Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Pre-discrete Fourier transform (DFT) time-domain spreading codes may be applied for UE multiplexing for uplink control information (e.g., over shared resources of an uplink slot). For example, a moderate number of UEs may be multiplexed within the same slot by having each UE spread modulation symbols before DFT-spreading by different spreading code. For orthogonality across UEs, the pre-DFT spreading codes may be selected as orthogonal cover codes (OCCs). The spreading sequences can be generated from a set of any orthogonal sequences or generated from unitary matrices. In some cases, orthogonality in the time domain may be kept as well as a frequency division multiplexed (FDM) structure in the frequency domain. For such property, a Fourier basis OCC design may be used. In some other examples, a Hadamard matrix based OCC design may be used.

Abstract: To suppress the deterioration of the characteristics of a MIMO equalizer as well as minimizing an increase in circuit size in spite of the occurrence of signal spectrum narrowing and asymmetric spectrum degradation, a wavelength-division multiplexing optical transmission system (10) according to an embodiment includes a transmitter (1) that generates one channel signal by wavelength-division multiplexing a plurality of subcarrier signals so as to overlap each other and transmits the channel signal, and a receiver (2) that separates a received channel signal into subcarrier signals, and performs equalization using an MIMO equalizer (3) including a FDE-MIMO equalizer (4) and a TDE-MIMO equalizer (5) on each of the separated subcarrier signals.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for wireless communication. The wireless communication apparatus comprises a baseband processor and a controller. The baseband processor is configured to generate state information about a channel of the wireless communication by processing a baseband signal. The controller is configured to activate a low power operation in a first channel state, where a channel quality is reduced compared to than a second channel state, based on the state information.

Abstract: An example apparatus includes a polyphase transconductance-capacitor filter. The polyphase filter includes a DC bias voltage node, a plus in-phase filter unit, a minus in-phase filter unit, a plus quadrature-phase filter unit, and a minus quadrature-phase filter unit. Each filter unit respectively includes an input node, an output node, and a control node. The polyphase filter also includes a plus in-phase switch and a minus in-phase switch. The plus in-phase switch is coupled to the control node of the plus in-phase filter unit, the DC bias voltage node, and the input node of one or both of the plus quadrature-phase filter unit and the minus quadrature-phase filter unit. The minus in-phase switch is coupled to the control node of the minus in-phase filter unit, the DC bias voltage node, and the input node of one or both of the plus quadrature-phase filter unit and the minus quadrature-phase filter unit.

Abstract: A power control method of a base station in a wireless communication system based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is provided for reducing power consumption by turning off the bias of the power amplifier for the duration of a symbol carrying no user data. The method includes checking scheduling information of radio resources, detecting a symbol carrying no user data, based on the scheduling information, and turning off a bias of the power amplifier for a symbol duration of the symbol carrying no user data. The transmission power control method is capable of reducing power consumption of the base station by turning off the bias of the power amplifier of the base station for the symbol duration in which no user data is transmitted.

Abstract: A signal generation system for signal simulation includes at least one data input, a pulse description word generator, a multi-frequency signal generator, and at least one radio frequency output. The multi-frequency signal generator is configured to simulate a multi-frequency global navigation satellite system signal. The pulse description word generator and the multi-frequency signal generator are assigned to the data input in order to process data received via the data input. The pulse description word generator and the multi-frequency signal generator are configured to generate an output signal based on at least one instruction for a certain generator behavior of the pulse description word generator and/or the multi-frequency signal generator. The at least one instruction is encompassed in the data received. Further, a method of signal generation is described.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatuses for analyzing a wireless communication signal are provided. A set of linear operations is performed on a received signal vector, which comprises values of a transmitted signal received by a receiver. The set of linear operations is configured to produce an expanded matrix having multiple rows and multiple columns. The column values in each row of the base expanded matrix are summed to produce a processed signal vector. At least one signal parameter of the processed signal vector is measured to produce at least one signal parameter measurement, and based on the at least one signal parameter measurement, at least one column in the expanded matrix is updated to produce an updated expanded matrix.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods related to digital mobile radio (DMR) with enhanced transceiver are disclosed herein. The transceiver detects waveforms of signals received by a digital mobile station radio (MS). By detecting whether the waveforms of the signals, the transceiver allows a digital baseband processor of the MS to remain in a sleep state while the signals are being detected by the DMR, thereby reducing an amount of power used while the signals are being detected.

Abstract: An impulse radio (IR) ultra-wide band (UWB) transceiver adapted for a rake receiver is provided herein. This may be implemented as follows: on the transmitter side, the input data is converted to N-parallel streams having different delays, each stream is transmitted by an impulse radio signal with defined different carrier frequency. On the receiver side, the multicarrier RF signal is converted into base band signal, emulating multipath channels, so that rake receiver technique is used for an optimal demodulation of the received signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. In some systems, a user equipment (UE) or a base station, or both, may generate a set of orthogonal sequences that the UE may use to convey a payload of a number of bits based on a product of an orthogonal matrix and a cell-specific sequence. The UE or the base station, or both, may select a subset of the set of orthogonal sequences based on the number of bits in the payload, and the UE may construct a codebook including the subset of orthogonal sequences. The UE may select an orthogonal sequence from the constructed codebook based on the bits in the payload. The UE may transmit the payload including the number of bits to the base station using the selected orthogonal sequence.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and computer program products for a user equipment receiving CSI-RS and computing channel support information. Based on the CSI, the UE derives tap locations of channel support, depending on the observed channel and used subcarrier spacing. The deriving can additionally be done in relation to power class and window size. The UE apprises a base station of those tap locations of the channel support and also informs the base station of the strongest tap locations, which can be done in various ways comprising a bit mask. Methods, apparatus, and computer program products for a base station to send CSI-RS to a UE for computing CSI feedback. The CSI-RS resources can be for one or multiple transmit receive points. The base station receives back an indication of tap locations and a bit mask and builds information on tap locations by combining that received indication and bit mask.

Abstract: The subject of this disclosure is applying SSDS-CDMA techniques to media signal communication as well as control and status exchange to implement a diversity of media interfaces, achieving suitable media communication results despite EM propagation challenges.

Abstract: Transmitter for chirp-modulated radio signals comprising a chirp generator configured to generate a series of chirp signals, wherein each chirp carries an element of information encoded as a cyclic shift, and has a phase encoding an error correction code dependent form the cyclic shift of the chirp, the transmitter further comprising a modulator configured to modulate the series of chirp onto a radio signal and a radio transmitter, transmitting the radio signal. receiver for chirp-modulated radio signals, comprising a clock unit and a demodulator configured for demodulating a series of received chirps signal, the demodulator having a dechirp unit, configured for determining a cyclic shift of each received chirp relative to a base chirp and an error correction code based on a phase of the received chirp, the receiver having a synchronism correction unit configured to detect and/or correct an error in the clock unit based on the error correction code.

Abstract: The present invention is designed to appropriately configure sequences that are applied to reference signals and/or uplink control channels and so on in future radio communication systems. One aspect of the user terminal of the present invention provides a transmitting section that transmits a demodulation reference signal and/or an uplink control channel, to which predetermined sequences are applied, in predetermined slots, and a control section that controls each predetermined sequence that is used in the predetermined slots based on whether or not frequency hopping is used in the predetermined slots.

Abstract: An instrument system for locating leakage at a subscriber's premises is disclosed.

Abstract: In a described example, an integrated circuit includes an input coupled to receive a plurality of beacon frames, the beacon frames include an indication of data transmissions available for a device that includes the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit also includes a controller configured to compare the plurality of beacon frames to determine a plurality of bytes prior to the indication of data transmission available that is present in each of the plurality of beacon frames and is configured to provide a signal indicating a low power mode in which the device does not receive transmissions and to provide a signal indicating a wake mode at a selected time before transmission of the plurality of bytes in a subsequent beacon transmission.

Abstract: This application discloses a DMRS indicating method, a DMRS receiving method, and an apparatus. The method includes: determining, by a transmit end from a plurality of groups of demodulation reference signal DMRS configuration information, DMRS configuration information corresponding to a current DMRS transmission scheme, and obtaining DMRS indication information based on the DMRS configuration information, where each group of DMRS configuration information includes a plurality of pieces of DMRS configuration information; and sending, by the transmit end, the DMRS indication information. The method and the apparatus provided in this application are implemented to match a plurality of scenarios in NR. This can satisfy a requirement for transmitting more layers of data, and can further reduce indication overheads.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless device may receive a beamformed signal from a transmitting device. The wireless device may estimate a weighted sum based at least in part on one or more coefficients that relate to impairments associated with the transmitting device, a spatial location of the wireless device, and/or the like. The wireless device may determine a cryptographic key based at least in part on a ratio among the plurality of coefficients in the weighted sum, and one or more communications between the wireless device and the transmitting device may be secured based on the cryptographic key. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: Techniques are described related to digital radio control, partitioning, and operation. The various techniques described herein enable high-frequency local oscillator signal generation and frequency multiplication using radio-frequency (RF) digital to analog converters (RFDACs). The use of these components and others described throughout this disclosure allow for the realization of various improvements. For example, digital, analog, and hybrid beamforming control are implemented and the newly-enabled digital radio architecture partitioning enables radio components to be pushed to the radio head, allowing for the omission of high frequency cables and/or connectors.

Abstract: A method for emulating a communication system with fast changing link condition, applied to a testbed system including an interference emulator, a transmitter, and a receiver, includes: by the transmitter, generating code-word symbols, in an initial symbol sequence, according to information bits; evaluating an interference condition and a time duration for each code-word symbol; reordering the code-word symbols to a reordered symbol sequence based on interference conditions; evaluating a total time duration of code-word symbols under each interference condition; and transmitting the code-word symbols in the reordered symbol sequence. The method also includes: by the interference emulator, obtaining the total time duration of code-word symbols under each interference condition from the transmitter; and providing an emulated interference environment by ordering the time durations of different interference conditions.

Abstract: Radio apparatuses and methods for MIMO matrix phasing that may be used to toggle and/or weight the amount of MIMO processing based on the detected level of isolation between different polarizations of the system. Also described herein are apparatuses including auto-range and/or auto-scaling of a signal strength indicator to aid in precise alignment of the apparatus. Any of these apparatuses and methods may also include dynamic power boosting that adjusts the power (e.g., power amplifier) for an RF apparatus based on the data rate. These apparatuses may include a housing enclosing the radio device that includes a plurality of pin elements that may act as heat transfer pins and a ground pin for making a ground connection to the post or pole to which the devices is mounted.

Abstract: A broadcast manager identifies a time interval that encompasses paging windows for a plurality of user equipment. The plurality of user equipment operate according to a plurality of discontinuous reception cycles that include sleep intervals separated by the paging windows. The broadcast manager generates messages for wireless transmission to the plurality of user equipment in corresponding paging windows during the time interval. The messages include information indicating a transmission time at which the plurality of user equipment are to receive broadcast or multicast data. The transmission time is subsequent to the time interval.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for maintaining a counter value. The apparatus has first counter control circuitry for maintaining a first counter value representing a first portion of a hybrid counter value, and second counter control circuitry for maintaining a second counter value representing a second portion of the hybrid counter value, wherein the second portion is a higher order portion of the hybrid counter value than the first portion. The first counter control circuitry is arranged to maintain the first counter value as a binary value that indicates a magnitude of the first counter value, the first counter control circuitry comprising adder circuitry that is responsive to an adjustment value to update the first counter value by performing an addition operation to add the adjustment value to a current binary value of the first counter value, and to generate a carry out signal which is set when a carry out is generated by the addition operation.

Abstract: A DC offset calibration system and method. The method includes: in a first calibration mode, outputting a first digital signal by using a control circuit, generating a first differential calibration signal according to the first digital signal by using a first digital-to-analog conversion circuit, generating a first amplified signal according to the first differential calibration signal by using an amplification circuit, and feeding back the first amplified signal to the control circuit to adjust the first digital signal; and in a second calibration mode, outputting a second digital signal by using the control circuit, generating a second differential calibration signal according to the second digital signal by using a second digital-to-analog conversion circuit, generating a second amplified signal according to the second digital signal by using an equalizing circuit and the amplification circuit, and feeding back the second amplified signal to the control circuit to adjust the second digital signal.

Abstract: A radar target simulation device for testing a device under test with respect to at least one radar scenario. The radar target simulation device includes a memory, a radar scenario simulator and at least two antennas. The memory stores the radar scenario(s) with respect to the device under test, and provides the radar scenario(s) to the radar scenario simulator. The radar scenario simulator receives radar signals from the device under test via the antennas to simulate the radar scenario(s) by manipulating the radar signals according to the radar scenario(s), generates resulting manipulated radar signals, and transmits the manipulated radar signals to the device under test via the antennas. The memory contains storage contents including storage cells, wherein each storage cell corresponds to the respective antenna of the at least two antennas.

Abstract: A chirp linearity detector, integrated circuit, and method are provided. The chirp linearity detector comprises a phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency sampling circuit and a frequency sweep linearity measuring circuit. The PLL frequency sampling circuit comprises a frequency divider circuit for receiving a PLL output signal from a PLL and for providing a frequency divided output signal, a first low pass filter circuit for receiving the frequency divided output signal, for reducing harmonic mixing, and for providing a mixer input signal, a mixer circuit for receiving the mixer input signal, for mixing the mixer input signal with a local oscillator signal, and for providing a mixer output signal, a second low pass filter circuit for performing anti-aliasing filtering and for providing an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) input signal, and an ADC circuit for digitizing the ADC input signal and for providing a digital output signal.

Abstract: The present invention discloses methods of accuracy improving for code measurements in GLONASS GNSS receivers. One component of error budget in code measurements of GLONASS receivers is caused by a difference in signal delays arising in the receiver analog Front End and antenna filter on different channel frequencies specific to GLONASS satellites. Methods to compensate for differences in delays for different GLONASS channel frequencies have been proposed using data collected from a GLONASS signals simulator.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, and systems for communication over a multi-wire, multi-phase interface are disclosed. A clock recovery method includes generating a combination signal that includes transition pulses, each transition pulse being generated responsive to a transition in a difference signal representative of a difference in signaling state of a pair of wires in a three-wire bus. The combination signal is provided to a logic circuit that is configured to provide a clock signal as its output, where pulses in the combination signal cause the clock signal to be driven to a first state. The logic circuit receives a reset signal that is derived from the clock signal by delaying transitions to the first state while passing transitions from the first state without added delay. The clock signal is driven from the first state after passing a transition of the clock signal to the first state.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method for channel decoding using noise level correction in a high-speed mobile reception environment and an apparatus for the same. The method includes estimating, by a signal receiver that is based on OFDM and is moving at high speed, Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) power for received signal power based on the movement speed of the signal receiver; calculating, by the signal receiver, a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a received signal using an estimate of the ICI power; and decoding, by the signal receiver, a channel code based on a Log Likelihood Ratio (LLR) per bit, calculated based on the SNR, and the received signal.

Abstract: There is provided a control device including a communication unit configured to perform communication with a radio communication device of a radio communication system in which communication is possible using a plurality of access schemes including at least one of the access schemes of a multiple access scheme that uses orthogonal resources and a multiple access scheme that uses non-orthogonal resources, and a control unit configured to perform allocation of resources relating to the access schemes to be used by the radio communication device.

Abstract: A code acquisition module for a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) receiver includes: a Sparse Discrete Fourier transform (SDFT) module configured to perform an SDFT on a finite number of non-uniformly distributed frequencies comprising a preamble of a received DSSS frame to calculate Fourier coefficients for the finite number of non-uniformly distributed frequencies; a multiplier configured to multiply the Fourier coefficients for the finite number of non-uniformly distributed frequencies of the received DSSS frame by complex conjugate Fourier coefficients for the finite number of non-uniformly distributed frequencies to generate a cross-correlation of the received DSSS frame and the complex conjugate Fourier coefficients; and a filter module configured to input the cross-correlation and output a delay estimation for the received DSSS frame.

Abstract: To facilitate disturbance measurements within a WLAN network, a portable measuring device is introduced. The portable measuring device comprises at least a casing, one or more interfaces to detachably connect an external device to the portable measuring device, a processor placed in the casing, one or more antennas, two simultaneously operating radios placed in the casing, one or more power sources placed in the casing, and a power switch.

Abstract: Efficient and low-latency cueing means for initiating and updating a process of signal detection and separation in a wideband receiver. The method uses an array of IIR filters that feed an inverted state tree. The inverted state tree provides the directions for separating, detecting, and tracking multiple simultaneous signals that are being received. These signals could be either radar or communications signals and are of widely differing frequencies, bandwidths, and other characteristics. The directions are sent by the cueing system to a set of tunable tracking filters and continuously updated so that the set of tracking filters produce noise-reduced, separated signals on their outputs representing the various simultaneous incoming signals.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive an indication of a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port to be used by the UE for transmitting a DMRS communication; determine a base sequence based at least in part on the DMRS port; generate a DMRS sequence for the DMRS port based at least in part on the base sequence; and transmit the DMRS communication including the DMRS sequence via the DMRS port. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the invention, an unlocked mobile device is configured to capture images, analyze the images to detect a user's face, and automatically lock the device in response to determining that a user's face does not appear in the images. The camera capturing and face recognition processing may be triggered by the device having detected that it has been motionless for a threshold period of time. In another embodiment, a locked mobile device is configured to capture an initial image using its camera, capture a new image in response to detecting movement of the device, determine that the device moved to a use position, capture a subsequent image in response to determining that the device moved to a use position, analyze the subsequent image to detect a user's face, and unlock the device in response to detecting the user's face. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A cell2 configured by only a DL CC2 being a resource for downlink is configured. The cell2 does not include a resource for uplink, that is, a UL CC to be associated with the DL CC2 by a DL/UL link. The link information indicating the above is notified a communication terminal device by a base station device using the DL CC2. A DL CC1 and a UL CC1 constitute a cell1. The downlink communication from the base station device to the communication terminal device is performed using the cell1 and the cell2, and the uplink communication from the communication terminal device to the base station device is performed using the cell1.

Abstract: Disclosed is a Doppler measurement method comprising: generating a first function defined by reception signals in two consecutive subcarriers for a specific OFDM symbol; generating a second function defined on the basis of the signs and sizes of a real part and an imaginary part of the first function; repeatedly performing a process of generating the first function and the second function for all of a set of OFDM symbols; and determining, as a Doppler value, the phase of a third function obtained by adding the results of repeatedly performing the process.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: a receiver; and one or more N-path filters coupled to an input of the receiver, wherein the one or more N-path filters apply a combination of non-overlapping pulses and a pseudo noise (PN) code.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a stepping-stone detection apparatus and method. The stepping-stone detection apparatus includes a target connection information reception unit for receiving information about a target connection from an intrusion detection system (IDS), a fingerprint generation unit for generating a target connection fingerprint based on the information about the target connection, and generating one or more candidate connection fingerprints using information about one or more candidate connections corresponding to one or more flow information collectors, and a stepping-stone detection unit for detecting a stepping stone by comparing the target connection fingerprint, in which a maximum allowable delay time is reflected, with the candidate connection fingerprints.

Abstract: A frequency division multiplexing system includes a processor, a first digital to analog converter (DAC) for generating a local oscillator signal, a second DAC for generating a chirp signal, and a plurality of electronic elements, each having a transmit signal mixer for combining the local oscillator and chirp signals, and a transceiver configured to transmit the combined local oscillator and chirp signals, where the processor may be configured to operate the first DAC and second DAC to vary frequencies of the local oscillator and chirp signals such that the combination of the local oscillator and chirp signals results in a constant center frequency with a varying phase.

Abstract: The method: extracts symbols at pilot positions from the received stream of symbols, estimates noise variances at pilot positions, determines a rough channel estimation from the symbols extracted at pilot positions, determines weighting coefficients from the estimated noise variances, weights the rough channel estimation by the determined weighting coefficients, filters the weighted rough channel estimation using predetermined coefficients, at least one predetermined coefficient being different from the other predetermined coefficients, the predetermined coefficients being determined for a constant noise variance, determines normalization coefficients from the determined weighting coefficients and predetermined filter coefficients, normalizes the filtered weighted rough channel estimation using the determined normalization coefficients.

Abstract: Techniques for performing channel estimation in an orthogonal time, frequency and space (OTFS) communication system include receiving a wireless signal comprising a data signal portion and a pilot signal portion in which the pilot signal portion includes multiple pilot signals multiplexed together in the OTFS domain, performing two-dimensional channel estimation in a time-frequency domain based on a minimum mean square error (MMSE) optimization criterion, and recovering information bits using a channel estimate obtained from the two-dimensional channel estimation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a calibration method of performing dual radiometric compensation by using an antenna gain pattern of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) both in a time domain and in a frequency domain. The method may include performing frequency-domain radiometric compensation in relation to an elevation angle and performing time-domain radiometric compensation in relation to a frequency to calibrate the antenna gain pattern.

Abstract: The systems, methods, and devices of the various embodiments enable a receiver device to adjust timing of requests for segments based on the actual times when the segments will be available on the receiver device. In various embodiments, a receiver device may be enabled to modify a segment availability timeline in which the availability times of the segments are adjusted to provide the actual times when segments will be available on the receiver device. In various embodiments, segment availability time adjustments may be made at a service layer of the receiver device. In various embodiments, segment availability time adjustments may be made by a client application on the receiver device. In the various embodiments, a network delay jitter estimate may be provided. In an embodiment, a network delay jitter estimate may be provided in a segment availability timeline.

Abstract: A demodulation reference signal (DMRS) indicating method, a DMRS receiving method, and an apparatus are described. A transmit end determines, from a plurality of groups of demodulation reference signal DMRS configuration information, DMRS configuration information corresponding to a current DMRS transmission scheme. The transmit end obtains DMRS indication information based on the DMRS configuration information, where each group of DMRS configuration information includes a plurality of pieces of DMRSs configuration information. The transmit end sends the DMRS indication information. The described method and the apparatus are implemented to match a plurality of New Radio (NR) scenarios. The described operations can satisfy a requirement for transmitting more layers of data and reduce indication overheads.

Abstract: In a described example, an integrated circuit includes an input coupled to receive a plurality of beacon frames, the beacon frames include an indication of data transmissions available for a device that includes the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit also includes a controller configured to compare the plurality of beacon frames to determine a plurality of bytes prior to the indication of data transmission available that is present in each of the plurality of beacon frames and is configured to provide a signal indicating a low power mode in which the device does not receive transmissions and to provide a signal indicating a wake mode at a selected time before transmission of the plurality of bytes in a subsequent beacon transmission.

Abstract: Methods of combining semi-persistent resource allocation and dynamic resource allocation are provided. Packets, such as VoIP packets, are transmitted on the uplink and downlink using respective semi-persistent resources. For each mobile device, awake periods and sleep periods are defined. The semi-persistent resources are aligned with the awake periods so that most of the time the mobile device can turn of its wireless access radio during the sleep periods. In addition, signalling to request, and to allocate, resources for additional packets are transmitted during the awake periods, and the resources allocated for the additional packets are within the awake windows.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a device and method for wireless communication and a communication terminal. The device comprises: a spatial filtering unit, configured to perform spatial filtering on a signal received by each antenna in a receiving antenna array, and combine filtered signals, wherein all coefficients adopted by spatial filtering are configured to reduce an equivalent channel time-variant degree of a combined signal.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed that implements frequency synthesis with accelerated locking. In an example aspect, the apparatus includes an oscillating signal source, a modulus compensator, and a frequency generator. The oscillating signal source is configured to provide a reference signal having a reference frequency. The modulus compensator is coupled to the oscillating signal source and is configured to receive the reference signal. The modulus compensator is configured to produce a compensated modulus value based on the reference frequency, a fixed oscillator frequency of a fixed-frequency oscillator signal, and a modulus value. The frequency generator is coupled to the oscillating signal source and the modulus compensator and is configured to receive the compensated modulus value. The frequency generator is configured to generate an output signal having an output frequency that is based on the reference frequency and the compensated modulus value.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a pre-5th-generation (pre-5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates beyond 4th-generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). A method and an apparatus for performing a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) for reducing latency in wireless communication systems are provided. The method includes receiving a concatenated packet including a short transmission time interval (TTI) packet and a long TTI packet from a transmitter, decoding the short TTI packet, feeding, when decoding the short TTI packet fails, a negative acknowledgement (NACK) back to the transmitter, and receiving a retransmission packet including the short TTI packet and the long TTI packet from the transmitter.