Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus which is designed to employ thermal stimulated processes for analyzing relaxation spectra and resonances in materials. The invention is characterized in that at least two coupled excitation fields are applied to the sample of material analyzed along with a programmed temperature variation, to deconvolute during the thermally stimulated recovery stage the global deformation resulting from the excitation stage. In other words, this invention is designed to obtain one by one the individual and elementary relaxation motions responsible for the global deformation, whether these elementary internal motions have a mechanical, electrical or magnetic origin. Moreover, the relaxation spectra for the motions resulting from the coupling between mechanical, electrical and/or electromagnetical excitations are obtained at the same time and are interrelated.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the heat produced by a circuit module that is mounted on a circuit board has a tubular housing of a thermally resistive material such as plastic that is adapted to be placed over the module so that substantially all of the heat from the module flows along the axis of the housing, A thermal resistance is located between two metal partitions in the housing. The temperature drop through the resistance is calculated from the temperatures of the two partitions and the heat is calculated from the temperature drop and the value thermal resistance, The apparatus is adapted to make good thermal contact with the top of the module and cooling apparatus is provided for cooling the upper one of the two partitions. The upper partition is adjustable to vary the length of the thermal resistance in order to keep the temperature drop around 2.degree. C. for modules of different power ratings.

Abstract: The present invention is a thermogravimetric instrument having a ceramic sample support and a ceramic balance beam. The ceramic platform is rigidly attached to the hot end of the ceramic balance beam. An inert metal liner is press fitted into the ceramic sample platform. In a preferred embodiment, a thermocouple is directly attached to the inert metal liner. The thermocouple wires are routed through the length of the ceramic balance beam and are attached to the cold end of the ceramic balance beam with adhesive. The inert metal liner could be fabricated from platinum or from platinum alloys.

Abstract: A sensitive and stable microcalorimeter comprises a cell (1) for a sample of material to be studied and for retaining the sample. The cell walls (2) are of an inert material such as PTFE, and temperature sensors (7) are located within the cell walls at specified positions.

Abstract: A sensor is provided which is sensitive to a particular property of a medium and which is thermally activated when in contact with the property containing medium. The sensor is externally mounted on the undersurface of a silicon wafer, the upper surface of which contains a well in which a vibratile bridge element is located. The top of the well is closed off so that the vibratile bridge element is within a chamber. Excitation energy from a source is delivered to the vibratile bridge element to establish vibratory motion which is monitored and detected by a circuit. Presence of the particular property in the medium causes a thermal change in the wafer resulting in a change in the resonance frequency of the vibratory motion of the vibratile bridge element. The frequency shift is a measure of the particular property.

Abstract: A differential thermal analysis sensor consisting of two low-impedance differential thermopiles. Each thermopile consists of a series of thermocouples joined in series, with the measuring junctions of the thermocouples arranged around a uniform temperature measuring region, and the thermoelectric reference junctions of the thermocouples arranged around a uniform temperature thermoelectric reference region. The differential thermal analysis sensor can be used for single-sample heat flux differential thermal analysis measurements, dual-sample heat flux differential thermal analysis measurements, or power compensation differential thermal analysis measurements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus which is designed to employ thermal stimulated processes for analyzing relaxation spectra and resonances in materials. The invention is characterized in that at least two coupled excitation fields are applied to the sample of material analyzed along with a programmed temperature variation, to deconvolute during the thermally stimulated recovery stage the global deformation resulting from the excitation stage. In other words, this invention is designed to obtain one by one the individual and elementary relaxation motions responsible for the global deformation, whether these elementary internal motions have a mechanical, electrical or magnetic origin. Moreover, the relaxation spectra for the motions resulting from the coupling between mechanical, electrical and/or electromagnetical excitations are obtained at the same time and are interrelated.

Abstract: A temperature gradient calorimeter and method of calculating heats of reactions is disclosed. The calorimeter has a two dimensional array of reaction chambers located in a thermally conductive substrate. A first heat transfer medium is in thermal contact with the thermal conductive substrate and is located at one region of the array of reaction chambers. A second heat transfer medium is in thermal contact with the thermal conductive substrate and is located on the opposite side of the array from the first heat transfer medium. The first and second heat transfer mediums are at two different temperatures. That temperature difference produces a temperature gradient across the array of reaction chambers.The fluorescence intensities are measured for reactant samples located in the array of reaction chambers.

Abstract: The present invention is a spatially-resolved differential analysis technique. A modulated differential analysis technique is applied using a proximal probe to obtain a spatially resolved characterization of a heterogeneous sample comprising at least two phases. As applied to spatially-resolved modulated differential scanning calorimetry, the present invention comprises a thermocouple probe that is scanned over the sample surface. The differential temperature of the area of the sample just beneath the thermocouple probe is obtained with respect to the temperature of a reference. The temperature of the sample and the reference is modulated above and below a transition temperature for one phase of the sample. The signal from the thermocouple probe is deconvoluted to obtain an image of the sample delineating the regions of the sample having that phase.

Abstract: For evaluating mechanical properties of ceramics such as silicon nitride in a nondestructive manner, a specific heat of ceramic test samples to be evaluated is measured at a temperature not higher than room temperature. A comparison is made between a measured value of the specific heat of the test sample and a known value of a specific heat of a ceramic reference sample at the same temperature not higher than room temperature. The comparison, permits making conclusions regarding the mechanical properties of the ceramic test samples based on the known mechanical properties of the ceramic reference sample. The creep strength is given as one example of the mechanical properties that may be ascertained by a nondestructive inspection that may be part of a production line, whereby the mechanical properties of the individual ceramic products may be guaranteed in practice.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for determining the heat output rate in a reactor. This is achieved by determining the heat output rate in a sensor connected to the chemical reactor and taking into account the volume or mass ratio between the reactor and sensor contents. The apparatus allows balancing of the sensor, on the one hand, and continuous adjustment of the material composition and temperature of the reactor and sensor contents, on the other hand.

Abstract: A calorimeter comprises a laminar flow type flowmeter for measuring the volume of flow of a fuel gas as a value proportional to the difference between the pressures of the laminar flow elements and a stream pipe serially connected to the laminar flow type flowmeter to create a laminar flow therethrough. The stream pipe is provided with a heating means, a temperature sensing means for detecting the difference between the temperatures of the fuel's flow to and from the stream pipe portion heated by the heating means, and a thermal-type flowmeter for measuring a mass flow proportional to the differential temperature sensed. A computer unit calculates the outflow pressure and the volume of flow of the fuel gas in its normal state from the measured values of the absolute pressure, the differential pressure and the temperature of the fuel gas flowing into the laminar flow-type flowmeter and calculates the calorific value of the fuel gas as a value that is negatively proportional to the differential pressure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to analytical methods for determining the composition of a material that undergoes a transition as a function of a driving variable. As applied to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), a first preferred embodiment comprises (1) decreasing the heating rate when deviations from a baseline signal are detected; (2) establishing a minimum heating rate; (3) forcing the heating rate to a predetermined maximum whenever the rate of change of the weight change with respect to the temperature falls below a predetermined value; and (4) adjusting the heating rate according to the rate of change of the weight of the sample to track a predetermined rate of change of the weight of the sample.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of thermal stimulated processes for analyzing relaxation spectra and resonances in materials. The process is characterized in that at least two coupled excitation fields are applied to the sample of material analyzed along with a programmed temperature variation, with the objective to deconvolute during the thermally stimulated recovery stage the global deformation resulting from the excitation stage, i.e. obtain one by one the individual and elementary relaxation motions responsible for the global deformation, whether these elementary internal motions be of mechanical, electrical or magnetic origin. The process is characterized in the fact that the relaxation spectra for the motions resulting from the coupling between mechanical and electrical (and/or electromagnetical) excitations are obtained at the same time and are inter-related.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for the photothermal and/or calorimetric investigation of gaseous, liquid and solid measuring material is based on the detuning of an ultrasonic resonator (1). The latter has an ultrasonic transmitter (2) and an ultrasonic receiver (3), which face one another. The signal from the receiver is analyzed by an analyzer (5) as to its amplitude or phase position which gives, as a result of the temperature dependence of the sonic velocity, information on thermal changes in the ultrasonic resonator designed as a gas cell or calorimeter. The present apparatus makes it possible to detect gases or to calorimetrically investigate the material to be investigated, particularly light-conducting elements (5), such as light fibers.

Abstract: A direct convective air flow calorimeter characterized by fast response time, high efficiency, and transient, as well as steady state, heat measurement capability. The calorimeter generally measures sensible and insensible heat losses, and may measure indirect heat losses as well. The calorimeter can be scaled to accommodate animal as well as human subjects. The convective calorimeter includes an adiabatic chamber wherein circulatory air flow is provided about the inner periphery of the chamber while baffles are used to shield the subject from the circulatory air flow. The chamber is also provided with ventilating air flow. Finally, sensors are used for determining the heat addition to the circulatory air flow, which represents the sensible heat loss from the subject being tested, and for determining selected properties of the ventilating air flow.

Abstract: A circuit for measuring temperature differentials in a calorimeter is disclosed. The temperature differential between the reference element and sample element containing a radioactive material is measured via a wheatstone bridge arrangement of thermistors. The bridge is driven with an alternating current on a pulsed basis to maintain the thermal floor of the calorimeter at a low reference value. A lock-in amplifier connected to the bridge phase locks a signal from the bridge to the input pulsed AC signal to provide a DC voltage. The DC voltage is sampled over time and provided to a digital computer. The digital computer, using curve fitting algorithms, will derive a function for the sample data. From the function, an equilibrium value for the temperature may be calculated.

Abstract: A calorimeter box accommodates a person lying on a cot. The system measures metabolic releases.The person's head extends into a transparent box-shaped duct system. Ambient air flows from the room in which the calorimeter is located into the duct system and past the person's head and neck into the calorimeter box. substantially all convection and evaporative heat losses from the person's head are transported into the calorimeter itself by the air flow. If the air flow were to stop, i.e., failed to exist, the person would have no trouble breathing because in essence his head is in the room. This obviates safety and claustrophobia problems; further the subject can talk to attendants in the room.The calorimeter is of heavy aluminum panel construction for structural strength and for purposes of providing a heat sink. Coil of tubing remove heat from the aluminum panels, and water of constant temperature is circulated through such tubing to maintain the aluminum panels at a substantially constant temperature.

Abstract: A pyroelectric calorimeter including a detector having a support member with a tapered through-hole therein, a first polyester film positioned on said support member, across said through-hole, an aluminum foil member located on an opposite side of said polyester film from said support member, a pyroelectric film located on an opposite side of said aluminum foil member from said first polyester film, at least one additional polyester film located on an opposite side of said pyroelectric film from said aluminum foil member, two pyroelectrical leads connected to opposite sides of said pyroelectric film, a support for the detector and electrical circuitry for receiving a signal produced from the detector and for generating an output signal therefrom.

Abstract: In a method of measuring a quantity of heat, the distance between the position of an end of an exposed fiber portion before heating and the position of the end after heating is measured, and the quantity of heat applied to the end of the exposed fiber portion is calculated based on the distance. When heat is applied to an end of an exposed fiber portion, the end is fused and is rounded due to surface tension. For this reason, the position of the end of the exposed fiber portion retracts from the position it occupied before heating by the volume required for rounding the end. This retraction amount corresponds to a quantity of heat applied to the end of the exposed fiber portion. Therefore, by meauring the retraction amount, the quantity of heat applied to the ends of the exposed fiber portion can be quantitatively measured.

Abstract: A method for measuring a heat transfer coefficient between a heat transfer element and a fluid comprising a measurement of a calorific value by placing the heat transfer element into the fluid and charing the heat transfer element with electricity. A calorific value of a particular surface of the heat transfer element is the true calorific value of the entire heat transfer element, since the particular surface of the heat transfer element is thermally insulated from a residual surface of the heat transfer element so as to prevent a heat transfer of the residual surface of the heat transfer element.

Abstract: There are disclosed a method and an apparatus for the measurement of the ice content of snow. Ice content is directly related to the quality of the snow. The method comprises the steps of measuring the weight of ice in the sample by:(1) placing a sample of the snow to be measured in a sample chamber;(2) heating said sample chamber and measuring the heat supplied while measuring its temperature; and(3) calculating the weight of the ice in the sample from the measurements in step (2),and then dividing the weight of the ice in the sample by the total weight of the sample to obtain a value for the snow quality. There is also provided an apparatus for carrying out the described method. The apparatus includes an insulated sample chamber including provision for heating and temperature sensing. The sample chamber is detachably connected to a microprocessor based instrument which controls the heating of the chamber and calculates the ice content from the heat supplied and temperature measurements.

Abstract: A calorimeter for measuring the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of chemical reactions, microbial fermentations, and other processes of industrial importance is described. The present invention also relates to a method of operation of this apparatus.

Abstract: A disposable mixing cell and method for evaluating the thermal hazard due to mixing substances includes a first container adapted for the accommodation of a sample of one substance and a second container in the form of a syringe adapted to accommodate a sample of a second substance. The syringe is operable to discharge the second substance into the substance in the first container and includes a paddle by means of which the two substances may be mixed. The syringe is sealed within the first container, except for the outer end of its operating plunger which is accessible externally of the first container. The mixing cell is placed in a batch type fluid calorimeter which is capable of indicating the thermal reaction resulting from the mixing of the two substances. A gas conduit may be provided to conduct gas evolved from the mixing of the two substances outward of the cell.

Abstract: An automatic test apparatus calculates the amount of heat released by a material. The apparatus includes a calorimeter having a heating or burn chamber in which a sample of test material is burned by subjecting it to preselected heat flux rates. A computer automatically controls the apparatus by governing sample insertion into the chamber, and monitors the amount of heat and smoke the sample releases. Heat and smoke release data is automatically generated and provided to the user after every test.

Abstract: Colorimetric apparatus which includes a water tank, a container in the tank, a pressure vessel in the container, and a pump. The apparatus is worked in three phases. In the first phase the water in the tank is mixed and brought to a desired temperature. In the second phase water is pumped from the tank, through a jacket which surrounds the pressure vessel, and back to the tank, to bring the pressure vessel to the tank temperature. After a sample of material is combusted in an oxygen atmosphere in the pressure vessel, the third phase takes place. Water is circulated in a closed path which includes the jacket and the temperature of this water is monitored. The variation of this temperature is used to calculate the colorific value of the substance.

Abstract: An indirect calorimeter for calculating the metabolic rate of a subject by measuring the oxygen consumption during respiration over a period of time includes a gas flow meter providing output electric signals to a microprocessor which drives a display and printer. A carbon dioxide scrubber is connected to the flow meter and a respiratory connector including a mouthpiece so that inhaled gas passes first through the scrubber and then through the flow meter before being provided to the subject's respiratory system through the mouthpiece. The exhaled gas passes through the scrubber and then through the flow meter. The difference in volume between the inhaled gas and the exhaled gas is proportional to the oxygen consumption of the subject and the microprocessor integrates that signal over the time of the test, and multiplies it by a constant to provide a metabolic rate display.

Abstract: A microwave oven wattage detector having a visually and microwave transparent container holding a thermally homogeneous fluid having a wattage-indicating strip contained in the fluid with a plurality of different temperature-sensitive areas on the strip with indicia associated with each of the areas to indicate power levels when such container is heated within a microwave oven for a set time and one of such temperature-sensitive areas changes color to denote the indicia indicating the power level of the microwave oven.

Abstract: A calorimeter for measuring the thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of chemical reactions, microbial fermentations, and other processes of industrial importance is described. The present invention also relates to a method of operation of this apparatus.

Abstract: The automatic serial testing of the heats of transformation of material samples is accomplished. The samples are enclosed in capsules which are placed into sample carriers on a turntable. A transfer mechanism transfers the capsules from the turntable to a controllably heatable test sample receiver and, after the measurement, back to the turntable. The entire arrangement is located in a housing filled with nitrogen. The sample carriers with the capsules can be inserted into this housing and onto the turntable through an air lock.

Abstract: A precision calorimeter which comprises a heater, an agitator and a detection bath which are disposed in a temperature controlled bath and in which gaps formed between them are filled with a liquid; and a detection unit placed in the detection bath, a gap formed therebetween being filled with a liquid; the detection unit being comprised of a detection element, a pipe for passing a sample therethrough provided with a mixer and a reference heater which are arranged between metallic pieces.

Abstract: A system of the present invention monitors the quality of steam flowing in a pipeline includes a test cell which is connected inline into the pipeline and has the steam flowing through it. A plurality of electrodes are located within the test cell and cooperate with the test cell to provide capacitance signals corresponding to capacitances of the steam passing between the electrodes and the test cell. The electrodes have different spacings between them and an interior wall of the test cell. A sensor senses the temperature of the steam flowing through the test cell and provides a temperature signal corresponding to the sensed temperature. Another sensor senses the pressure of the steam and provides a pressure signal corresponding to the sensed pressure. Circuitry connected to the test cell, to all the electrodes, to the temperature sensor and to the pressure sensor measures the quality of the steam in accordance with the temperature signal, the pressure signal and one of the capacitance signals.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed for performing power compensation in a differential scanning calorimeter. The device operates by first subjecting only a reference material, in a single furnace, to a predetermined, variable, temperature program supplied by a program control. The values of the heating power supplied to the reference material are stored in a memory as a function of the temperature measured at the single furnace by a temperature sensor. The sample is then exposed, in the same furnace, to heating powers which are consecutively applied to the furnace, under program control, in accordance with the values stored in memory. The real temperatures of the sample are then measured by the temperature sensor. A supplementary compensating heating power is supplied to the sample, which power varies in accordance with the difference between the stored, programmed temperature and the real temperature in the sense of eliminating this temperature difference.

Abstract: A photon calorimeter (20, 40) is provided that comprises a laminar substrate (10, 22, 42) that is uniform in density and homogeneous in atomic composition. A plasma-sprayed coating (28, 48, 52), that is generally uniform in density and homogeneous in atomic composition within the proximity of planes that are parallel to the surfaces of the substrate, is applied to either one or both sides of the laminar substrate. The plasma-sprayed coatings may be very efficiently spectrally tailored in atomic number. Thermocouple measuring junctions (30, 50, 54) are positioned within the plasma-sprayed coatings. The calorimeter is rugged, inexpensive, and equilibrates in temperature very rapidly.

Abstract: A fast reacting, automated calorimeter includes a reaction vessel containing a chemically reacting mass, a fluid circulation system containing heat transfer fluid, a portion of the system passing the fluid through the reaction vessel for exchanging heat between the fluid and the reacting mass, a flow rate controller at least generally responsive to variations in temperature of the reacting mass to vary the flow rate of the fluid circulated through the reaction vessel portion of the circulation system, a flow rate signal generator generating a signal related to the varying flow rate of the fluid passing through the reaction vessel portion of the fluid circulation, and a circuit, preferably including a computer, responsive at least to the flow rate signal and generating a heat flow signal generally related to instantaneous rate of heat exchange between the reacting mass and the fluid.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for space-resolved temperature measurement by optical backscattering measurement at optical waveguides, wherein an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by including an additional filter device to attenuate the Rayleigh peak in the backscattered light. The filter device preferably includes a polarizing beam splitter, behind which a quarter-wave plate and an interference filter are disposed in the transmission direction.

Abstract: A calorimeter using a remanence type electromagnetic flowmeter includes a core made of a semi-hard or hard magnetic material and having a property in which a remanent magnetic flux density is varied in proportion to a temperature, a coil excited intermittently to magnetize the core, a metallic pipe forming a fluid path, a yoke for conducting remanent magnetic flux of said core, the yoke being fixed to the outer surface of the metallic pipe in close contact therewith without forming an air gap therebetween, and a pair of electrodes attached to the inner surface of the metallic pipe through an insulator.

Abstract: A continuously operating non-adiabatic, differential calorimeter, i.e., a differential isoperibol scanning calorimeter, for measuring the heat capacity of small samples typically from 10 milligrams to 50 milligrams, in a temperature range from about 1 Kelvin to about 100 Kelvin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a calorimeter based on the evaporation principle, for determining the heat supplied by a heating surface and is primarily characterized by that at least two bulbs filled with measuring liquid (2) are provided, whereby at least one bulb (measuring bulb 1) is in good thermal contact with the heating surface (3) and whereby at least one other bulb (comparison bulb 4) is thermally insulated with respect to heating surface (3).

Abstract: Particulate material such as fluidized bed particles, catalytic particles, and particles used in mechanical processes are measured to determine their attrition rate by providing an apparatus comprising a generally cylindrical housing having a rotary impeller disposed eccentrically in the housing for continuously agitating and impacting a quantity of particulate material being measured. A screen is formed in a sidewall of the housing and a vacuum pump is operably connected to the interior of the housing through the screen for continuously withdrawing fines generated during the attrition rate measurement process. Periodic sampling of the quantity of fines withdrawn is used to measure the mass of fines withdrawn per unit time. An equal mass of makeup material is admitted to the housing chamber after each sampling step until an equilibrium attrition rate is determined.

Abstract: A deformation calorimeter that serves to deform a sample material whose temperature changes as a function of the deformation. The temperature change causes heat to flow into the material or out, depending on the character of the deformation, to cause a pressure change in a gas in and around the material. An analyzing scheme is employed to relate the pressure change to the amount of heat evolved during sample deformation.

Abstract: Flow calorimeter for fluids at low temperature and at high pressure essentially and which includes an electrical energy supply and two temperature sensors disposed within the fluid. The electrical energy supply includes a very tightly wound coil occupying an entire passage section of the pipe. The temperature measurements may be carried out by platinum sensors that are positioned at a predetermined distance in the pipe from the electric energy supply. Each temperature sensor can be dismantled and replaced separately.

Abstract: An enthalpy calculator unit outputs a value of enthalpy directly from two measured parameters, such as dry bulb temperature and relative humidity, and includes a humidity sensor 17 for converting a measured relative humidity into an electrical signal; temperature sensors for converting a measured temperature into electrical signals; and arithmetic units for calculating the enthalpy and for outputting electrical signal corresponding thereto after performiing a calculation based on the signals input by the sensors in accordance with the following equation:i=(ae.sup.bt -c)(t+d).psi.+mt+nwherea, b, c, d, m, and n are constants, and:t: dry bulb temperature (.degree.C.).psi.: relative humidity (%),and a, b, c, d, m, and n are selected so that .vertline.i-i.sub.0 .vertline..ltoreq.0.5 within a fixed temperture range if:i.sub.0 =0.240t+(597.3+0.441t)xx=0.622.multidot..psi..multidot.h/(P-.psi..multidot.h)whereP: atmospheric pressureh: saturated vapor pressure under the atomspheric pressure P.

Abstract: A heat flux meter determines the heat transfer characteristics prior to processing or during steady-state autoclave heating conditions utilizing a monitoring element selected-thereof such that lumped heat transfer analysis is applicable thereto. During the curing process of a material, the heat flux meter calculates the instantaneous convection film coefficient for a particular location and determines the total present heat flux to an object.

Abstract: An apparatus for the thermal measurement of the texture of a porous body, including a measuring head, a measuring assembly and a processing and control circuit. The measuring head is provided with two identical cylindrical cells, a measuring cell and a reference cell, arranged in a furnace. The measuring assembly measures the mean temperature of the measuring cell, and measures a calorific effect in the measuring cell, and includes a calorific effect detector, a calibration circuit, a temperature regulator including a furnace heater. The measuring circuit supplies a temperature signal and a calorific effect signal to the processing and control circuit, which in turn controls the heater.

Abstract: Method and apparatus system for quickly determining on site if chemicals which are to be mixed can be done so safely without having a run-away exothermal reaction take place and without exposing personnel to the chemicals. The invention is particularly useful in dumping quantities of waste chemicals into a waste chemical reservoir containing a very complex mixture of many other waste chemicals.

Abstract: An enthalpy measuring arrangement for measuring the heat content of a substance which may in the liquid phase, vapor phase or a mixed phase of liquid and vapor, comprises a first enthalpy calculating module for calculating the enthalpy of the substance when in a two-phase condition utilizing a plurality of discrete function blocks. The specific volumes of the overall mixture is calculated using a density transmitter which measures the density of the substance. Tables are utilized to obtain the specific volumes of the gas and vapor part of the substance on the basis of a measured temperature for the substance. These values are in turn used to obtain a quality value which is multiplied by a value representing the difference between the enthalpys of the vapor and liquid components of the substance to obtain the overall enthalpy of the mixture. Another module with a plurality of function blocks generates the enthalpy of the substance when it is superheated or entirely in the vapor phase.

Abstract: In accordance with a preferred embodiment, calorimetric properties of a microwave heatable work load are obtained while the load is being heated by producing electrical signals indicative of the net applied microwave power and the temperature of the material, and using the signals to produce a signal indicative of the net energy, or the specific heat, or the reflection coefficient of the work load as a function of its temperature.

Abstract: A differential scanning calorimeter includes a baseline correction apparatus which simultaneously corrects for both linear and curvilinear heat flow variation between the sample and reference holders.

Abstract: A qualification method which enables a fast, exact and numerical determination of puzzoulana-properties of solid materials and thus a short evaluation of said solid materials from the point of view of industrial usability.According to this method the puzzoulana-properties and activity of solid materials can be defined by a single figure as a result of their chemical and physical properties. The material to be analyzed is brought together with fluoride ions in an acidic medium in a system having constant heat capacity and the change of the heat quantity is measured and evaluated in the initial, suitable linear, phase of the resulting reaction. The time function of the change of the heat quantity of the system is converted into a change of voltage and the rise of this curve is determined advantageously in the linear section. Advantageously the change of the heat quantity of the system is measured within less than 30 seconds, favorably at about the 20th second.