Abstract: A method and a device for supporting communication between a cognitive communication device and a non-cognitive communication device is provided. The cognitive device can support multiple frequencies and/or can change transmission parameters/characteristics such as the multiple access scheme used. The method includes determining if a communication signal is received from a cognitive communication device. If the communication signal is received from a non-cognitive communication device, a transmission parameter of the communication signal is identified and used to support all communication with the non-cognitive communication device. If the communication signal is received from a non-cognitive communication device, the method may further include determining if the non-cognitive communication device supports communication using packets.

Abstract: A packet structure and packet transmission method of a network control protocol. A user in the inside or outside of the house can effectively control various home appliances such as refrigerator or laundry machine or monitor operation state of the devices, over the network such as RS-485 network, low-power RF network, and power line network so that the user can enjoy the remote control and the convenient monitoring. In addition, the packet structure for the inter-layer interface in the network system can be managed. The packet structure at the network layer is generated by assigning one or more fields indicative of a packet start, a destination address, a source address, a packet length, a network layer control, an application layer protocol data unit, a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and a packet end, and a field indicative of a network layer control. The generated packet structure of the network layer is transmitted to thus interface layers in a network system.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for transmitting and receiving a frame including control information in a broadcasting system. A frame for a broadcast service is generated using an in-band signaling scheme, and includes location information of control information in a next frame and indication information indicating a change/no-change in the control information in the next frame. The new frame structure minimizes power consumption of a receiver supporting the broadcast service.

Abstract: Preemption techniques for use in conjunction with an interface between a physical layer device and a link layer device are disclosed. Segments associated with or comprising packets, cells or other protocol data units (PDUs) are communicated between the physical layer device and the link layer device via an interface bus. At least first and second consecutive start indicators having respective first and second data segments associated therewith are received by one of the devices from the other, and the second data segment is permitted to preempt the first data segment without signaling an interface protocol violation, subject to subsequent confirmation that the preemption is appropriate. If a number of consecutive end indicators is subsequently received that balances the number of consecutive start indicators, the preemption is confirmed as appropriate, and otherwise an interface protocol violation is signaled.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an extensible protocol processing system. The system of the invention is mounted between a host and a network, and is utilized to offload partial network protocol packets of the host. The protocol processing system comprises a microprocessor, a host interface device, a medium access controller, a message interface controller, a receiving device and a transmitting device. The system of the invention can provides better efficiency of the host for processing the offloaded partial network protocol packets. Besides, the function of the system of the invention can be extended by increasing the message and modifying the software or the firmware. Therefore, the system of the invention can be utilized to various applications, and has the easily extensible effects.

Abstract: A packet forwarding apparatus has link aggregation capability and prevents the occurrence of flooding when forwarding a packet to a link of a trunk. The packet forwarding apparatus includes sections for learning the source address and a receiving path of the packet by learning information for identifying a port through which to receive the packet, a trunk of a link connected to the port, and a change in the receiving path of a packet received by the trunk, packet forwarding processing unit for, when a receiving path of packets having the same source address is changed in the trunk, selecting one link from among a plurality of links of the trunk in order to forward a packet having a destination address that is the same as the source address and forwarding the packet, and a learning requesting unit for requesting the performance of learning for the packet inside the packet forwarding apparatus.

Abstract: Burst-switching nodes using a common-memory or a time shared space switch and employing flow-rate control are disclosed. Within a switching node, data bursts are segmented into data segments of a fixed size with some segments containing information bits as well as null bits. A switching node handles data streams allocated different flow rates and, for any data stream, the internal flow rate through the switching node can be higher than the external flow rate due to null padding of segmented data. The switching node is provided with a sufficient internal capacity expansion in order to offset the effect of null padding. A controller of the switching node is provided with a flow-rate-regulation apparatus to enable scheduling the transfer of data segments across the switching node in a manner that guarantees adherence to the allocated information flow rates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a transmission method in which at least two Ethernet data frames are combined to form one Ethernet telegram and the Ethernet telegram is transmitted via a communications network.

Abstract: In order to reduce the size of a signaling message advertising prefixes, a super block prefix is determined amongst two or more prefixes having a common pattern. Information on the super block prefix and delta information on each non-super-block prefix is used in the messages instead of the prefixes as such, the delta information indicating how the prefix differs from the super block prefix.

Abstract: An integrated circuit has a hardware decoder that parses a frame to identify a type of encapsulation, such as Ethernet v2 encapsulation or 802.3 with or without one or more VLAN tags. The integrated circuit also has a number of hardware parsers, each parser being coupled to the decoder by an enable line. During packet processing, one of the parsers is enabled by the decoder, based on the value which identifies the encapsulation type. The enabled parser retrieves one or more attributes from the frame, depending on the encapsulation. The integrated circuit also has a register, coupled to each parser. The register holds the attributes retrieved by the parser. The integrated circuit also has a key generation hardware which creates a key, by concatenating from the attributes register, certain attributes that are pre-selected by a user for forming the key. The integrated circuit supplies the key to a memory (which may be either in the integrated circuit i.e. on-chip or outside the integrated circuit i.e.

Abstract: A method for transferring data includes: at the transmit end of data frames, assembling the data frames with a same forward-path into a multiframe as sub-frames; identifying the relevant information of the sub-frames in the header of the multiframe; and encapsulating the multiframe as the payload in the format of frames for transmission in the transport network. An apparatus for transferring data includes: a decapsulation unit, adapted to decapsulate the frames received from the transport network to obtain the multiframe; a multiframe resolving unit, adapted to resolve multiple sub-frames according to the relevant information of the sub-frames that is identified in the header of the multiframe; and a forwarding unit, adapted to send the sub-frames to a customer network according to the forward-paths of the sub-frames.

Abstract: A system receives a set of datagrams and forms frames based on the datagrams, where at least one of the frames includes data associated with multiple ones of the datagrams. The system writes the frames to memory to form superframes in the memory, where each of the superframes includes multiple ones of frames. The system reads the superframes from the memory, recreates the datagrams based on the superframes, and outputs the datagrams.

Abstract: A computer implemented method and system for transferring data packets includes intercepting a stream of data packets at the connectionless network layer from a client or server, encoding and encapsulating the data packets, transmitting the encoded data packets, decoding and decapsulating the data packets, and injecting the decoded and decapsulated data packets into the connectionless network layer at a client or server. The encoding of the packets is based on detecting repetitions that could exist anywhere in the data stream. The repetitions are not necessarily within a single packet but could occur across multiple packets and multiple sessions. One of the encoding algorithms includes comparing the payloads of packets with identical signatures and transmitting the full packet only when the payload had not previously been sent.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for formatting headers for data packets within a communication frame for use in a wireless communication system are presented. Formatting headers includes determining the size of a wireless communication frame, and formatting the payloads and associated headers within the communication frame according to the determined size. This formatting includes placing headers at the beginning of the frame before the data packets corresponding to the headers to optimize processing of the headers at a receiver. Formatting may also include formatting the headers according to a first format within the frame when the determined frame size is below a predetermined size to optimize the size of the headers, and formatting according to a second format within the frame size of the data packet is equal to or greater than the predetermined size to optimize processing for frames having large data packets.

Abstract: Network endpoints using TCP/IP operate to determine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the path between them. This determination is done so as to avoid the expensive IP fragmentation that will occur when transitting links with a smaller MTU size. The standard method of determining the path MTU (PMTU) has several known deficiencies, including: inefficient use of bandwidth as proper operation will likely result in the loss of one or more packets and difficulty of implementation as the reverse channel communication mechanism, reception of ICMP messages indicating the discarding of unfragmentable packets, is frequently blocked by firewalls and other security apparatus. A method of determining the PMTU between intermediate proxies is disclosed that does not require reception of ICMP messages or the inefficient use of bandwidth due to the presumed dropping of packets with valid data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an information processing device and method, and program, whereby unnecessary standby time can be reduced in depacketizing processing, and processing can be performed easily and at high speed. A common header creating unit 203 creates common headers which are headers added in common to each packet created, based on a precinct header 171 which the data acquisition unit 201 has acquired, from the precinct thereof. A fragment processing unit 208 divides encoded data which the data acquisition unit 201 acquires into every packet size, in the event that the data size of the precinct is greater than the packet size. A packetizing unit 209 packetizes the payload supplied from the fragment processing unit 208 using header information supplied from each unit, and appropriately sets the value of flag information such as SFF and M included in the common headers of each packet that has been generated. The present invention can be applied to an encoding device, for example.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of encoding a data packet for encapsulation in one or more frames for communication from a transmitter to a receiver in a network interface. The method includes dividing the data packet into one or more data chunks and determining the length of a data chunk as the lesser of the number of bytes available in a current frame, the number of bytes remaining in the data packet, or a predetermined number of bytes. The method includes determining if the data chunk is the end-of-the-packet (EOP) and when the data chunk is not the EOP, the method includes prepending the data chunk with a control character representing the length of the data chunk and non-EOP.

Abstract: Fibre Channel interface apparatus and methods are disclosed. In one embodiment, a system is provided for interfacing with at least one node in a Fibre Channel network. The system includes at least one input interface that is couplable to receive a plurality of frames of data that are transmitted from or received at a node of the Fibre Channel network. An output telemetry interface is couplable to provide the received frames of data to a telemetry and/or recording device.

Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a method for analyzing billing packets transmitted from a billing collector to a billing converter. A first packet of data transmitted from a billing collector to a billing converter is received. The first packet includes billing data and a transmission time. A second packet of data being transmitted from the billing converter to the billing collector is received. The second packet includes an acknowledgement of the first packet and a transmission time. A first time difference between the transmission time of the first packet and the transmission time of the second packet is determined.

Abstract: Embodiments are generally direct to a method and apparatus for generating a header in a communication network. In one embodiment, receiving at a node on a first communication link a protocol data unit (PDU), generating a header that is non-specific to a particular communication protocol associated with the PDU when received at the node, the header to facilitate encapsulation and transportation of the PDU through a second communication link to deliver the PDU to a memory-based service interface of another node on the second communication link.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a physical layer to perform signal transmission/reception with another communication end, and a protocol conversion section (PCL) to connect an upper level user application and the physical layer. The protocol conversion section includes a parameter extraction section to extract a prescribed parameter from communication start request data (CBW) transmitted from the user application, and a header addition section to add a header containing the extracted parameter to transmission data transmitted from the user application, and the physical layer transmits the transmission data with the header.

Abstract: A method of assembling a plurality of frames including cell/packet-formatted data according to a predetermined frame format for transmission in a communication signal in a wireless or satellite environment. The method begins by assembling a data payload for each frame having a first variable size, including at least one of a partial data cell/packet and a complete data cell/packet. Then, for each frame a block code having a second variable size is generated for use in error correction. Each frame is provided with a frame header which defines aspects of the frame. Finally, the data payload, the block code and the format header are combined to form a frame corresponding to the plurality of frames, the format header defining a first portion of the frame, the data payload defining a second portion of the frame and the block code defining a third portion of the frame.

Abstract: A network, network devices, and methods are described for locating original port information. A network device includes a network chip having a number of network ports for the device for receiving and transmitting packets. The network chip includes logic to locate original port information for a packet returned from a checking functionality.

Abstract: A method for generating a modified packet for output from a router. First, a received packet is stored in one memory location. Modified bytes corresponding to the received packet are computed and stored in a separate memory location. The modified packet is generated by multiplexing between select unmodified bytes of the received packet with the modified bytes.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer-readable medium for analyzing network data streams with parsers generated using script based parsers is provided. The script based parsers are used to analyze the captured frames of a network data stream and identify conversations in the frames. The script based parsers are written in a language that describes network protocols. A script interpreter interprets script to build a parser in the memory of a computing device. A parsing engine uses the protocol parsers stored in memory to parse frames. A capture engine captures frames for parsing and frames are organized into conversations. The parsing of frames is optimized by substituting data structure sizes for data structures that are not of interest in a particular parser.

Abstract: The invention relates to insertion and removal of MPA markers and RDMA CRCs in RDMA data streams, after determining the locations for these fields. An embodiment of the invention comprises a host interface, a transmit interface connected to the host interface, and a processor interface connected to both transmit and host interfaces. The host interface operates under the direction of commands received from the processor interface when processing inbound RDMA data. The host interface calculates the location of marker locations and removes the markers. The transmit interface operates under the direction of commands received from the processor interface when processing outbound RDMA data. The transmit interface calculates the positions in the outbound data where markers are to be inserted. The transmit interface them places the markers accordingly.

Abstract: A method of processing Ethernet signals for transport in an optical network system is disclosed. The method includes encapsulating Ethernet frames into EFP frames comprising a length header, a converged data link header, and a data area, and mapping the EFP frames into byte synchronous paths. The converged data link header replaces an Ethernet preamble of the Ethernet packet.

Abstract: A method is provided for transmitting data. A first device generates a first signal having a first duty cycle, comprising a first gated-on portion and a first gated-off portion in a time slot; and a second device generates a second signal having second duty cycle, comprising a second gated-on portion and a second gated-off portion in the same time slot. The first gated-on portion is generated during a first segment of the time slot and the first gated-off portion is generated during a second segment of the time slot, while the second gated-on portion is generated during the second segment and the second gated-off portion is generated during the first segment. Media access control (MAC) can be used to further define positions within time slots and provide error correction, power control, and the like. A preamble can be transmitted at an increased power level to facilitate acquisition.

Abstract: In general, in one aspect, a switching device includes a plurality of ingress ports to receive data from external sources and a plurality of egress ports to transmit data to external destinations. The switching device also includes a plurality of queues to store data waiting to be transmitted from a particular ingress port to a particular egress port. A request generator generates requests for permission to transmit data for the queues. A request indicates a cumulative amount of data contained in a respective queue. A switching matrix provides selective connectivity between the ingress ports and the egress ports. The switching device further includes a scheduler to receive the requests, generate grants based thereon, and configure the switching matrix. The scheduler operates on a pipeline schedule and modifies the requests received to account for grants generated in current period or previous period not reflected in the queues.

Abstract: A transmission system omits blanking signals from vertical and horizontal synchronizing signals for video data while securing synchronized transmission between a transmission side and a reception side. To achieve this, the transmission system transmits first synchronizing data (HV) for identifying vertical synchronization, second synchronizing data (HDp) for identifying and synchronizing an effective video line, pixel data for the effective video line, a required digital audio signal, and auxiliary control data. The transmission system can reduce a transmission capacity, optimize a transmission format for optical wireless transmission, and decrease a transmission speed.

Abstract: A method and architecture for the extraction of data from or the insertion of data into Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) frames is disclosed. The method and architecture provides an interface that permits the time-multiplexed data streams being extracted or inserted to have variable data-rates and no fixed alignment with respect to each other. The extraction and insertion interface accommodates for variable POH data rates and alignment inconsistencies of POH bytes amongst different paths due to floating pointer positions. The interface operates at the lowest possible frequency that can still accommodate the minimum spacing between any two consecutive words of data for a given data stream. In the insertion case, the frequency of operation chosen also allows the pipelining of requests as well as the pipelining of the subsequent associated data in response.

Abstract: System and method for improving the protecting radio channels in transmission, according to which the payload information of the signal to be transmitted is divided into a plurality of data portions of smaller size which are then grouped into packets and the packets are labeled based on a criterion from among a plurality of criteria, said criterion being indicative of a level of priority associated to said packets. The packets are subsequently radio transmitted in accordance with their level of priority indicated by their associated label.

Abstract: A method of transforming messages for communication via a network includes receiving a message from an application being executed at a processor. The message is received at a connection object, which transforms the received message based on characteristics of the connection object. The characteristics can be determined via a negotiation between the source and target of the message. The connection object provides the transformed message to a protocol layer, which forms packets based on the message. The connection object thus transforms each message independent of the transmission protocol used to communicate the message to the target, thereby improving communication bandwidth and efficiency.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the specification and drawings facilitate the transportation of data packets having diverse formats through a general packet switching system. Due to the diverse formats of the data packets used by various common communications protocols, it is has been difficult to produce general packet switching systems that are able to switch multiple protocols. Embodiments of the present invention provide a Unified Data Packet for encapsulating data packets having diverse formats. Through encapsulation, embodiments of the present invention improve switching system efficiency by providing a single data packet format for handling by the switching system while enabling data packets in diverse formats to pass through the switch.

Abstract: A method for Layer 2 packet transmission is disclosed, where a corresponding relationship between packet attribute information and public MAC addresses is configured in an access device such that the access device could find a corresponding public MAC address in the corresponding relationship when receiving a packet from a user terminal, replaces the source MAC address with the public MAC address found, and then sends the packet to a convergence layer device. A method for transmission of a Layer 2 packet without character information is also disclosed. The access device needs to obtain the packet attribute information and carry the information in the packet to be sent to the convergence layer device. An access device is also disclosed. As a result, the capacity of the VLAN and the MAC address table items needed for the convergence layer device to convert MAC addresses is greatly decreased.

Abstract: A digital splicing process includes calculating the length of data to be inserted into a transport stream between first and second video clips, and removing B-frames in the second clip that reference non-existent I-frames.

Abstract: A header processing unit divides each received packet into a header section and a data section. Adapter memory stores each packet. A packet reassembly processing unit generates a new header, based on the header section of each of the plurality of packets and notifies a host computer of the new header and a plurality of pieces of location information indicating the storage position of each of a plurality of data sections stored in the adapter memory. A DMA control unit reads the plurality of data sections from the adapter memory, according to a transfer instruction generated in the host computer, using the location information and transfers it to the host computer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for packet aggregation in a power line communication network (PLC) are provided. The method of aggregating packets includes: by performing a PLC channel estimation, determining whether or not a channel condition is good; if the channel condition is good, determining whether or not the data desired to be transmitted is suitable for packet aggregation according to the type of data; and if the channel condition is good and the data desired to be transmitted is suitable for the packet aggregation, aggregating packets of the data desired to be transmitted. Since a decision on whether or not to aggregate packets is determined according to a channel condition at a physical level and the type of data at an application level, packet aggregation can be performed in appropriate response to the frequently changing condition of a channel and the characteristic of the data desired to be transmitted.

Abstract: The multiplexer includes a first input unit, a second input unit, a first analysis unit, and a second analysis unit. Moreover, the multiplexer includes a packetization part determination unit that determines the packetization part of audio data in a way that the packetization part is made to be the same or approximately the same as a playback start time of a video sample that is placed in a leading part of the packetization part of video data after determining the packetization part of the video data based on video sample header information. Furthermore, the multiplexer includes a packet header part generation unit that generates a packet header part on the basis of the determined packetization part, a packet data generation unit that generates a packet data unit on the basis of the determined packetization part and a packet connection unit that generates a packet.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and computer programs for configuring one or more transmission parameters of a wireless client in a wireless local area network (WLAN) are provided. In some implementations, one or more real time data packets to be transmitted from a wireless communication system to N wireless clients in the WLAN may be generated (N is an integer greater than zero). Each real time data packet may contain real time data in an uncompressed format. One or more transmission parameters associated with the wireless communication system or the N wireless clients may be configured to selectively operate in both a normal transmission mode and a real time transmission mode for transmission of the one or more real time data packets between the wireless communication system and the N wireless clients.

Abstract: Methods and systems provide approaches to start code emulation prevention at a granularity higher than the bit level. By operating at a level other than the bit level, processing capability requirements on both the encoder and decoder side can be reduced. In accordance with one or more embodiments, a start code emulation prevention method looks for data patterns relative to fixed-size data portions larger than single bits. When a particular pattern is found, start code emulation prevention data is inserted to prevent start code emulation. The inserted data is larger than a single bit and, in some embodiments, comprises a byte. When a decoder decodes data that has had start code emulation prevention data inserted, it can easily identify legitimate start codes and then can remove the start code emulation prevention data to provide the original data that was protected.

Abstract: A method for correcting packet errors in a combined stream including steps of receiving a combined and re-packetized transport stream comprising program information for at least two transport streams (A and B), wherein each transport stream (A and B) comprises program information associated with respective distinctive packet IDs (PIDs), detecting an invader packet associated with the combined and re-packetized transport stream A does not belong in the combined and re-packetized transport stream A, offering the invader packet to combined and re-packetized transport stream B in which a gap is detected, and de-combining combined and re-packetized transport stream B such that information from a de-combined version of the invader packet fills a gap in a de-combined version of combined and re-packetized transport stream B.

Abstract: Included are embodiments for communicating data using a plurality of formats. At least one embodiment of a method includes transmitting a plurality of first format data frames with a predetermined time period between transmitted first format data frames and determining a duration of the time period between the transmitted first format data frames. Similarly, some embodiments include fragmenting a second format data frame into a plurality of second format subframes such that the second format subframes may be transmitted during the time period between the transmitted first format data frames.

Abstract: A preferred method and algorithm of compressing IPv6 addresses is presented which ensures smaller memory occupancy for IPv6 routing tables and databases in general (applicability to particular case of databases of the routing protocol OSPF for IPv6 is described). A method and algorithm of comparison of such compressed IPv6 addresses without decompression is presented, a method of comparison that ensures in the majority of cases better comparison performance than for the case of comparing uncompressed IPv6 addresses. Also, a preferred method and algorithm of decompressing IPv6 addresses that were compressed using this preferred format is given, and a method and algorithm of comparison of an uncompressed IPv6 address with a compressed IPv6 address without decompression. The exemplary comparison methods may achieve or exceed comparable performance with the performance of comparing uncompressed addresses. Illustrations for the particular case of the routing protocol OSPF for IPv6 are presented for all cases.

Abstract: Described is a system and method related to the synchronization of a communication stream between two devices. A broadcast signal is a segmented information signal that includes a distributed synchronization pattern and a distributed frame index. Each segment of the segmented information signal further includes a header portion and a payload portion. The header portion of the segmented information signal includes a portion of the distributed synchronization pattern and a portion of the distributed frame index. The method includes generating the distributed synchronization pattern and the distributed frame index, distributing the synchronization pattern and frame index throughout the signal, and transmitting the signal.

Abstract: Methods and systems for indexing programs are described. In accordance with one embodiment, program data associated with a program recorded on a first entertainment system is processed sufficient to create one or more signatures. The signatures define points of reference that can be utilized to synchronize timecodes associated with other recorded versions of the program from which the signatures were created. One or more indices are created and associated with the program from which the signatures were created. An index file can be created and can contain the created indices as well as the created signatures. A client system that receives the index file can use the signatures to synchronize the timecode on its recorded version of the program with a timecode of the program from which the signatures were created. Once the timecodes are synchronized, the client system can locate the same indices on its recorded version of the program.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a method and system for complex flow classification of fragmented packets. The method includes determining whether a received fragment is an initial fragment, if the received fragment is an initial fragment, storing the initial fragment information and processing it, otherwise, looking for the matched initial fragment information, and performing the same action processing as the initial fragment. The application of the techniques provided in embodiments of the disclosure effectively solve the problem of complex flow classification of the fragmented packets based on the transport layer, thereby processing the initial fragment and its non-initial fragments with the same actions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for signal processing which enable data compression and recovery with high transmission efficiency are disclosed. Data coding and entropy coding are performed with correlation and grouping is used to increase coding efficiency. A method for signal processing according to this invention, the method includes decapsulating the signal received over an Internet protocol network, obtaining a pilot reference value corresponding to a plurality of data and a pilot difference value corresponding the pilot reference value from the decapsulated signal and obtaining the data using the pilot reference value and the pilot difference value.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for interpreting an application message at a network element using sampling and heuristics. Using this method, a network element such as a router can determine, based solely on a data packet's packet headers, whether the network element ought to invest the time and processing power required to inspect and interpret the data packet's payload portion, or whether the network element can send the data packet toward the data packet's destination without inspecting and interpreting the data packet's payload portion. According to one aspect, while in a sampling state, the network element determines shared packet header characteristics possessed by packet headers of all data packets that require application layer message inspection. While in a processing state, the network element forgoes application layer message inspection relative to data packets whose packet headers do not possess the shared packet header characteristics. The network element alternates between the states.

Abstract: A re-assembly buffer for use in interim storage of aligned data and to reassemble data output onto a wider internal data path, in which the width of the data path is determined to have sufficient bandwidth to account for frequency scaling of received data rate to frequency of the data path and fragmentation of data for alignment onto the data path. The buffer may be is arranged into arrays using single read port, single write port memory devices.