacons and all indicate that their associated superframes are assigned, then the remote device determines that the network is full and performs a network-full function. If the remote device receives a beacon that indicates that its associated superframe is unassigned, it determines that the network is not full and performs an association request during the unassigned superframe.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transceiver and communication method involving a time division multiple transmission method, which performs data transmission among a plurality of transceivers. The transceiver includes a transmitter sending data, a receiver receiving data, a switch operable to switch among connecting the transmitter to a transmission line, connecting the receiver to the transmission line, or disconnecting both the transmitter and the receiver to the transmission line or connecting the transmission line to high impedance, and a controller operable to control the switch. The switch connects the transmitter or the receiver to the transmission line at a time that the transceiver has a relation to a communication designated by the time division multiplex transmission method.

Abstract: In a wireless packet communication method for transmitting a plurality of wireless packets simultaneously by using multiple wireless channels determined to be idle by carrier sense, a wireless channel determined to be idle and MIMO, or the multiple wireless channel and the MIMO, a mandatory channel that is always used for transmission is set. The wireless packets are transmitted by using the wireless channel(s) including the mandatory channel only when the mandatory channel is idle. That is, in case of transmitting a plurality of wireless packets simultaneously, transmission is performed by using the wireless channel(s) including the mandatory channel, and transmission is not performed when the mandatory channel is not idle.

Abstract: There is provided a supplemental channel assigning apparatus and method in a mobile communication system. In the supplemental channel assigning method, a mobile station receives a plurality of supplemental channel assignment messages successively from a base station on an existing traffic channel, each of the channel assignment messages having the fields of a start time, a duration, a sequence number for message identification, and a channel identifier for channel identification, and stores the received channel assignment messages in a memory according to the durations and sequence numbers of the channel assignment messages.

Abstract: A wireless communications network comprises a plurality of nodes, comprising at least one receiver node; and at least one source node that communicates with the at least one receiver node via a communicating data channel; and a communicating control channel that transmits pulse control information to reserve the data channel for data communication.

Abstract: In a high data rate communication system capable of variable rate transmission, an open loop rate control can be adjusted with a closed loop rate control to maximize throughput. An access point generates interleaved multi-slot packets that allow an access terminal to transmit indicator messages to the access point in accordance with recently received data carried within slots of the multi-slot packets.

Abstract: A method of providing Mobile IP functionality for a non Mobile IP capable mobile node by a switching device by proxy, wherein a first address (HOA) and a second address (SA) are being allocated to said mobile node (MN), said method comprising the steps of: utilizing said first address (HOA) for non Mobile IP based communication legs by routing data to a home agent (HA) of a home network of said mobile node (MN); discovering an address of said home agent (HA) by said switching device; advertising said second address (SA) as care-of-address (CA) with respect to said first address (HOA) by said switching device to said home agent (HA); and utilizing said second address (SA) for Mobile IP based communication legs by routing data to said switching device (GGSN/MIP PROXY).

Abstract: A communication system comprising three communication resources: a contention-type access block, a non-contention access block and a second non-contention access block called a reserved block. Each time that a remote unit has a block of data to transfer to a hub station, it sends the block of data over the contention-type access block. It also sends a corresponding notification message over the reserved block. If the hub station receives the notification message but not the block of data, it sends a response message to the remote unit which designates a resource within the non-contention access block. The remote unit then sends the block of data to the hub station over the designated resource.

Abstract: An information communication system which includes a master station and a plurality of slave stations and enables reduction of the processing time of the whole system. When transmitting a response signal to the master station, each slave station generates not only a time slot number but also a time delay number. If a slave station detects a transmission of a response signal by another slave station having been performed prior to the time of the determined time delay number within the same time slot, the slave station does not transmit the response signal.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is a process for associating an apparatus to a first communication network, the transmissions in the first network being performed on a first channel. The process comprises: detection by said apparatus of the first transmission channel; determination of collision on said channel between signals originating from the first network and from a second network; in case of collision, transmission of a change of channel request to the first network. The invention applies in particular within the framework of local networks such as HIPERLAN 2.

Abstract: A two way communication system is adapted for compatible inter-operation of a plurality of devices operating in accordance with a plurality of protocols. The communication system includes a first group of one or more remote devices that interface with a local host in accordance with a first protocol and a second group of one or more remote devices that interface wit the local host in accordance with a second protocol. The local host includes a protocol processor that identifies transmissions from the first and second groups of remote devices and routes transmissions from the first group of remote devices to a first processor operating in accordance with the first protocol and also routes transmissions from the second group of remote devices to a second processor operating in accordance with the second protocol.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for adjustment values. In one embodiment, a cumulative adjustment value is provided in memory, an inbound signal is transmitted to a base station during a random access opportunity, and a relative adjustment value is received from the base station. Then, the relative adjustment value is summed with the cumulative adjustment value to create a new cumulative adjustment value which is stored in the memory. Finally, a subsequent inbound signal is transmitted using the new cumulative adjustment value during a reserved access opportunity.

Abstract: A method at a telecommunications system and a data communications system configured to adapt a resource reservation protocol for fixed networks to radio networks with a large variation in bandwidth and quality. Using a method of hierarchical coding, a data stream is divided into separate data streams with different priorities. Using the resource reservation protocol, resources in the fixed network for the data streams are reserved. A node in the fixed network shunts the data streams according to a pre-decided priority as the transmission capacity of the node decreases. Thus, if the transmission capacity at the node decreases and the quality requirement of a data stream cannot be maintained, the data stream in question is shunted. Upon shunting, the node transmits a message instructing upstream nodes to update their resource reservations; use the reserved resource temporarily for other traffic; and shunt the data stream until otherwise instructed.