Abstract: An anemometer with non-contact temperature measurement capability, including a air velocity meter, contained at least partially in a housing and having outputs relating to measured air velocity parameters including air velocity and ambient temperature, an output display contained in the housing, for displaying measurements to a user, a non-contact optically-based internal temperature sensing device, having an output related to optically sensed IR temperature and circuitry contained in the housing for processing both the air velocity or volume meter output and the temperature sensing device output, and transmitting the processed output to the output display.

Abstract: A bearing failure detection system includes a thermal protector switch circuit having a wear strip located within an interior of a motor stator. In response to bearing failure or wear above a predetermined magnitude, the motor rotor will shift off its axis of rotation and wear away the wear strip or break the electrically conducting material of the wear strip and activate the stator thermal protector switch circuit and shut down the electric motor. The wear strips assist the thermal protector switch circuit in the identification of a bearing failure and the light rubbing that results therefrom prior to the generation of an electrical burning smell that may otherwise occur after a prolonged period of rubbing.

Abstract: A device includes a measuring assembly, a fluid pressure assembly, and a manometer. The measuring assembly includes a heating member defining a first contact surface, a cooling member defining a second contact surface facing the first contact surface, a platform, and a sleeve. The sleeve is configured far hermetically adjoining the heating and cooling members and allowing movement of the heating and cooling members relative to each other. The sleeve and the first and second contact surfaces form a cavity for receiving fluid material to be measured. The platform is configured for controlling the relative movement of the heating and cooling members to adjust the length of the cavity. The fluid pressure assembly is configured for compressing the fluid material into the cavity. The manometer is disposed on the sleeve or the fluid pressure assembly and is configured for detecting a fluid pressure of the fluid material in the cavity.

Abstract: An ultrasonic sensor for sending and receiving an ultrasonic wave, the ultrasonic sensor includes: an ultrasonic transducer; and a Peltier element having a thermoelectric element, a first electrode, a first substrate and a second substrate. The thermoelectric element is coupled with the first electrode. The thermoelectric element and the first electrode are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The ultrasonic transducer is disposed on the first substrate. The ultrasonic transducer sends and receives the ultrasonic wave in accordance with a vibration of the ultrasonic transducer.

Abstract: A moisture meter with non-contact temperature measurement capability having a housing, a moisture-detecting device coupled to or contained at least partially in the housing, and having an output related to measured moisture parameters, a non-contact, optically-based temperature sensing device coupled to the housing, having an output related to sensed temperature, an output display contained in the housing, for displaying measurements to a user, and circuitry contained in the housing for processing both the moisture-detecting device output and the non-contact temperature sensing device output, and transmitting the processed outputs to the output display. The moisture-detecting device can be either one or both of a contact-type moisture-detecting device such as a pad on the rear side of the housing, and a pin-type moisture-detecting device in a hand-held probe, and electrically coupled to the circuitry in the housing through a cord.

Abstract: In an auto-handler for use in conjunction with an IC tester including a plurality of sockets in which a plurality of target devices are inserted, the auto-handler includes a plurality of pushers corresponding to the plurality of sockets and a plurality of temperature sensors for detecting temperatures of the plurality of target devices. Each pusher is mounted on a heat sink via a Peltier device. Each Peltier device and each temperature sensor are connected to a current controlling apparatus. The current controlling apparatus controls, on the basis of an output of each temperature sensor, a current supplied to the corresponding Peltier device. Accordingly, it is possible to individually control temperatures of the plurality of target devices with accuracy.

Abstract: A measuring device for detecting a humidity and temperature of a window surface including at least one moisture sensor and at least one temperature sensor placed on the window surface, an evaluation unit connected downstream from the moisture and temperature sensors, and a signal converting and linking unit placed between the moisture and temperature sensors and the evaluation unit. Further, when the temperature sensor detects a change in a temperature of the window surface or the moisture sensor detects a change in a moisture of the window surface, a frequency of an oscillator included in the signal and converting unit is changed.

Abstract: A measuring device is used to measure the state of a liquid product which is to be measured, in particular oil or fat. Said measuring device comprises a housing, a hollow connecting element which is secured therein and a carrier which is applied to the opposite end of the connecting element (10), said carrier being used to receive a sensor which can be used to measure the electric property of a product which is to be measured. The sensor is in contact with the measuring unit by means of at least one electric line, which is arranged in the region of the housing and/or with the end of the connecting element oriented towards the housing. The measuring device comprises means which can be used to minimize the falsifying effect of the water content in the product, which is to be measured, on the measuring result.

Abstract: A transducing system includes a support structure configured to support a transducer and includes at least one environmental sensor carried by the support structure. The environmental sensor may be a humidity sensor, a temperature sensor, an altitude sensor, or a combination of these.

Abstract: A sensor system, device, and methods for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample is described. Gated amperometric pulse sequences including multiple duty cycles of sequential excitations and relaxations may provide a shorter analysis time and/or improve the accuracy and/or precision of the analysis. The disclosed gated amperometric pulse sequences may reduce analysis errors arising from the hematocrit effect, variance in cap-gap volumes, non-steady-state conditions, mediator background, under-fill, temperature changes in the sample, and a single set of calibration constants.

Abstract: The MEMS Sensor Suite on a Chip provides the capability, monolithically integrated onto one MEMS chip, to sense temperature, humidity, and two axes of acceleration. The device incorporates a MEMS accelerometer, a MEMS humidity sensor, and a MEMS temperature sensor on one chip. These individual devices incorporate proof masses, suspensions, humidity sensitive capacitors, and temperature sensitive resistors (thermistors) all fabricated in a common fabrication process that allows them to be integrated onto one micromachined chip. The device can be fabricated in a simple micromachining process that allows its size to be miniaturized for embedded and portable applications. During operation, the sensor suite chip monitors temperature levels, humidity levels, and acceleration levels in two axes. External circuitry allows sensor readout, range selection, and signal processing.

Abstract: A total air temperature sensor includes a probe secured to a first side of a vehicle surface. The probe includes an air inlet and a temperature sensing element. Air flows into the air inlet and passes by the temperature sensing element. The temperature sensing element produces a temperature sensing element electrical signal as a function of a temperature of the air. The total air temperature sensor also includes an electronics package secured to a second side of the vehicle surface. Electronics in the electronics package receive the temperature sensing element electrical signal from the temperature sensing element and determine a total air temperature as a function of the temperature sensing element electrical signal.

Abstract: A probe device includes a stage for fixing a semiconductor device having an external connection pad; a heating unit provided in the stage, for heating the semiconductor device to a predetermined temperature; and a probe card having a probe pin and a support substrate for supporting the probe pin, in which a resistance heating element is provided to the support substrate so as to heat a portion of the support substrate corresponding to a disposition portion of the probe pin to a temperature substantially equal to the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: The device comprises a housing with two humidity sensors. A first opening of the housing is placed onto or into the soil, while a second opening is located outside the soil in communication with the environment. A chamber extends in the housing between the first and the second opening. This chamber allows humidity to diffuse between the openings. The humidity sensors are located to measure the humidity at two spaced apart locations within the chamber. The difference of humidity measured at these two locations is a measure of soil moisture content.

Abstract: A generator monitoring system and method includes a plurality of sensors (12) disposed within a generator enclosure (18) to sense health conditions of a generator (10) housed within the enclosure. The sensors are interconnected to provide a single communication path (14) for allowing communication with the plurality of sensors. A monitoring device (16) outside the generator enclosure receives health condition information from each of the plurality of sensors via the single communication path. A sensor may be disposed within the generator enclosure to detect particulates emitted from a monitored portion (e.g., 52) of the generator housed within the enclosure. A sensor may be disposed proximate a bus bar connection (130) of the generator to sense a health condition of the bus bar connection and generate corresponding health condition information provided to the monitoring device.

Abstract: A method of estimating the temperature of the air in the internal cavity of a tire in which: prior to normal operation, a series of running tests are carried out on the tire provided with a means of measuring the internal air temperature at given speeds V and external temperatures Tamb, the tire supporting a given load and the cavity being at a given internal relative pressure, and an adjustment is made to a function giving the temperature of the internal air Tai according to the parameters of speed and external temperature; and in normal operation, the tire equipping a vehicle under the above conditions of load and relative pressure, the internal air temperature is estimated according to the speed of the vehicle and the temperature external to the vehicle. The method ia applied to the detection of abnormal operating in particular of a running-flat system.

Abstract: A utility meter having a temperature compensation function provides advantages such as improved time keeping accuracy. According to an exemplary embodiment, a utility meter includes at least one sensor for detecting an ambient temperature at a location corresponding to a component such as a crystal oscillator that enables a time keeping function of the meter, and generating an output signal representative of the detected ambient temperature. A device such as a digital signal processor adjusts at least one clock maintained by the time keeping function of the meter in dependence upon the output signal from the at least one sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to a multifunctional tool such as, for example, a multifunctional pocket knife which is characterized by having at least one measuring and display device (12, 14) for measuring and displaying a physical value.

Abstract: A method for thermogravimetrically testing the behavior of a solid material in the presence of a controlled gaseous atmosphere, characterized in that a plurality of samples (10) are placed in the presence of the gaseous atmosphere inside the same controlled atmosphere furnace (4); each sample is associated with a scale (38) proper thereto; the samples (10) undergo predetermined successive thermal cycles each including a heating step during which the samples are directly heated (by radiation or induction) and a cooling step during which the weight of each sample is independently measured and recorded in a continuous manner during at least one predetermined period such as a high temperature level during the heating step of each thermal cycle. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.

Abstract: A sensor means is proposed to determine an interior humidity and/or an interior volume delimited by a wall, in particular, of a vehicle passenger compartment 3, and a fogging up tendency of an inner surface of the wall, in particular, of a window 5 of the vehicle passenger compartment 3, with a dew point sensor 10 having a humidity sensor element 1 and a temperature sensor 2, wherein the humidity sensor element 1 and the temperature sensor 2 a thermally coupled, and a surface temperature sensor 4, wherein the dew point sensor 10 is designed to measure the air humidity and the room temperature of the interior volume and the surface temperature sensor 4 is designed to measure the temperature of the inner surface.

Abstract: A humidity meter with non-contact temperature measurement capability, including a humidity meter contained at least partially in a housing and having outputs relating to measured humidity parameters including humidity and ambient temperature, an output display contained in the housing, for displaying measurements to a user, a non-contact optically-based temperature sensing device coupled to the housing, having an output related to sensed temperature, and circuitry contained in the housing for processing both the humidity meter outputs and the temperature sensing device output, and transmitting the processed output to the output display.

Abstract: A handheld instrument that accomplishes infrared (IR) temperature measurement and non-contact electrical current measurement. The instrument has a case, a current-sensing device coupled to the case and operable to be placed around a conductor, for generating an output signal based on the current flowing through the conductor, and an IR detector carried by the case, for sensing IR energy emitted from a surface being measured along a sensing axis that extends from the case, and generating an IR output signal. Sensed IR energy is converted to a temperature value, and the output signal from the current-sensing device is converted to at least a measured current value. There is a display device in the case, for displaying instrument measurements to the user.

Abstract: In a surface plasmon resonance sensor, a sensor unit includes a dielectric block, a thin film layer which is formed on the upper surface of the dielectric block, and a sample holding portion. An incubator is provided, the surface plasmon resonance sensor is spatially isolated from the surroundings by placing it in the measuring system, the temperature of the measuring system is measured and temperature change of the sensor unit after it is conveyed to the measuring system from the incubator is estimated on the basis of the temperature difference between the temperature of the incubator and the temperature of the measuring system, and the sensor unit is conveyed to the measuring system to perform the measurement within a time for which the temperature of the sensor unit does not unacceptably change.

Abstract: An environment sensor (11) for measuring the temperature and humidity can be miniaturized and can respond at high speed. The environment sensor (11) includes a temperature sensing portion (111) having a temperature-sensitive material (1) made of a metal oxide, and a humidity-sensing portion (112) which is formed on the same substrate as the temperature sensing portion (111) and measures the ambient humidity by using a change in electrical characteristics. At least one of a pair of electrodes (2, 3) of the temperature sensor (111) is integrated with an electrode of the humidity-sensing portion (112).

Abstract: A handheld instrument that accomplishes non-contact infrared (IR) temperature measurement, and the measurement of movement of an object. The instrument has a case, and a movement-sensing device coupled to the case and operable to be directed toward or placed against an object being measured, for generating an output signal based on the sensed movement. An IR detector, also carried by the case, senses IR energy emitted from a surface being measured along an IR-sensing axis that extends from the case, and generates an IR output signal. The sensed IR energy is converted to a temperature value, and the output signal from the current-sensing device is converted to at least a measured current value. A display device in the case displays instrument measurements to the user.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a device for system- and/or process-monitoring in connection with a measurement apparatus that determines/monitors at least one process parameter of a medium. The method and device enable statements to be made regarding the present and future functionality of a measurement apparatus, or individual components of the measurement apparatus. The temperature values (T) of the medium are ascertained directly or indirectly and a trend analysis regarding the thermal loading of the measurement apparatus or the thermal loading of individual components of the measurement apparatus is carried out on the basis of the ascertained temperature values (T) of the medium or on the basis of the derivatives of the ascertained temperature values of the medium.

Abstract: An optical method, and an optical device based on a laser source for implementing an optical method, for nonintrusively measuring the temperature of a flowing liquid by using the fluorescence induced by a laser beam in a measurement volume of the liquid, uses a single temperature-sensitive fluorescent tracer and at least two separate spectral detection windows on the tracer, after molecular dilution of the tracer in the liquid medium.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-destructively testing the response of a specimen to temperature change. An embodiment temperature cycles a specimen, such as a wet mortar beam, dynamically measuring change in dimension and the temperature of the specimen during the cycle. Among other elements, the apparatus employs an accelerometer, a thermistor, a thermocouple, a temperature controller, linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs), an FFT device, a data logger and a heat tape controller. A typical cycle involves using liquid nitrogen to reduce the temperature in an insulated test chamber from ambient to less than ?60° C. and returning to ambient by dispersing the nitrogen with a source of ambient air. Further, in select embodiments, the apparatus measures fundamental frequencies induced by a micro-hammer as measured transversely along a dimension of a specimen during the cooling-warming cycle. Also provided is a method for testing specimens using devices representative of embodiments of the present invention.

Abstract: A device for monitoring a milk tank. The device is provided with a monitoring unit comprising a computer and a memory for at least temporarily storing data, a thermometer for measuring the temperature of a fluid present in the milk tank, and for supplying to the monitoring unit a temperature signal that is indicative of the measured temperature, and with a meter for measuring an electrical parameter, such as the conductivity, of the fluid present in the milk tank and for supplying to the monitoring unit a parameter signal that is indicative of the measured electrical parameter.

Abstract: A slope correction signal setting unit is configured to output selectively one of a plurality of direct current signals according to the sensed temperature parameter signal. Levels of the plurality of direct current signals are determined to correspond to the predetermined temperature dependent characteristic of the sensor signal. An analog amplifying circuit is connected to the slope correction signal setting unit and configured to amplify the outputted direct current signal according to the sensed temperature parameter signal. An analog arithmetic circuit is connected to the analog amplifying circuit and configured to carry out a predetermined arithmetic operation based on the amplified direct current signal and the sensor signal.

Abstract: A device for testing a material that changes shape when an electric and/or magnetic field is applied, in particular a piezoactive material, having a generator to generate an electric field and/or a magnetic field is described. This permits a rapid characterization of the material and at the same time can be implemented with a much lower structural complexity. This is achieved by the fact that at least one thermal sensor is provided for detecting a change in temperature of the material.

Abstract: An approach for digitally measuring temperature in support of a monitoring application is disclosed. Multiple probes, according to one embodiment, are deployed for sensing environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, liquid level, flow). Each probe has a thermally conductive cylindrical housing containing one or more digital temperature sensors. In addition, one of the probes includes analog inputs (e.g., Brix probe, level sensor, and flow sensor). The probes share a common fixed size bus and communicates data from the sensors to a controller. Based upon the collected data, the controller can initiate, for example, a pump-over in a winemaking process. The controller can interface with a data network to a monitoring system configured to store and analysis the collected data. The monitoring system supports access of the stored data over a public data network, such as the global Internet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to providing a temperature sensor that is mountable on an aircraft and includes a thermometer or temperature sensing element for sensing temperature of airflow. A heater is provided on the probe to bias the temperature sensed by the thermometer or temperature sensing element, in a manner such that the temperature measured is at a substantially known offset from the static temperature surrounding the temperature sensor. Control of the offset can be achieved by regulating airflow or heat provided. The heating effect is controlled to be a substantially equal and opposite match to the decreased total temperature resulting from lower airspeed or decreased airflow. In this manner, the thermometer or temperature sensing element will essentially operate at a fixed offset above static temperature, that is the temperature in undisturbed air in which the aircraft is operating, over a fairly wide range of flow rates.

Abstract: A multiple measurement memory-type electronic thermometer includes an ear temperature measuring unit, a microprocessor, a keypad unit, a display unit, and a memory unit. The ear temperature measuring unit, the display unit, and the memory unit are controlled by the microprocessor. When the activation key of the keypad unit is pressed by the user, being controlled by the microprocessor, the ear temperature unit is activated to perform measurement. The measuring result of the ear temperature unit is sent back to the microprocessor, displayed by the display unit, and saved in the memory unit. The memory unit is partitioned into a plurality of independent memory sectors. Each sector includes a queue data structure, such that the ear temperature measured from each person and the measuring time can be stored in the corresponding memory sector. Therefore, measurement of multiple people can be performed, memorized and retrieved.

Abstract: A self-detecting type cantilever for an atomic force microscope (AFM) has an electro-flexural conversion element for converting a flexural amount of the cantilever into an electric current or voltage, a temperature measurement element disposed at a front end portion of the cantilever for measuring a temperature, and a heating element disposed at the front end portion of the cantilever for heating the temperature measurement element. The temperature measurement element and the heating element are superposed with each other on a main face of the cantilever via an electrical insulating layer. As a result, even if the amount of electric energy supplied to the heating element is reduced, it is possible to effectively supply an amount of heat necessary for measurement to the temperature measurement element. Therefore, by minimizing the heat to be supplied to a sample and the cantilever, the respondency of measurement is improved and temperature measurement can be performed with a high degree of accuracy.

Abstract: A system for monitoring the temperature prevailing in the stator unit of an electric drive includes a temperature sensor that is integrated into the windings of the stator unit and that transmits a temperature-dependent sensor signal. The sensor signal may be injected via an electrical transmitter unit into the signal processing unit of a position measuring device connected to the drive.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the breathability and comfort level of a shoe, comprising a rigid structure that duplicates the contour of a foot, divided into at least three thermally insulated regions from each other, for the shoe to be tested, resistors heating the regions of the rigid structure to a presettable temperature, at least one cladding of a soft material permeable to liquids, that absorb water and distributing it over the entire surface of the structure, sensors for sensing the temperature of cladding regions corresponding to the contour regions, a metering pump to supply water to the structure, and a power measuring device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for aspirating a liquid (e.g., blood) from a container uses an electrically biased thermistor element, mounted proximate the tip of a liquid-aspirating probe, to determine that the probe is safely submerged within a body of liquid to be aspirated at all times during the aspiration process. Also disclosed are different aspiration probe assemblies that are useful in the method and apparatus of the invention.

Abstract: A thermal anemometer that separates sensor heating from sensor temperature measurement through a switched sampling technique. This approach demonstrates several advantages over the more typical circuitry employing a bridge, which simultaneously heats the sensor and senses the ambient and velocity sensor temperature. In a thermal anemometer in accordance with the present invention, sensor temperature is determined by sampled measurement of its resistance. Sensor temperature is controlled by varying the voltage applied to the sensor with an error value determined by the difference between actual sensor resistance and the desired resistance.

Abstract: A temperature information detecting device for an angle sensor is provided for detecting only temperature-dependent components based on middle-point potentials when a constant current is supplied to a bridge circuit for an angle sensor, for acquiring a temperature of the angle sensor from the temperature-dependent components, for employing compensating information corresponding to the acquired temperature without separately providing any additional temperature sensor, and for making temperature compensation of the output of the temperature sensor in automatically controlling the valve opening of a flow control valve.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the Wobbe index of a fuel gas belonging to a family of gases. The method includes measuring mass flow rates the fuel gas and of a reference gas, which is not necessarily a fuel gas at respective absolute pressures and temperatures and in a sonic flow through a microjet. An evaluation of the Wobbe index (W) of the fuel gas as W=A×Y+B uses the results of measurements of the fuel gas and the reference gas and is established for all the gases of the family considered.

Abstract: Test element analysis system (1) for the analytical investigation of a sample (8), in particular of a body liquid, of human beings or of animals, comprising test elements (3) with a test zone (7), to be brought in contact with the sample to be investigated for the purpose of performing an analysis, in order to measure a measurement quantity characteristic for the analysis, and an evaluation instrument (2) with a test element holder (5) for positioning a test element (3) in a measuring position in order to perform a measurement, and a measurement and evaluation electronics (15) for measuring the characteristic change and for determining a result of the analysis, based on the result of the measurement. In order to provide increased measuring accuracy by improved temperature compensation, it is proposed, in the scope of the invention, that the evaluation instrument (2) for the determination of the temperature prevailing in the test zone (7) of the test element (3) comprises an infrared detector (20).

Abstract: A laser scanning microscope with an AOTF in the laser input-coupling beam comprises a temperature gauge provided in the environment of the AOTF or in the vicinity thereof or connected therewith. A laser scanning microscope with an AOTF in the laser input-coupling beam path comprises that the AOTF and/or its environment are/is heated or cooled.

Abstract: A calibration apparatus for calibrating a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) having an armature positioned in au LVDT armature orifice, and the armature able to move along an axis of movement. The calibration apparatus includes a heating mechanism with an internal chamber, a temperature measuring mechanism for measuring the temperature of the LVDT, a fixture mechanism with an internal chamber for at least partially accepting the LVDT and for securing the LVDT within the heating mechanism internal chamber, a moving mechanism for moving the armature, a position measurement mechanism for measuring the position of the armature, and an output voltage measurement mechanism. A method for calibrating an LVDT, including the steps of: powering the LVDT; heating the LVDT to a desired temperature; measuring the position of the armature with respect to the armature orifice; and measuring the output voltage of the LVDT.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for adjusting a gas turbine firing temperature control algorithm and combustion reference temperature algorithms based on exhaust gas temperature, turbine pressure ratio and compressor discharge temperature for water content in the air entering the compressor differing from the design water content of ambient air. The water content in the ambient air is calculated by the control system from measured data from a dry bulb temperature sensor and a wet bulb temperature or humidity sensor.

Abstract: In a method and an arrangement for acoustic determination of an instantaneous fluid temperature, acoustic velocity V in a fluid is monitored and an output signal related to the acoustic velocity is generated. A conventional temperature sensor senses a fluid temperature TS and generates an output signal related thereto.

Abstract: A method for obtaining position data relating to a probe in the ear canal whereby a probe is inserted into the ear canal, the method further comprising the steps of:—determine the distance from the distal portion of the probe to at least one point of the internal circumferential surface of the ear and/or car canal,—obtaining position data using first transducing means associated with the distal portion of the probe and second transducing means fixed relative to the head of the person, where the first transducing means is transmitting a magnetic field, and the second transducing means are detecting the magnetic field generated by the transmitter. The invention also relates to an apparatus for obtaining position data relating to a probe in the ear canal.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for compensating for temperature variations in acousto-optic devices are described. An acousto-optic tunable device according to the invention features an acousto-optic substrate having an acoustic wave transducer positioned on the acousto-optic substrate. A temperature sensor is positioned in thermal communication with the acousto-optic substrate. The temperature sensor generates an electrical signal that is related to a temperature of the acousto-optic substrate. A processor generates a control signal in response to the electrical signal generated by the temperature sensor. An oscillator receives the control signal and a frequency of the oscillator is changed in response to the control signal in order to maintain phase-matching criteria of the acousto-optic tunable device as the temperature of the acousto-optic substrate changes.

Abstract: The invention relates to an infrared thermometer wherein control means signal or determine a correct positioning of the intensity transducer tasked with measuring the infrared radiation emitted by the patient whose temperature needs to be known.

Abstract: A flow probe for use in a humidification system is disclosed. The flow probe is adapted to be positioned in a humidified gases flow (for example oxygen or anesthetic gases) such as that which is provided to a patient in a hospital environment. The flow probe is designed to provide both temperature and flow rate sensing of the gases flow by incorporating two sensors (preferably thermistors) and the shape and alignment of the probe enables accurate readings by reducing the occurrence of condensation on the sensors.