Abstract: An arrangement for measuring the content of crystals in a mixture of liquid and crystals comprises a pipe line (2) and a pump (5), by which a constant flow of the mixture is pumped through the pipe line (2). In this, a unit (6), preferably an electrical resistance wire, is arranged to transmit a constant amount of heat to the flow. There are also temperature sensors (7, 8) before and after the unit (6), arranged to transmit impulses representing the temperature difference to a unit (11), which with the aid of information about the velocity of the flow, the added amount of heat, the specific heat of the liquid and the melting heat of the crystals, calculates the content of crystals in the mixture. The content may be shown on a screen or a corresponding signal may be transmitted to a controlling unit, which influences the formation of crystals in the liquid.

Abstract: A method of determining with improved accuracy, the temperature margin to saturation of a heated pressurized liquid or vapor contained in a closed system. This method is characterized by the utilization of a direct measurement of the pressure margin to saturation instead of a measurement of the actual pressure of the system. The actual temperature of the system is used to determine the appropriate portion of the saturation curve to be used for the conversion of the pressure margin to saturation to the temperature margin to saturation.

Abstract: A temperature sensor is provided comprising a conductor having a low-melting-point, a fibrous insulating layer adjacent the low-melting-point conductor and separating it from a second conductor. An oscillator applying a pulse signal to the sensor and a receiver receiving the pulse signal through the sensor can detect changes in the signal wave form due to melting or distortion of the low-melting-point conductor. The specific temperature to be sensed can be preset by providing preheating of the sensor, as by Joule heating, by passing a current through the low-melting-point conductor.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a time/temperature indicator wherein a fluid is frozen in one compartment and subjected to the pressure of a compressible fluid through a flow control device. When the frozen fluid melts, it is forced from its compartment and the time/temperature indicator at a control rate by the compressible fluid acting through the flow controlled device.

Abstract: An ash level meter for a fixed-bed coal gasifier is provided which utilizes the known ash level temperature profile to monitor the ash bed level. A bed stirrer which travels up and down through the extent of the bed ash level is modified by installing thermocouples to measure the bed temperature as the stirrer travels through the stirring cycle. The temperature measurement signals are transmitted to an electronic signal process system by an FM/FM telemetry system. The processing system uses the temperature signals together with an analog stirrer position signal, taken from a position transducer disposed to measure the stirrer position to compute the vertical location of the ash zone upper boundary.

Abstract: A temperature control cost monitor and method uses temperature responsive means with a visible display calibrated in terms of percentage savings or increased costs above and below a standard temperature. The display can be a temperature sensitive liquid crystal array and overlay with transparent percentage indicia, a liquid height thermometer with associated percentages indicated on or adjacent the thermometer, or another temperature indicator calibrated in this way. The calibrations are based on the climate in which the monitor is used. The monitor can indicate savings and excess cost of both heating in winter and air conditioning in summer.

Abstract: A crude oil production stream analyzer includes a device which measures the dielectric constant of the crude oil production stream and provides a signal corresponding thereto. A densitometer provides a density signal representative of the density of the crude oil production stream. At least one constituent of the crude oil production stream is determined in accordance with the dielectric constant signal and the density signal and the temperature of the crude oil production stream which is sensed by a temperature sensor.

Abstract: A multi-functional sensing and measuring system capable of detecting both temperature and humidity is fabricated from a porous metal-oxide ceramic whose dielectric constant varies with temperature and whose electric resistance varies with ambient humidity. The sensing element is connected in series with a resistor and a rectangular pulse voltage is applied across the series combination, and the ambient temperature and humidity are measured simultaneously in terms of (i) the circuit time constant (to measure temperature) of a transient state value and (ii) the steady state value of the voltage across the resistor (to measure humidity).

Abstract: A characterization factor monitor samples oil and provides a signal K corresponding to the characterization factor of the oil. Signal K may be used as a control signal or may be displayed by conventional display means to an operator. The monitor includes a refractometer and a flash point analyzer sampling the oil and providing signals RIt and F corresponding to the refractive index of the oil and to the flash point in degrees F of the oil, respectively. A temperature sensor senses the temperature of the oil and provides a signal T representative thereof. An output circuit connected to the refractometer, to the flash point analyzer and to the temperature sensor provides signal K in accordance with signals F, RIt and T.

Abstract: A device is disclosed for accurately measuring temperature electronically, having a resistance-type sensor, such as a thermistor, used with a constant current to develop a voltage thereacross. Operational amplifier circuits provide a linear relationship between sensor voltage and resistance. The sensor's calculated resistance is used in a microprocessor to solve a log-polynomial equation relating resistance to temperature. Software corrections compensate for temperature-related variations in the circuitry, and a keyboard permits entry of the polynomial coefficients relating the sensor's output to the measured temperature, to allow interchangeability of sensors. The components are packaged in a compact, waterproofed container to provide a rugged, portable instrument usable in extremes of climatic conditions and capable of maintaining high accuracy over a wide temperature range.