Abstract: A multi-point non-invasive, real-time pyrometry-based temperature sensor (200) for simultaneously sensing semiconductor wafer (22) temperature and compensating for wafer emissivity effects. The pyrometer (200) measures the radiant energy that a heated semiconductor wafer (22) emits and coherent beams of light (224) that the semiconductor wafer (22) reflects. As a result, the sensor (200) generates accurate, high-resolution multi-point measurements of semiconductor wafer (22) temperature during a device fabrication process. The pyrometer (200) includes an infrared laser source (202) that directs coherent light beam (203) into beam splitter (204). From the beam splitter (204), the coherent light beam (203) is split into numerous incident coherent beams (210). Beams (210) travel via optical fiber bundles (218) to the surface of semiconductor wafer (22) within the fabrication reactor (80). Each optical fiber bundle (218) collects reflected coherent light beam and radiant energy from wafer (22).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for profiling the bed of a furnace involves the production of a digital image of the bed and background. The digital image is processed to determine transitions in the image which correspond to transitions between the bed and background and thereby to the boundary of the bed. Bed characteristics, such as the bed profile, the bed height, the slope of the bed and the volume of the bed are determined from the processed image. The image may be displayed for use in controlling the performance of a furnace. In addition, the determined bed characteristics may be compared with reference bed characteristics, with the differences being displayed, used in controlling the operation of the furnace, or in activating an indicator, such as an alarm, in the event the reference and determined bed characteristics differ by a threshold amount.

Abstract: The invention is a method for determining the thermal conductivity of an unknown material using a differential scanning calorimeter. Experiments conducted in a non-adiabatic environment govern the mathematics of the present method. Multiple samples of the unknown material are formed with different lengths and identical cross-sectional areas. Samples of a reference material, having a known thermal conductivity and a density approaching that of the unknown sample, are formed with the same lengths and cross-sectional area as the unknown samples. Each sample is subjected to the same heat rise in a differential scanning calorimeter to determine values of Q heat flow at selected incremental temperatures. A heat equation for the reference sample and the unknown sample is formed and solved for each like length and temperature value of a reference and sample material to determine the thermal conductivity of the unknown sample.

Abstract: A monitor for measuring the temperature distribution of a product (12) including a plurality of ball lenses (14) lying in a lenticular array (18) across the product (12). A signal processor (22) is connected to a photodiode array (20). Each photodiode in the array (20) is connected by a separate optical fiber (16) to one of the ball lenses (14).

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for detecting flaws and surface defects in metallic workpieces, particularly in non-magnetic steel workpieces. The surface of the workpiece is heated by passing the workpiece in its longitudinal direction through an induction coil, scanning the surface of the workpiece with an infrared camera transversely across the surface of the moving workpiece immediately after induction heating and recording a streaked pattern temperature profile in which the streaked pattern repeats itself where there are flaws in the surface. It is used an induction coil with a current frequency which gives a penetration depth of the induced current in the workpiece which is greater than the depth of the flaws which are to be detected. The flaws and surface defects are detected by recording a lower surface temperature than the rest of the surface of the workpiece by scanning the temperature profile immediately after induction heating.

Abstract: The present invention monitors thermocouple data from a semiconductor furnace. The data is checked against a first set of profiles which mimic an intended operational temperature profile for the furnace. If the temperature measured in any zone of the furnace falls outside a first set of maximum and minimum limits fixed by the mimicking profiles, a warning is generated thereby giving operational personnel an opportunity to correct the condition. If the condition remains unchecked and further deviation occurs, a second condition is reached as defined by a corresponding second set of mimicking maximum and minimum profiles. This condition is established as a serious condition which will cause a microprocessor to terminate power supply to the furnace. Otherwise, the quality of the grown crystal would be jeopardized; or sufficiently excessive power would be delivered to the furnace so as to cause its damage or destruction.

Abstract: A plurality of lead wires such as those from an IC (an integrated circuit) is irradiated by a fan beam at same time. Infrared rays radiated from the portion which is irradiated by the fan beam and the periphery of the portion are detected so as to catch a thermogram exhibiting the temperature distribution. The thermogram is processed by image processing so as to produce a temperature distribution image. This image is visually compared with a standard temperature distribution-pattern on a display apparatus to judge whether soldering on those lead wires is defective or not.

Abstract: An ultrasonic distributed temperature sensor comprises an elongate ultrasonic waveguide in the form of steel or nickel wire 0.16 cm in diameter and up to 10 meters long, which is strung around the area whose temperature is to be monitored, eg an aircraft engine. The wire is provided with discontinuities in the form of annuli welded on to it to form annular flanges, which serve to partially reflect ultrasonic pules launched into one end of the wire. These flanges, known as "posi-notches", divide the waveguide, and thus the area to be monitored, into a number of zones, the size of each zone being determined by the spacing of the adjacent flanges defining it. In operation, the temporal spacing of each pair of successive partially reflected pulses is a measure of the average temperature of the zone defined by the flanges producing that pair of pulses.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for sensing temperature of a surface comprises a plurality of time domain intensity transmission networks. Each network comprises pairs of fiber optic power dividers which are connected to each other by bridges. One power divider in each pair is connected in a series by delay lines that form an output bus for propagating a light pulse supplied to an initial power divider in the output bus. This produces a train of light pulses which are returned to a light detector by a receiving bus which interconnects the power dividers at the opposite end of each bridge. Each power divider is in thermal contact with the surface whose temperature is to be measured and the intensity of the train of light pulses is changed in accordance with changes in the temperature of the surface.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the health of a physical system that produces waste heat as a function of ambient temperature includes the generation of a standard profile model of the system in good health and a degraded profile model of the system in bad health, each profile being within the same family of curves. The monitored system is then sampled for sample ambient temperature and sample waste heat temperature to generate a system degradation indicator, preferably as a percentage of degradation. Alarms and displays present relevant warnings and information to the user. Waste heat affecting variables in addition to ambient temperature may be included in the standard and degraded profiles, and these variables may be monitored to produce the degradation indicator. The method is preferably microprocessor controlled.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for accurately and instantaneously determining the thermodynamic temperature of remote objects by continuous determination of the emissivity, the reflectivity, and optical constants, as well as the apparent or brightness temperature of the sample with a single instrument. The emissivity measurement is preferably made by a complex polarimeter including a laser that generates polarized light, which is reflected from the sample into a detector system. The detector system includes a beamsplitter, polarization analyzers, and four detectors to measure independently the four Stokes vectors of the reflected radiation. The same detectors, or a separate detector in the same instrument, is used to measure brightness temperature. Thus, the instrument is capable of measuring both the change in polarization upon reflection as well as the degree of depolarization and hence diffuseness.

Abstract: A given target temperature profile T is produced in a workpiece as it passes through an elongated passageway of a belt furance by the steps of: (1) determining a set of temperature setting TS.sub.X for the belt furnace thermostats which satisfy an equation f(.alpha.,TS.sub.X,CF.sub.Y).apprxeq.T where .alpha. is a set of thermal parameters for the workpiece, CF.sub.Y is a set of correction factors, and f( ) is a function which approximates the temperature of said workpiece based on TS.sub.X,.alpha., and CF.sub.Y ; (2) measuring an actual temperature profile A(TS.sub.X) of the workpiece in the furnace with the heater thermostats at the settings TS.sub.x ; (3) terminating if the measured actual temperature profile A(TS.sub.X) matches the target temperature profile T within a predetermined tolerance; otherwise, (4) determining a new set of correction factors which satisfies an equation f(.alpha.,TS.sub.X,CF.sub.Y)=A(TS.sub.X); and thereafter repeating the above steps.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the unknown subsurface temperature T.sub.s of a bulk transparent medium such as ocean water comprises a pulsed laser having a high intensity (power per unit area) output beam split into two sub-beams, one of which is a probe beam directed into the ocean water. The intensity of the output beam pulses exceeds a predetermined threshold sufficient to cause stimulated Brillouin scattering within the medium and to produce therefrom a phase-conjugate beam which propagates along the path of the first sub-beam but in the opposite direction. The second sub-beam is reflected by a mirror to and combines with the PC beam and the combined beams are mixed at the cathode of a photodetector which produces a heterodyne frequency that is proportional to the temperature T.sub.s. A frequency measuring instrument converts the heterodyne frequency into a temperature value equal to T.sub.s.

Abstract: In a cold rolling mill an infra-red detector is situated a distance from the metal strip and, with respect to the direction of strip throughput, behind the roll gap formed between two work rolls. The detector determines local temperature differences linearly over the whole width of the strip and converts the infra-red radiation into electric signals to actuate means for regulating the roll gap.The metal strip in particular a thin strip on foil, emerging from the roll gap is deflected by at least one contact roll that serves as a tension roll and has low back-reflection capacity and high capacity for emission of infra-red radiation, then deflected by deflection roll/rolls without slipping, and the infra-red radiation from the contact roll/rolls registered along a mantle line and converted into control signals to actuate means for regulating the roll gap.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for remotely sensing the unknown subsurface temperature T.sub.s of a bulk transparent medium, such as ocean water, using a cw laser beam and a pulsed laser beam. In one embodiment the cw output of a continuous laser is split into two sub-beams. An optical amplifier periodically amplifies the first such sub-beam thereby generating an intense pulsed laser beam having a plurality of pulses with the same wavelength as the cw laser beam. The intensity level of the pulses is sufficient to produce stimulated Brillouin scattering when focussed into the ocean water. The pulsed laser beam is directed into the water thereby generating an intense return phase-conjugate beam propagating along the path of the pulsed laser beam but in the opposite direction thereto. The phase-conjugate beam and the second sub-beam are mixed at the cathode of a photodetector to produce a heterodyne frequency proportional to the temperature T.sub.s.

Abstract: To remotely measure the unknown subsurface temperature T.sub.s of a bulk transparent medium such as ocean water, a high intensity pulsed laser beam is split into two sub-beams, a probe beam and a reference beam. The probe beam is directed into a sample of ocean water of unknown temperature, and the reference beam into a reference sample of water having a known temperature T.sub.r. The irradiance of the two pulse beams exceeds a predetermined threshold sufficient to cause stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) within the two samples and produce therefrom two return phase-conjugate (PC) beams. A photodetector mixes the two PC beams and produces a heterodyne frequency that is proportional to the difference in temperatures T.sub.s and T.sub.r. A frequency measuring instrument converts the heterodyne frequency into a temperature value equal to T.sub.s.

Abstract: High resolution absorption microscopy, spectroscopy and similar applications are implemented by providing for a measurement tip which is maintained spaced from a sample under investigation sufficiently close so as to equalize thermal levels in the tip and the sample; generally within about 10 Angstroms. Energy is applied to the sample being investigated and either a steady state or dynamic junction potential is measured. The junction potential is representative of local sample temperature. The close separation can be maintained by techniques employed in scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy or capacitance microscopy. In the event the close separation is maintained using scanning tunneling microscopy techniques, then a switching arrangement is provided for connecting a conductive film (either of the sample or supported on a sample) to either a suitable potential or ground and simultaneously connecting the STM tip either in a feedback loop or to a device for measuring the junction potential.

Abstract: A process for determining a relative temperature distribution at a surface of a high temperature member to be used in a gas containing oxygen at high temperatures is disclosed. The process comprises the step of determining the relative surface temperature distribution of the member by measuring concentrations of oxygen at the surface of the member, which surface is composed of silicon carbide or silicon nitride. The process may also include the step of quantitatively determining a distribution of temperatures at the surface of the member by measuring concentrations of oxygen at the surface of the member, determining a relationship between temperatures and concentrations of oxygen on a surface of a standard member, and comparing the measured oxygen concentrations at the surface of the member with those of a standard member with reference to this relationship.

Abstract: A probe for measuring the temperatures within a molten metal pool at various vertical levels within the pool is disclosed. The probe includes a plurality of vertically spaced thermocouples protruding from the surface of a refractory block. Also disclosed is a support mechanism for positioning and maintaining the temperature probe within the molten metal pool.

Abstract: The thermal performance of cooling circuits for cooled components, such as turbine blades used in gas turbine engines, may be determined by applying a known amount of heat flux to a predetermined surface of the component, directing a cooling fluid flow having predetermined characteristics through the cooling circuit of the component, and measuring a temperature distribution on a preselected surface of the component.The thermal performance of heating circuits for heated components, such as those involved in clearance control in a gas turbine engine, or other components in which a controlled thermal contraction or expansion is desired, may be determined by applying a known amount of heat flux to a predetermined surface of the component, applying a cooling fluid flow having predetermined characteristics to the heating circuits, and measuring a temperature distribution on a preselected surface of the component.

Abstract: Subsurface waves in an ocean are created by the turbulence in a submarine's wake. These waves can be remotely detected by a search submarine by monitoring subsurface water temperatures using a laser. A pulsed laser beam is directed into the water to at least the depth of the thermocline and an analysis is made of the resultant Brillouin and Rayleigh backscatter components. Wavelength shifted Brillouin scatter is mixed with the unshifted Rayleigh scatter in a self-heterodyne manner for each volume element of illuminated water, and the frequency of the heterodyne signal is measured and converted into equivalent temperature values. This produces the desired temperature-depth profile of the water enabling detection of the first submarine by tracking the internal waves at or near the ocean thermocline.

Abstract: A device for inspecting the heat insulation of household appliances, more particularly refrigerators, includes a traditional thermographic apparatus for detecting the thermographic images of the insulation by use of the exothermic reaction produced during foaming of the insulation and a control and processing unit, known per se, connected to the thermographic apparatus, possibly to a monitor, and to an input unit. The control and processing unit contains coded data corresponding to the conditions under which the heat insulation is properly produced, such data being compared with that produced by the thermographic apparatus and corresponding to the effective condition of the heat insulation of each applicance produced. Depending on this comparison, the unit proceeds to control the forward movement of a conveyor device so as to enable the appliances to be assembled, repaired or replaced.

Abstract: A method for detecting a state of a substance existing in a pipe, the outer surface of which is exposed, which comprises: heating or cooling a pipe, the outer surface of which is exposed, from the side of the outer surface thereof so that a difference in temperature is produced between a portion of the outer surface of the pipe corresponding to a portion of the inner surface thereof, which is in contact with a solid or liquid substance existing in the pipe, and a portion of the outer surface of the pipe corresponding to a portion of the inner surface thereof, which is not in contact with the substance; then shooting the outer surface of the pipe by means of a thermal imaging system while the above-mentioned difference in temperature still remains on the outer surface of the pipe to obtain a thermal image of the difference in temperature; and detecting a state of the substance existing in the pipe by means of the thus obtained thermal image.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for detecting a defective portion on the inner surface of a pipe, the outer surface of which is exposed, includes: heating or cooling a pipe, the outer surface of which is exposed, from the side of the outer surface thereof so that a difference in temperature is produced between a portion of the outer surface of the pipe corresponding to an accumulation of foreign matters or a thinner portion as a defective portion on the inner surface thereof, and a portion of the outer surface of the pipe corresponding to a normal portion of the inner surface thereof; then shooting the outer surface of the pipe by means of a thermal imaging system while the above-mentioned difference in temperature still remains on the outer surface of the pipe to obtain a thermal image of the difference in temperature; and detecting the accumulation of foreign matters or the thinner portion as the defective portion of the inner surface of the pipe by means of the thus obtained thermal image.

Abstract: A method of and apparatus for the non-destructive evaluation of welds joining metal bodies employing infrared thermography; the method comprising the steps of applying thermal energy to a weld and observing temperature differentials that occur on the weld's surface. The apparatus comprises a device for applying thermal energy to welds being inspected; a device for scanning the weld surface for infrared radiation being emitted therefrom; a device for capturing the emitted radiation and converting it to a signal representative of the thermophysical characteristics of the weld; and a device for visually displaying the signal in a form suitable for interpretation.

Abstract: A thermocouple containment chamber for use in conjunction with a high pressure vessel wherein such thermocouples are emplaced within an elongated conduit which receives a plurality of thermocouples for sensing temperatures to determine the temperature or reaction rate within the high pressure vessel in which they are emplaced. The conduit is secured to the vessel by means of a flanged securement that in turn is welded to a concentric reducer with the thermocouples extending therefrom into a containment chamber of this invention. The containment chamber of this invention incorporates at least one access cover in the form of a high pressure flanged cover permitting access to the containment chamber for the thermocouples so that they can be changed and serviced, and incorporates a valve for relieving pressure, as well as a pressure gauge.

Abstract: Temperature is monitored along a linear path by utilizing a plurality of temperature sensitive diodes spaced along the path. These are connected at separate and spaced taps of a delay line, a pulse is propagated down the delay line and the effect of the temperature influenced conductivity of the diode on the pulse as it passes a respective diode is sensed.

Abstract: Thermal stress of a metal portion of a pressure-tight tube is calculated on the basis of calculated values of a temperature distribution calculator for calculating the distribution of temperature at positions equidistantly arranged in a direction of the thickness of the aforesaid tube on the basis of measured values of metal portion of the aforesaid tube, whereby the thermal stress being changed momently is accurately measured and monitored. Further, there is provided a calculation cycle setter for presetting calculation cycles on the basis of measured values of the fluid temperature in the aforesaid tube. The calculation cycles are made short when fluctuations in the measured values of the fluid temperature are large, while, the calculation cycles are made long when fluctuations in the measured values of the fluid temperature are small.

Abstract: A method for determining a subsurface property value gradient of a body includes the step of generating a Rayleigh wave in the body by passing a current through a first meander coil having predetermined spaced wires determining a wavelength of the generated Rayleigh wave. A second meander coil identical to the first meander coil is spaced at a predetermined distance from the first meander coil. The Rayleigh wave is then detected with the second meander coil and the velocity of the Rayleigh wave is determined. A property value of the body is determined at a depth determined by the wavelength of the Rayleigh wave which property value is a function of the determined velocity. The above steps are then repeated with at least one other pair of first and second meander coils having different predetermined spaced wires such that at least one second property value at a second depth is determined and a subsurface property value gradient is produced.

Abstract: A technique for generating isotherms representing the cross-sectional temperature profiles of molten glass flowing in a forehearth channel. A plurality of temperature sensors are placed at predetermined locations within the plane of the channel cross-section, advantageously in a rectangular grid, to provide a matrix of temperature readings. Digitalized temperature readings from these sensors are routed to a processor, which interpolates these temperature readings to approximate the temperatures intermediate the various sensing points, and optionally beyond the array of sensing points. The isotherms are obtained by fitting a Lagrangian interpolating polynomial through the various recorded temperatures. The interpolated values thus generated may be used to provide real time displays of isotherms in the forehearth cross-section under examination, or may be included in a control loop.

Abstract: Defects in varistors are detected by pulsing a high current through the varistors and shortly thereafter mapping the temperature distribution of a main varistor surface by heat sensitive equipment. The presence of a localized hot spot sufficiently higher in temperature than a reference temperature level in the varistor indicates the presence of a defect. The disclosed technique is especially adapted for detecting defects that manifest themselves as incipient hot spots but which quickly disappear from observation because their heat rapidly disperses into surrounding varistor material.

Abstract: A thermocouple temperature sensing device is disclosed for monitoring temperature at a plurality of selected locations along the length of an elongated conduit immersed within a heat conducting medium. The thermocouples, being progressive in length, are respectively attached to a common support rod by means of a thermal element. The thermal element is constructed to include an arcuate shaped strip of memory metal attached to the support rod and thermocouple by means of a C-shaped clip. As each thermal element reaches its transition temperature, its shape memory effect causes the thermal element to displace the thermocouple into forceable engagement with the inner wall of the conduit for monitoring the temperature thereat. As long as the thermal element is subjected to its transition temperature, there is a constant force being applied to the thermocouple.

Abstract: Probe for determining the temperatures of the walls of coke oven flues, including an optical pyrometer suspended by a metallic rope from a manipulating device including a drum on which the rope is coiled and uncoiled. The pyrometer is contained in an insulating sleeve of refractory material, and the rope is surrounded by a sheath which is wetted before the measurement takes place, in order to prevent an unacceptable temperature rise during the brief measurement period required. Due to this arrangement, conventional cooling apparatus is eliminated.

Abstract: A recurrent matrix pattern of clusters of different narrow range temperature sensitive liquid crystal dots is disclosed. At each location on the matrix, there is a plurality of liquid crystal dots forming a cluster. Each liquid crystal dot of a cluster changes color at a different temperature. Further, each liquid crystal dot is sensitive, that is changes colors, in a very narrow temperature range. With this recurrent matrix arrangement, detailed temperature resolution can be maintained over a relatively broad temperature range, while still retaining an essentially continuous layer of temperature sensitive material so as to map-locate temperature gradients.

Abstract: A thermocouple containment chamber for use in conjunction with a high pressure vessel wherein such thermocouples are emplaced within an elongated conduit which receives a plurality of thermocouples for sensing temperatures to determine the temperature or reaction rate within the high pressure vessel in which they are emplaced. The conduit is secured to the vessel through the use of a flanged securement that in turn is welded to a concentric reducer with the thermocouples extending therefrom into a containment chamber of this invention. The containment chamber of this invention incorporates at least one access means in the form of a high pressure flanged cover permitting access to the containment chamber for the thermocouples so that they can be changed and serviced, and incorporates a valve for relieving pressure, as well as a pressure gauge.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the non-destructive identification and location of subcoating corrosion on a coated metal surface employing infrared thermography. The apparatus comprises a heat source for directing pulsed infrared radiation onto a test surface; a scanner for scanning the test surface for infrared radiation being emitted therefrom; a detector for capturing said emitted radiation and converting it into a signal representative of the thermal characteristics of the surface; and video display apparatus for visually displaying the signal as a thermal map of the surface. The method comprises the steps irradiating a test surface and detecting temperature differentials that occur on the irradiated surface.

Abstract: A device for measuring the two-dimensional temperature profile of a surface comprises imaging optics for generating an image of the light radiating from the surface; an infrared detector array having a plurality of detectors; and a light pipe array positioned between the imaging optics and the detector array for sampling, transmitting, and distributing the image over the detector surfaces. The light pipe array includes one light pipe for each detector in the detector array.

Abstract: An in-line concurrent diagnostic analyzer for laser beams. An aperature mor splits the initial laser beam into two beams. The reflected portion of the initial beam follows path 1. Along path 1, an aliquot of the path 1 beam is reflected into a time history sensor. The majority of the path 1 beam ignites a plasma to mark beam arrival time at the target. The aperatured beam strikes and heats a calorimeter mirror, which records the energy of the incident beam. About 99 percent of the aperatured beam then passes to a specially designed (thin, with a short diffusion time) mirror attached to thermocouples to record the energy profile of the beam. The beam is reflected by the special mirror onto the target. A Third sensor detects any breakdown at the target surface.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus of obtaining measurement data from a chemical process in a mass in a space, such as the charge in a blast furnace, is disclosed where the mass passes through the space from an inlet to an outlet and chemical and/or mechanical change in the mass takes place as it passes through the process. Sensors implemented as individual, unconnected units are mixed into the mass at the inlet, each sensor being equipped with a transmitter of acoustic or electromagnetic type, and with one or more sensing means connected to the transmitter for sensing the properties to be measured. The transmitter sends signals with information on the properties detected by the sensing means. Reception means for taking up acoustic or electromagnetic signals are placed outside the space with spreadout placing over the defining surface of the space.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining a temperature profile along a single optical fiber. The temperature profile is determined by measuring the output power spectral distribution. By measuring n points along the spectral power distribution curve, n "resolution elements" of temperature can be determined.

Abstract: The method as described is an attempt to minimize the length of the sheet stock to be cut off at the end of rolled stock as waste. This minimizing should be carried out on-line, and it is suggested that immediately following straightening the rolled sheet stock, the surface temperature profile in the end region and beyond is measured in a contactless method for determining on-line the place of cutting; cutting may then be controlled accordingly.

Abstract: Remote measurement of temperature variations within polymer process melts is performed by irradiating the melt with a collimated radiation source such as laser light and relating the transmitted radiation to the temperature distribution within the melt. A method and apparatus for temperature profile determination is based upon the variation of light transmittance through the melt as a function of temperature and wavelength of the incident light.

Abstract: To test the soldering temperature on the upper surface of an electronic circuit ceramic substrate (16) that is conveyed on a moving belt (12) over a plurality of heater platens (10), a thermocouple (20) is yieldably pressed to the upper surface of the substrate by a pressing mechanism (22). The pressing mechanism (22) comprises two flat springs (54 and 56) that press an insulator (52) down onto the thermocouple (b 20). The flat springs (54 and 56) are in turn pressed toward the upper surface of the substrate (16) by a coil spring (62) which pushes down onto a pressure plate (60). The pre-load of the coil spring (62) is manually adjusted by a nut (64) that has a groove (66) around which the wire (24) of the thermocouple (20) is wrapped for strain relief, as the wire extends to a digital readout device (26) that rides on the belt (12) along with the substrate ( 16).

Abstract: A camera contains a row of diodes sensitive to infrared radiation and mounted on a turntable for rotation about the optical axis of the camera. The signals from the diodes provide a temperature profile of a band across the width of a strip of hot rolled steel moving in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis and to the length of the row of diodes. Since the diodes are low accuracy devices, their measurements are compensated by normalizing co-efficients derived by comparison with the signal provided by an optical pyrometer viewing the central part of the steel strip in the region of the optical axis. To enable all diodes to be calibrated, calibration is effected with the turntable rotated 90.degree. to align all the diodes with the central part of the strip as viewed by the pyrometer. The camera may be mounted on one arm of a C-frame having X-ray tubes in an arm and X-ray detectors in the other arm for the purpose of measuring the thickness profile of the strip in known way.

Abstract: In a method of and apparatus for making remote measurements of temperature and pressure in a gas, laser beams are transmitted through the gas to a reflecting target, which may be either a solid surface or particulate matter in gas or the gas molecules and the return beams are measured to determine the amount of energy absorbed by the gas. For temperature measurements, the laser beam has a wavelength whereat the gas exhibits a relatively temperature sensitive and pressure insensitive absorption characteristic, whereas for pressure measurements, the laser beam has a wavelength whereat the gas has a relatively pressure sensitive and temperature insensitive absorption characteristic. To reduce the effects of scattering on the absorption measurements, a reference laser beam having a weak absorption characteristic is transmitted colinearly with the data beam having a strong absorption characteristic. The two signals are processed as a ratio to eliminate back scattering that is common to the two beams.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the temperature in a subsurface earth formation that is being heated in situ by subjection to a radio frequency electromagnetic field. It includes lowering a maximum registering thermometer into the formation on a non-conductive flexible line, and holding it there long enough to reach the ambient temperature at that location. Then, the thermometer is raised to the surface fast enough to avoid any significant change on the way up to read that registered maximum.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the temperature distribution along the inside walls of narrow, shaft-shaped spaces such as heating flues of coking and similar ovens using a radiation pyrometer with an evaluating arrangement, whereby a radiation optical system is disposed at one of the ends of the space and contains a mirror tiltable about an axis, for optical coverage of the entire length of the space and forwarding of the detected radiation into the path of rays to be evaluated, as well as a positioning arrangement for tilting the mirror over the area to be optically covered. Therewith a fixed mirror is arranged after the tilting mirror and the path of rays to be evaluated is focused to the end of a photoconductor, which, in a transportable and coolable measuring lance, is directed to an evaluating arrangement. The measuring lance can be coarsely and finely positioned by means of a carriage arrangement.

Abstract: A technique of temperature measurement wherein an object or environment to be measured is provided with a phosphor material layer that emits at least two optically isolatable wavelength ranges whose intensity ratio depends upon the object or environment temperature, the emitted radiation being brought to a detector by an optical system that may include an optical fiber. Several specific applications of this technique are disclosed, such as temperature monitoring of electrical equipment and industrial processing, medical temperature instrumentation including the use of disposable elements that contain a small quantity of the temperature dependent phosphor, special and multiple probes, the use of liquid phosphors, and a phosphor paint for monitoring surface temperatures.

Abstract: An arrangement is disclosed for temperature sensors in an exothermic chemical reactor which comprises a first plurality of temperature sensors distributed at equally spaced locations along the longitudinal axis of the reactor and a second plurality of sensors distributed on a cross-sectional plane at each location. The cross-sectional geometry of the reactor at each location has a plurality of equitempered zones which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis. The second plurality of temperature sensors is arranged so that at least one temperature sensor is provided in each equitempered zone and some of the sensors are equispaced along a radial line. In this manner, a minimum of temperature sensors is required for establishing full longitudinal and radial temperature profiles for the reactor.

Abstract: A temperature probe measures temperature changes within biological material while the tissue is being irradiated with microwaves. In order to measure tissue temperatures accurately a probe must be designed to function in a microwave field while causing minimum perturbation to the microwave field. This generally requires a probe being constructed of dielectric (non-metallic) material which utilizes physical phenomena which are thermally dependent yet unaffected by electromagnetic fields at the field strength and frequencies of interest. In one embodiment the structure of the probe basically includes an optical fiber bundle for conducting light both toward and away from a temperature sensitive luminescent element located at one end of the optical fiber bundle, the source for exciting the temperature sensitive element and a light responsive detection element located at the output end of the optical fiber bundle for detecting light emitted from the temperature sensitive element which is temperature dependent.